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116-445: John Scarbrough Armstrong was one of the major founders of the town and contents of Highland Park because he owned significant portions of the land that would become the town. In 1906, Armstrong purchased 1,400 acres of prairie land north of downtown Dallas. After his death on April 26, 1908, his widow and sons-in-law—Edgar Flippen and Hugh Prather—took over his work. On April 14, 1914, the newly incorporated town of Highland Park petitioned

232-525: A 6% Asian population and a 5% Hispanic population. 0.0% of the district's students are economically disadvantaged. The rate of violent or criminal incidents at every single campus in the district in 2015-2016 was 0.0%. From 1997 to 2016 the number of non-Hispanic white students increased and the district never gained any significant low income population, contrasting with the white flight and increase in low income students in other Dallas County districts. White flight White flight or white exodus

348-528: A 97% immigrant share. Schools in Oslo are increasingly divided by ethnicity. For instance, in the Groruddalen (Grorud valley), four boroughs which currently have a population of around 165,000 saw the ethnic Norwegian population decrease by 1,500 in 2008, while the immigrant population increased by 1,600. In thirteen years, a total of 18,000 ethnic Norwegians have moved from the borough. In January 2010,

464-648: A Sunday school room. There being no easy transportation system, students simply walked to school each morning across the open fields that would later become residential areas of Highland Park. After the passage of a couple years to 1916, the staff had grown in size to include twelve teachers, most without college degrees, and the student enrollment had grown to 140 students, ranging from kindergartners to high school sophomores. Students wishing to complete high school had to go to Bryan Street High School in Dallas (originally called Dallas High School and later Crozier Tech). Some of

580-585: A citizens' vote. The package allowed for major renovations to all six existing campuses; the addition of a parking garage at Highland Park Middle School; the addition of new surface parking at Highland Park High School; the demolition of the high school's natatorium; and renovations to the Seay Tennis Center, the Multi-Use Building, and Highlander Stadium. Stantec Inc. and Balfour Beatty Construction were eventually hired to oversee most of

696-563: A corporate move into central Canada. Stanley also made its first U.S. acquisition, in Phoenix , establishing a base for specialty services and future expansion in the US Southwest. Following the success of IMC, Stanley Associates' various practices operated under boutique names, with as many as 20 different companies. By the early 1990s, the companies were placed under the umbrella of Stanley Technology Group, and most subsidiaries featured

812-473: A definitive merger agreement with MWH Global, Inc. worth $ 1.04 billion CAD, making Stantec Inc. one of the world's top three global design firms. It expected to boost revenues by 60% a year, and increased the number of employees from 15,000 to 22,000. Bob Gomes retired from Stantec in 2017 and is a current member of the board of directors. In January 2018, Gord Johnston became CEO of Stantec. Johnston has 30 years of private and public sector experience in

928-510: A desolate, inhospitable city landscape. White flight contributed to the draining of cities' tax bases when middle-class people left. Abandoned properties attracted criminals and street gangs , contributing to crime. In the 1970s and 1980s, urban decay was associated with Western cities, especially in North America and parts of Europe. In that time, major structural changes in global economies, transportation, and government policy created

1044-500: A greater impact on the decision to migrate among white than black professionals. Between 1982 and 2000 Zimbabwe registered a net loss of 100,000 whites, or an average of 5,000 departures per year. A second wave of white emigration was sparked by President Robert Mugabe 's violent land reform programme after 2000. Popular destinations included South Africa and Australia , which emigrants perceived to be geographically, culturally, or sociopolitically similar to their home country. From

1160-428: A junior high school for students in grades seven through nine. The new building featured 32 classrooms, 2 gyms, 2 auditoriums, a library, a cafeteria, an armory, a clinic, offices, a public address system, tennis courts, a greenhouse, and a football field with permanent seats. In 1951, a new administration building near the high school campus opened. Today, Highland Park High School features three large plaques just inside

1276-605: A loss. The realtors profited from these en masse sales and the ability to resell to the incoming black families, through arbitrage and the sales commissions from both groups. By such tactics, the racial composition of a neighborhood population was often changed completely in a few years. Urban decay is the sociological process whereby a city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude. Its characteristics are depopulation , economic restructuring , abandoned buildings, high local unemployment (and thus poverty), fragmented families, political disenfranchisement , crime, and

