A fellow is a concept whose exact meaning depends on context. In learned or professional societies, it refers to a privileged member who is specially elected in recognition of their work and achievements. Within the context of higher educational institutions, a fellow can be a member of a highly ranked group of teachers at a particular college or university or a member of the governing body in some universities; it can also be a specially selected postgraduate student who has been appointed to a post (called a fellowship ) granting a stipend , research facilities and other privileges for a fixed period (usually one year or more) in order to undertake some advanced study or research, often in return for teaching services. In the context of research and development-intensive large companies or corporations, the title "fellow" is sometimes given to a small number of senior scientists and engineers. In the context of medical education in North America, a fellow is a physician who is undergoing a supervised, sub-specialty medical training (fellowship) after having completed a specialty training program (residency).
28-730: The origin of "High Table" goes back to the physical layout of the dining halls of English colleges at Oxford and Cambridge Universities. The high table is a table for the use of fellows (members of the Senior Common Room ) and their guests in university dining halls, where the students eat in the main space of the hall at the same time. They remain the norm at Oxford and Cambridge , followed by Dublin and Durham universities, which are all organized into colleges. Other academic institutions (such as University of London ; University of St Andrews , University of Manchester , University of Bristol and St. David's University College in
56-465: A school , college , university or research institute . In British and Australian/New Zealand English, "faculty" usually refers to a sub-division of a university (usually a group of departments). In contrast, in North America "faculty" refers to the people who teach and research, and is distinguished from "staff", who are hired in administrative, operations, and support roles. For example
84-503: A tradition is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Fellow In education and academia there are several kinds of fellowships, awarded for different reasons. The title of (senior) teaching fellow is used to denote an academic teaching position at a university or similar institution and is roughly equivalent to the title of (senior) lecturer . The title (senior) fellow can also be bestowed to an academic member of staff upon retirement who continues to be affiliated to
112-482: A particular university (e.g., by teaching some courses or supervising graduate students ) but do not hold professorships may be appointed as adjunct faculty. In North America, faculty is a distinct category from staff , although members of both groups are employees of the institution in question. This is distinct from, for example, the British (and European, Australia, and New Zealand) usage, in which all employees of
140-659: A professional development program run by a nonprofit or governmental organization. This type of fellowship is a short term work opportunity (1–2 years) for professionals who already possess some level of academic or professional expertise that will serve the nonprofit mission. Fellows are given a stipend as well as professional experience and leadership training. Academic position Academic staff , also known as faculty (in North American usage) or academics (in British, Australia, and New Zealand usage), are vague terms that describe teachers or research staff of
168-555: A university in the United Kingdom. The term teaching fellow or teaching assistant is used, in the United States and United Kingdom, in secondary school, high school and middle school setting for students or adults that assist a teacher with one or more classes. In US medical institutions, a fellow refers to someone who has completed residency training (e.g. in internal medicine, pediatrics, general surgery, etc.) and
196-769: Is a form of full membership). Additional grades of membership exist in, for example, the IEEE and the ACM . Fellowships of this type can be awarded as a title of honor in their own right, e.g. the Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS) . Exclusive learned societies such as the Royal Society have Fellow as the only grade of membership. Appointment as an honorary fellow in a learned or professional society can be either to honour exceptional achievement or service within
224-600: Is currently in a 1 to 3 year subspecialty training program (e.g. cardiology, pediatric nephrology, transplant surgery, etc.). The title of research fellow may be used to denote an academic position at a university or a similar institution; it is roughly equivalent to the title of lecturer in the Commonwealth teaching career pathway. Research fellow may also refer to the recipient of academic financial grant or scholarship . For example, in Germany, institutions such as
252-528: Is made explicit by the former being contracted for nine months per year, meaning that they can devote their time to research (and possibly be absent from the campus) during the summer months, while the latter are contracted for twelve months per year. These two types of faculty members are sometimes known as "nine-month faculty" and "twelve-month faculty". Faculty who are paid a nine-month salary are typically allowed to seek external funds from grant agencies to partially or fully support their research activities during
280-466: Is merely an honour. Most Oxford colleges have 'Fellows by Special Election' or 'Supernumerary Fellows', who may be members of the teaching staff, but not necessarily members of the Governing Body. Some senior administrators of a college such as bursars are made fellows, and thereby members of the governing body, because of their importance to the running of a college. At some universities in
308-405: Is used more broadly to refer to teaching staff of either a basic or higher education institution. In many universities, the members of the administration (e.g., department chairs, deans , vice presidents, presidents, and librarians ) are also faculty members; many of them begin (and remain) as professors. At some universities, the distinction between "academic faculty" and "administrative faculty"
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#1732772272452336-709: The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation offer research fellowship for postdoctoral research and refer to the holder as research fellows, while the award holder may formally hold a specific academic title at their home institution (e.g., Privatdozent ). These are often shortened to the name of the programme or organization, e.g. Dorothy Hodgkin Fellow rather than Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellow, except where this might cause confusion with another fellowship, (e.g. Royal Society University Research Fellowship . ) In