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1392-542: A majority group is reluctant to accept a minority influx, they may leave the district, avoid the district, or use tactics to keep the minority out. The minority group in turn react by either dispersing or congregating, avoiding certain districts in turn. Detailed analysis of data from the 1990s onwards indicates that the concentration of immigrants in certain city districts, such as Husby in Stockholm and Rosengård in Malmö ,

1508-493: A mass exodus. The establishment of the Republic of Zimbabwe in 1980 sounded the death knell for white political power, and ushered in a new era of black majority rule. White emigration peaked between 1980 and 1982 at 53,000 persons, with the breakdown of law and order, an increase in crime in the rural areas, and the provocative attitude of Zimbabwean officials being cited as the main causes. Political conditions typically had

1624-415: A means to control non-white migration. By subterfuge, real estate agents would facilitate black people buying a house in a white neighborhood, either by buying the house themselves, or via a white proxy buyer, and then re-selling it to the black family. The remaining white inhabitants (alarmed by real estate agents and the local news media), fearing devalued residential property, would quickly sell, usually at

1740-517: A neighborhood as long as the proportion of other ethnic groups is relatively low, but if a critical level of other ethnicities is exceeded, the original residents may make rapid decisions and take action to leave. This tipping point is viewed as simply the end-result of a domino effect originating when the threshold of the majority ethnicity members with the highest sensitivity to sameness is exceeded. If these people leave and are either not replaced or replaced by other ethnicities, then this in turn raises

1856-409: A new building on Emerson Avenue opened its doors and became the home of Highland Park High School —where the high school has remained to this day. It cost taxpayers approximately $ 400,000 at the time. At around the same time, the education system added a twelfth grade, so the new Highland Park High School served students in grades ten through twelve. The old high school building on Normandy Avenue became

1972-691: A new way of doing things for the company. We were heavily involved in Alberta in a big, big way and therefore very vulnerable to the up and down cycles of the province. We decided we had to diversify the company in a discipline sense. We had to become more than just a civil engineering company and we had to diversify geographically.” The company started its diversification by forming an urban development company under another name, IMC, which grew to 200 people. The diversification of Stanley Associates occurred by acquisition as well. The firm expanded into British Columbia and Saskatchewan and internationally, beginning

2088-527: A news feature from Dagsrevyen on the public Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation said, "Oslo has become a racially divided city. In some city districts the racial segregation starts already in kindergarten." Reporters said, "In the last years the brown schools have become browner, and the white schools whiter," a statement which caused a minor controversy. After the Second World War , immigration into Sweden occurred in three phases. The first

2204-587: A paid superintendent. From 1914–2017, HPISD has been led by eight superintendents as follows: In 2016, the Moody Foundation presented Highland Park ISD with a grant of $ 5.8 million (equivalent to $ 7,363,394 in 2023) to fund Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics (STEAM) education in the district. The district named the initiative the Moody Innovation Institute to bring a focus on STEAM education to all students in

2320-629: A parking garage built underneath the existing athletics fields. As the student body size increased, the district added another school in 1926, Bradfield Elementary, located between Southern Avenue and Mockingbird Lane. The funds for the school came from a 1925 bond election for $ 250,000 to build the Bradfield Elementary and University Park Elementary Schools. To conserve money, both schools had identical blueprints: two-story brick structures with 12 rooms each. Named after former HPISD board president John S. Bradfield, Bradfield Elementary School

2436-695: A preponderantly black African majority. Nevertheless, unlike white South Africans, a significant percentage of white Rhodesians represented recent immigrants from Europe. After World War II , there was a substantial influx of Europeans migrating into the region (formerly known as Southern Rhodesia ), including former residents of India , Pakistan , and other parts of Africa. Also represented were working-class emigrants responding to economic opportunities. In 1969, only 41% of Rhodesia's white community were natural-born citizens, or 93,600 people. The remainder were naturalised European and South African citizens or expatriates, with many holding dual citizenship. During

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2552-507: A strictly economic point of view, the departure figures were not as significant as the loss of the skills of those leaving. A disproportionate number of white Zimbabwean emigrants were well educated and highly skilled. Among those living in the United States, for example, 53.7% had a bachelor's degree, while only 2% had not completed secondary school. Most (52.4%) had occupied technical or supervisory positions of critical importance to

2668-509: A studied area (Dublin 15). 27% of residents were foreign-born immigrants. The report stated that Dublin was risking creating immigrant-dominated banlieues , on the outskirts of a city, similar to such areas in France. The immigrants in the area included Eastern Europeans (such as those from Poland ), Asians , and Africans (mainly from Nigeria ). White flight in Norway has increased since

2784-413: A study performed at Örebro University , mothers of young children were interviewed to study attitudes on Swedishness, multiculturalism and segregation. It concluded that while many expressed values such as ethnic diversity being an enriching factor, when, in practice, it came to choosing schools or choosing which district to move to, ensuring the children had access to a school with a robust Swedish majority

2900-428: A three-story design. In 2017 following a $ 361.4 million bond package approval which funded its land purchase and building, the most recent elementary school building between Wentwood Drive and Northwest Highway was added; the three-story building will house students from the other four existing elementary schools on a rotational basis until renovations are completed on the four campuses. The building currently serves as

3016-676: Is a licensed engineer who earned his degree in civil engineering from the University of Alberta and joined Stantec in 1988. Between 2008 and 2011, gross revenue increased from $ 1.4 billion to $ 1.7 billion, the Stantec team grew from 8,000 staff to over 12,000 staff, the company acquired 16 firms, and strengthened its presence in markets across North America and internationally. According to Reuters , US Edition, "Its services are offered through more than 170 locations in North America and four locations internationally" In May 2016, Stantec signed

3132-414: Is in part due to an immigration influx, but primarily caused by white flight. According to researcher Emma Neuman at Linnaeus University , the white flight phenomenon commences when the fraction of non-European immigrants reaches 3-4%, but European immigration shows no such effect. High income earners and the highly educated move out first, so the ethnic segregation also leads to class segregation. In

3248-532: Is located in Block 150 of Highland Park West, and uses a Spanish Colonial Revival style. Foshee & Creek designed the school building with a cost of $ 68,200. The building permit was filed in 1930. Following the approval of the 2015 bond package, Bradfield Elementary School will be torn down and rebuilt beginning in the summer of 2018. In 1928, the District added University Park Elementary School on Lovers Lane with

3364-585: Is the sudden or gradual large-scale migration of white people from areas becoming more racially or ethnoculturally diverse. Starting in the 1950s and 1960s, the terms became popular in the United States . They referred to the large-scale migration of people of various European ancestries from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions. The term has more recently been applied to other migrations by whites , from older, inner suburbs to rural areas, as well as from

3480-499: The Greater Toronto Area ), and referring to white Canadians , the "loss of more than 23,000 people, or 12 per cent, in a decade when the city's population rose by 60 per cent". The paper reported University of Manitoba sociologist Jason Edgerton's analysis that "After you control for retirement, low birth rate, etc. some of the other (shrinkage) could be white flight — former mainstream communities not comfortable being

3596-514: The Rhodesian Bush War , almost the entire white male population between eighteen and fifty-eight was affected by various military commitments, and individuals spent up to five or six months of the year on combat duty away from their normal occupations in the civil service, commerce, industry, or agriculture. These long periods of service in the field led to an increased emigration of men of military age. In November 1963, state media cited

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3712-444: The University of Waterloo with a degree in civil engineering, where he worked with Triffo. The year Franceschini became president and CEO, Stantec had 2,000 employees in 40 offices and reported $ 185.5 million in gross revenue. “Our vision is to grow the company into a 10,000 employee, billion-dollar firm by 2008,” Franceschini said. Franceschini was instrumental in launching the new global, single-brand identity, Stantec, which enabled

3828-460: The 'chicken run', the earliest use of which was recorded the following year, often by Rhodesians who remained to contemptuously describe those who had left. Other phrases such as 'taking the gap' or 'gapping it' were also used. As the outward flow increased, the phrase 'owl run' also came into use, as leaving the country was deemed by many to be a wise choice. Disfavour with the biracial Zimbabwe Rhodesia administration in 1979 also contributed to