364-615: The Faculty Handbook at Boston University defines faculty as Assistant, Associate, and Full Professors, those with professorial titles modified by “Research,” “Clinical,” and “of the Practice, Lecturers of all ranks, and Instructors. In the United States and parts of Canada, universities, community colleges and even some secondary and primary schools use the term faculty . Other institutions (e.g., teaching hospitals or not-for-profit research institutes) may likewise use
392-580: The Inns of Court in London. "High table" is sometimes used figuratively in a variety of ways to suggest things thought to be characteristic of Oxbridge fellows. This article relating to the University of Cambridge is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article relating to the University of Oxford is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about
420-923: The Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship and the Presidential Management Fellowship . It is granted to prospective or current students, on the basis of their academic or research achievements. In the UK, research fellowships are awarded to support postdoctoral researchers such as those funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) . At ETH Zurich , postdoctoral fellowships support incoming researchers. The MacArthur Fellows Program (aka "genius grant") as prestigious research fellowship awarded in
448-545: The Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, when the whole household ate together in one hall, but in segregated and sharply differentiated styles. Traditionally the high table had chairs and the other tables benches, but today many halls have all-chair seating. The food is generally different, often completely so. Other bastions of this dining layout include some boarding schools (including the fictional Hogwarts ) and
476-465: The UK, Queen's University , the University of Notre Dame in the United States, The University of Trinity College and Massey College at the University of Toronto , and St Paul's College, University of Sydney ) also have high tables. It has been mimicked in Hong Kong by University of Hong Kong. The table is normally at the end of the dining hall on a raised platform, although this is not always
504-630: The United States, "fellows" are members of the Board of Trustees who hold administrative positions as non-executive trustee rather than academics. In industries intensive in science , engineering medicine , and research & development , companies may appoint a very small number of top senior researchers as corporate, technical or industry fellows, either in Science or in Engineering . These are internationally recognized leaders who are among
532-743: The United States. Fellowships may involve a short placement for capacity building, e.g., to get more experience in government, such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science 's fellowships and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellowship programs . Some institutions offer fellowships as a professional training program as well as a financial grant, such as the Balsillie School of International Affairs , where tuition and other fees are paid by
560-484: The best in the world in their respective fields. Corporate, Technical or Industry Fellow in either Science or Engineering is the most senior rank or title one can achieve in a scientific or engineering career , though fellows often also hold business titles such as Vice President or Chief Technology Officer . Notable examples of fellows in scientific, medical and other research-intensive organizations include: The title fellow can be used for participants in
588-404: The case. Typically, the high table is set across the breadth of the hall, and is thus at right angles to the tables in use by the main body of diners, which stretch along the hall's length. On more formal evening occasions, dinner jackets are worn. It is also still common to wear academic gowns , at least for dinner. The high table preserves what was the normal style of eating in large houses in
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#1732772272452616-964: The context of graduate school in the United States and Canada , a fellow is a recipient of a postgraduate fellowship. Examples include the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship , the DoD National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship , the DOE Computational Science Graduate Fellowship , the Guggenheim Fellowship , the Rosenthal Fellowship , the Frank Knox Memorial Fellowship ,
644-574: The fellowship. Fellows are often the highest grade of membership of many professional associations or learned societies , for example, the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators , the Chartered Governance Institute or Royal College of Surgeons . Lower grades are referred to as members (who typically share voting rights with the fellows), or associates (who may or may not, depending on whether "associate" status
672-409: The professional domain of the awarding body or to honour contributions related to the domain from someone who is professionally outside it. Membership of the awarding body may or may not be a requirement. How a fellowship is awarded varies for each society, but may typically involve some or all of these: At the ancient universities of Oxford , Cambridge , and Trinity College, Dublin , members of
700-430: The right to a room in college (free of charge). At Cambridge, retired academics may remain fellows. At Oxford, however, a Governing Body fellow would normally be elected a fellow emeritus and would leave the Governing Body upon his or her retirement. Distinguished old members of the college, or its benefactors and friends, might also be elected 'Honorary Fellow', normally for life; but beyond limited dining rights this
728-433: The summer months. Librarians are a special case in that they are educators like faculty who belong to degree granting departments, not necessarily administrators who have management responsibilities like Deans, Presidents, and Vice Presidents. Most university faculty members hold a Ph.D. or equivalent highest-level degree in their field. Some professionals or instructors from other institutions who are associated with
756-548: The teaching staff typically have two affiliations: one as a reader, lecturer, or other academic rank within a department of the university, as at other universities, and a second affiliation as a fellow of one of the colleges of the university. The fellows, sometimes referred to as university dons , form the governing body of the college. They may elect a council to handle day-to-day management. All fellows are entitled to certain privileges within their colleges, which may include dining at High Table (free of charge) and possibly
784-516: The term faculty . In parts of the US, the term academic staff can be synonymous with just staff , which instead refers to staff that is not primarily involved with teaching or research. The higher education regulatory body of India , University Grants Commission , defines academic staff as teachers , librarians , and physical education personnel. In countries like the Philippines, faculty
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