3944-413: The 1916–1917 school year under the title The Highlander , a name which remains to this day. It was dedicated to Mrs. Armstrong with the following inscription: TO HER who has ever proven in every way a faithful friend of our beloved school, and an ardent sympathizer in and promoter of its best interest, to Mrs. John S. Armstrong, this, our first volume is affectionately dedicated. Following the approval of

4060-537: The 1950 US census, a migration pattern of disproportionate numbers of whites moving from cities to suburban communities was easily dismissed as merely anecdotal. Because American urban populations were still substantially growing, a relative decrease in one racial or ethnic component eluded scientific proof to the satisfaction of policy makers. In essence, data on urban population change had not been separated into what are now familiarly identified its "components." The first data set potentially capable of proving "white flight"

4176-604: The 1950s and 1960s out of cities such as Cleveland , Detroit , Kansas City and Oakland , although racial segregation of public schools had ended there long before the Supreme Court of the United States ' decision Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. In the 1970s, attempts to achieve effective desegregation (or "integration") by means of busing in some areas led to more families' moving out of former areas. More generally, some historians suggest that white flight occurred in response to population pressures, both from

4292-470: The 1970s, with the immigration of non-Scandinavians from (in numerical order, starting with the largest): Poland , Pakistan , Iraq , Somalia , Vietnam , Iran , Turkey , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Russia , Sri Lanka , the Philippines , the former Yugoslavia , Thailand , Afghanistan , and Lithuania . By June 2009, more than 40% of Oslo schools had an immigrant majority, with some schools having

4408-530: The 2015 bond package, Armstrong Elementary School will receive a much-needed addition and renovation which began in December 2017. In 1922, a second school was added to the district: a new building between Normandy Avenue and Granada Avenue which would house Highland Park High School. Grades eight and above moved to the new high school, and the first class graduated from Highland Park High School in 1924. Superintendent Gable moved his office from Armstrong School to

4524-712: The 2016–2017 school year, Highland Park High School won UIL State Championships in tennis, football, boys swimming and diving, girls soccer, and boys golf. More information on the high school's athletics can be found on the Highland Park High School page. The Highland Park Scots football team is the winningest program in Texas high school football history with 802 wins. The Scots have won six football state championships in school history: 1945, 1957, 2005, 2016, 2017 and 2018. Note: Highland Park Middle School and McCulloch Intermediate School occupy separate wings of

4640-548: The American Northeast and Midwest to the milder climate in the Southeast and Southwest . The term 'white flight' has also been used for large-scale post-colonial emigration of whites from Africa , or parts of that continent, driven by levels of violent crime and anti-colonial or anti-white state policies. Migration of middle-class white populations was observed during the civil rights movement in

4756-482: The Armstrong School staff at the time included Francis herself as well as Mary Inis (kindergarten), Katherine Mansfield (first grade), and Anne Rose McLean (second grade). To accommodate these increases in size, a second story was added to the original Armstrong School building in 1916 which allowed for an additional four classrooms, a clinic, and an office. The first-ever HPISD yearbook was published following

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4872-603: The Clifton Park Junior High School had 2,023 white students and 34 black students; ten years later, it had twelve white students and 2,037 black students. In northwest Baltimore, Garrison Junior High School's student body declined from 2,504 whites and twelve blacks to 297 whites and 1,263 blacks in that period. At the same time, the city's working class population declined because of the loss of industrial jobs as heavy industry restructured. In Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971),

4988-525: The Dallas County Judge to allow them to establish an independent school district. From 1909 until this time, children wishing to attend school had attended classes in a little red frame house operating under the name of "Highland Park School" that had been moved to the 4700 block of Abbott by community leader Michael Costello and a group of citizens. However, the judge granted the petition for an independent school district on May 5, 1914, and HPISD

5104-473: The District as a whole, had "Met Standard." The four indexes calculated by the TEA put HPISD ahead of the state targets: 97 on Student Achievement (target of 60), 50 on Student Progress (target of 22), 68 on Closing Performance Gaps (target of 28), and 94 on Post-secondary Readiness (target of 60). HPISD earned a distinction in post-secondary readiness, making it one of just 58 districts in the state to do so. During

5220-512: The Federal decision in Penick v. The Columbus Board of Education (1977) accelerated white flight from Columbus, Ohio . Although the racial desegregation of schools affected only public school districts, the most vehement opponents of racial desegregation have sometimes been whites whose children attended private schools. A secondary, non-geographic consequence of school desegregation and busing

5336-667: The Kindergarten level and runs through fourth grade. During the 2016–2017 school year, Highland Park High School had 27 students named National Merit Semifinalists, its highest number of students to earn the honor in the District's history, dating back to 1958. To be recognized for National Merit Honors, students must take the PSAT , and only 16,000 students out of a pool of more than 1.6 million entrants (1%) are recognized as National Merit Semifinalists. The 2017 TEA Accountability Report for HPISD said that every single campus, and thus

5452-548: The Moody Innovation Institute's programs in classrooms. HPISD offers an elementary school Spanish learning program in each of its four elementary schools. The overall program is called Foreign Language in Elementary Schools (FLES), but since Spanish is the main focus of the FLES program another name is often used: Passport to Spanish. Passport to Spanish begins second-language Spanish instruction for all HPISD students at

5568-476: The Supreme Court ordered the desegregation busing of poor black students to suburban white schools, and suburban white students to the city to try to integrate student populations. In Milliken v. Bradley (1974), the dissenting Justice William Douglas observed, "The inner core of Detroit is now rather solidly black; and the blacks, we know, in many instances are likely to be poorer." Likewise, in 1977,

5684-447: The UK is mainly from areas with a high ethnic minority population to those with predominantly white populations; white British families have moved out of London, as many immigrants have settled in the capital. The report's writers expressed concern about British social cohesion, and stated that different ethnic groups were living "parallel lives"; they were concerned that lack of contact between

5800-479: The United States during the 1940s, the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 , low-cost mortgages through the G.I. Bill , and residential redlining enabled white families to abandon inner cities in favor of suburban living and prevent ethnic minorities from doing the same. The result was severe urban decay that, by the 1960s, resulted in crumbling " ghettos ". Prior to national data available in

5916-575: The United States has received immigrants from Mexico, Central and South America, Asia, and Africa. Immigration has changed the demographics of both cities and suburbs, and the US has become a largely suburban nation, with the suburbs becoming more diverse. In addition, Latinos , the fastest growing minority group in the US, began to migrate away from traditional entry cities and to cities in the Southwest , such as Albuquerque , Phoenix and Tucson . In 2006,

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6032-629: The abolitionist's perception of the pre- Civil War tension and how "the shadows of the impending civil disruption, had brought about a white exodus" of Northerners to Southern states such as Georgia. In the years leading up to World War I , the newspapers in the Union of South Africa were reporting on the "spectre of white flight", in particular due to Afrikaners travelling to the Port of Durban in search of ships for Britain and Australia. In 1958, political scientist Morton Grodzins identified that "once

6148-708: The advance of the sharp recession of the 1980s, Stanley was ready to turn the company over to his second-in-command, Ron Triffo, in 1983. Triffo held a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the University of Manitoba and an MSc in Engineering from the University of Illinois . In 1983, when Alberta's economy was struggling in response to the Canadian government's National Energy Program, Triffo became president and COO , while Stanley retained his role as CEO and chair. “We had cut our staff in half from 400 to about 200,” Triffo said. “We really started to think about

6264-716: The bogey-man" to whites. He implemented policies to attract white parents to the racially diverse Pasadena public school district. Stantec Stantec Inc. is an international professional services company in the design and consulting industry. The company was founded in 1954, as D. R. Stanley Associates in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada. Stantec provides professional consulting services in planning, engineering, architecture, interior design, landscape architecture, surveying, environmental sciences , project management, and project economics for infrastructure and facilities projects. The company provides services on projects around

6380-425: The chief reasons for emigration as uncertainty about the future, economic decline due to embargo and war, and the heavy commitments of national service, which was described as "the overriding factor causing people to leave". Of the male emigrants in 1976 about half fell into the 15 to 39 age bracket. Between 1960 and 1976 160,182 whites immigrated, while 157,724 departed. This dynamic turnover rate led to depressions in

6496-585: The cities their residents had left. For instance, Milwaukee, Wisconsin partially annexed towns such as Granville ; the (then) mayor, Frank P. Zeidler , complained about the socially destructive "Iron Ring" of new municipalities incorporated in the post–World War II decade. Analogously, semi-rural communities, such as Oak Creek , South Milwaukee , and Franklin , formally incorporated as discrete entities to escape urban annexation. Wisconsin state law had allowed Milwaukee's annexation of such rural and suburban regions that did not qualify for discrete incorporation per

6612-407: The cities. During the later 20th century, industrial restructuring led to major losses of jobs, leaving formerly middle-class working populations suffering poverty, with some unable to move away and seek employment elsewhere. Real estate prices often fall in areas of economic erosion, allowing persons with lower income to establish homes in such areas. Since the 1960s and changed immigration laws,

6728-553: The company's services to be delivered through an integrated approach. “The move was a major achievement –– in a two-month period, we sought and received shareholder approval to change the name of over 30 companies,” says Franceschini. Stantec was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 2005. Franceschini retired in May 2009. Bob Gomes was appointed president and CEO. Like the Stantec's previous three presidents, Gomes

6844-514: The construction. Balfour Beatty Construction served as general contractor for the building process. The district serves: all of the city of University Park , most of the town of Highland Park , and portions of Dallas . The District comprises seven campuses: five elementary school buildings, one middle school building, and one high school building. The district has an enrollment of approximately 7,000 students and employs 750 people, including more than 430 teachers. University Park Elementary School

6960-556: The contents of these books. The seven books were: The Art of Racing in the Rain by Garth Stein ; The Working Poor: Invisible in America by David K. Shipler ; Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse ; The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie ; An Abundance of Katherines by John Green ; The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls ; and Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison . Superintendent Orr eventually reversed

7076-399: The decision to suspend the books, stating in an email to parents, "I made the decision in an attempt to de-escalate the conflict, and I readily admit that it had the opposite effect. I take full responsibility for the decision, and I apologize for the disruption it has caused." He would retire shortly after the controversy ended. In 2015, a $ 361.4 million bond package passed board approval and

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7192-415: The demographic makeup became wealthier, with smaller houses being replaced by larger ones circa the 1970s. HPISD first opened its doors on October 12, 1914, with John S. Armstrong School, a one-story cream-yellow brick building on Cornell Avenue with only four rooms and a basement. The staff at the time included one principal, Belle Francis, and two teachers. The fourth room was not needed and thus served as

7308-418: The design and construction that ensued. In February 2016, the District sold $ 225 million in bonds with a 20-year amortization at an interest rate of 2.95%—lower than had been originally expected. Tax rates naturally increased within the District to cover the additional costs. The District is run by a seven-member school board of trustees who are elected to three-year terms each May. The school board works with

7424-763: The design and project management of infrastructure projects. Johnston has bachelor of science and master of engineering degrees in civil engineering from the University of Alberta, and is a registered professional engineer, certified project management professional, and Envision Sustainability Professional. Stantec has 31,000 employees and 400 locations on six continents worldwide. Stantec has acquired over 130 firms since 1994. Acquisitions include MWH Global, Inc. , KBR, Inc. Infrastructure Americas Division, Dessau engineering , Fay, Spofford & Thorndike , Sparling, Traffic Design Group , ZETCON Engineering, and Hydrock. On July 17, 2013, Stantec announced that it

7540-529: The district. HPISD hired Dr. Geoffrey Orsak , former Dean of SMU 's Lyle School of Engineering , to serve as the Executive Director of the Moody Innovation Institute in March 2017. Currently, plans are in the offing to use part of the funds to create a redesigned internship experience for students at Highland Park High School . Teachers across the District have formed a joint Design Team to implement

7656-439: The early decay of non-white city neighborhoods by withholding maintenance capital mortgages, thus making it difficult for the communities to either retain or attract middle-class residents. The new suburban communities limited the emigration of poor and non-white residents from the city by restrictive zoning ; thus, few lower-middle-class people could afford a house in the suburbs. Many all-white suburbs were eventually annexed to

7772-499: The economic, then social, conditions resulting in urban decay. White flight in North America started to reverse in the 1990s, when the rich suburbanites returned to cities, gentrifying the decayed urban neighborhoods. New municipalities were established beyond the abandoned city's jurisdiction to avoid the legacy costs of maintaining city infrastructures; instead new governments spent taxes to establish suburban infrastructures. The federal government contributed to white flight and

7888-570: The environmental geographer Laura Pulido, the historical processes of suburbanization and urban decentralization contribute to contemporary environmental racism . In 1870, The Nation covered the large-scale migrations of white Americans ; "The report of the Emigration Commissioners of Louisiana, for the past year, estimates the white exodus from the Southern Atlantic States, Alabama, and Mississippi, to

8004-645: The ethnic White British population. The study, which examined the white population in London, the West Midlands , West Yorkshire , and Greater Manchester between 1991 and 2001, also concluded that white population losses were largest in areas with the highest ethnic minority populations. In 2018, research at Indiana University showed that between 2000 and 2010 in the US, of a sample size of 27,891 Census tracts, 3,252 experienced "white flight". The examined areas had "an average magnitude loss of 40 percent of

8120-410: The federally ordered school desegregation began, whites who could afford private schools withdrew their children from the racially diverse Pasadena public school system. By 2004, Pasadena had 63 private schools educating some 33% of schoolchildren, while white students made up only 16% of the public school populace. The Pasadena Unified School District superintendent characterized public schools as "like

8236-578: The groups could result in fear more readily exploited by extremists. In a study, the London School of Economics found similar results. A 2016 BBC documentary, Last Whites of the East End , covered the migration of whites from Newham to Essex . A 2019 Guardian article stated that "came to represent 'white flight' in the UK", and a 2013 Prospect magazine article gave Essex as an example of white flight. Researcher Ludi Simpson has stated that

8352-557: The growth of ethnic minorities in Britain is due mostly to natural population growth (births outnumbering deaths), rather than immigration. Both white and non-white Britons who can do so economically are equally likely to leave mixed-race inner-city areas. In his opinion, these trends indicate counter urbanisation , rather than white flight. In 2013, the Toronto Star examined the "identity crisis" of Brampton (a suburban city in

8468-420: The high school. After the addition of the high school building on Emerson Avenue, this building turned the home of Highland Park Junior High School for students in grades seven through nine. Eventually it would come to house Highland Park Middle School and Arch H. McCulloch Intermediate School and collectively serve grades five through eight. Following the approval of the 2015 bond package, the building will receive

8584-585: The home of the University Park Elementary School for the 2017–2018 school year. Because it was the first new school to be built in HPISD in nearly 70 years, much thought went into the design of the school. Key elements included larger classrooms, flexible group learning spaces, an underground parking garage, and an exterior appearance that mimicked that of the existing HPISD schools. It took from June 20, 2016 until August 2017 to complete

8700-569: The increased number of Latinos had made whites a minority group in some western cities. In the 1930s, states outside the South (where racial segregation was legal) practiced unofficial segregation via exclusionary covenants in title deeds and real estate neighborhood redlining  – explicit, legally sanctioned racial discrimination in real property ownership and lending practices. Blacks were effectively barred from pursuing homeownership, even when they were able to afford it. Suburban expansion

8816-706: The large migration of blacks from the rural Southern United States to urban cities of the Northern United States and the Western United States in the Great Migration and the waves of new immigrants from around the world. Some historians have challenged the phrase "white flight" as a misnomer whose use should be reconsidered. In her study of West Side in Chicago during the post-war era, historian Amanda Seligman argues that

8932-536: The legal incorporation standards. In some areas, the post–World War II racial desegregation of the public schools catalyzed white flight. In 1954, the US Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ordered the de jure termination of the "separate, but equal" legal racism established with the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) case in the 19th century. It declared that segregation of public schools

9048-764: The level of mixing of neighbors, exceeding the departure threshold for additional people. About 800,000 out of an earlier total population of 5.2 million whites left post- apartheid South Africa after 1995, according to a 2009 report in Newsweek . The country has suffered a high rate of violent crime, a primary stated reason for emigration. Other causes cited in the Newsweek report include attacks against white farmers , concern about being excluded by affirmative action programmes, political instability and worries about corruption. Many of those who leave are highly educated , resulting in skills shortages. Some observers fear

9164-441: The local government used the highway system to perpetuate the racial residence-boundaries the city established with a 1926 racial zoning law. Constructing interstate highways through majority-black neighborhoods eventually reduced the populations to the poorest proportion of people financially unable to leave their destroyed community. The real estate business practice of "blockbusting" was a for-profit catalyst for white flight, and

9280-474: The long-term consequences, as South Africa's labor policies make it difficult to attract skilled immigrants. In the global economy, some professionals and skilled people have been attracted to work in the U.S. and European nations. Until 1980, the unrecognised Republic of Rhodesia held a well-publicised image as being one of two nations in sub-Saharan Africa where a white minority of European descent and culture held political, economic, and social control over

9396-459: The main entrance on Emerson Avenue which list the names of all HPHS alumni who went on to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces . From 1947-1949, yet another elementary was built: Hyer Elementary School, which opened for classes in January 1949. The building would have opened in 1941 if not for a steel shortage caused by World War II which delayed the construction. The Hyer Elementary School building

9512-446: The majority of London's population was still ethnic British). In the 2001 census , the London boroughs of Newham and Brent were found to be the first areas to have non-white majorities. The 2011 census found that, for the first time, less than 50% of London's population were white British, and that in some areas of London white British people make up less than 20% of the population. A 2005 report stated that white migration within

9628-524: The majority still live in largely segregated neighborhoods, which have continued to form. In 1969, Nobel Prize-winning economist Thomas Schelling published "Models of Segregation", a paper in which he demonstrated through a "checkerboard model" and mathematical analysis, that even when every agent prefers to live in a mixed-race neighborhood, almost complete segregation of neighborhoods emerges as individual decisions accumulate. In his "tipping model", he showed that members of an ethnic group do not move out of

9744-628: The minority." A 2016 article from The Globe and Mail , addressing the diversity of Brampton, acknowledged that while academics in Canada are sometimes reluctant to use the term of white flight, it reported that: [...] the Brampton story reveals that we have our own version of white flight, and before we figure out how to manage hyper-diverse and increasingly polarized cities like Greater Toronto, we need to reflect on our own attitudes about race and ethnic diversity . In 2018, The Guardian covered

9860-752: The modern sector of the economy. Inasmuch as black workers did not begin making large inroads into apprenticeships and other training programs until the 1970s, few were in a position to replace their white colleagues in the 1980s. A study of school choice in Copenhagen found that an immigrant proportion of below 35% in the local schools did not affect parental choice of schools. If the percentage of immigrant children rose above this level, white Danes are far more likely to choose other schools. Immigrants who speak Danish at home also opt out. Other immigrants, often more recent ones, stay with local schools. In Finland, white flight has been observed in districts where

9976-667: The name Stanley in their name. Staff numbers neared 900 and the firm went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange in 1994. In 1998, Triffo stepped into the role of board chair, where he remained until retiring in 2011. Tony Franceschini, then vice president of the Commercial/Institutional sector and a board member, became president and CEO. Franceschini began his career with a consulting engineering firm in Toronto, Ontario in 1975 after graduating from

10092-438: The new Armstrong School on July 16, 1914. Highland Park residents spearheaded the creation of the HPISD and asked the neighbors to the north to become a part of the district; taxes were lower since the district included University Park's population. Initially the district did not receive funds from the U.S. federal government. Its student body was entirely white. The servants' quarters in the houses did not have black children as

10208-512: The new building on Wentwood Drive during this time—what would become the fifth elementary school. They were the first students to ever use the new building on Wentwood Drive. Meanwhile, a new building for UP Elementary School was being built with a parking garage underneath it. The new UP Elementary School is on track to open in August 2018 for the 2018–2019 school year. The rebuild was done by Stantec Inc. and Balfour Beatty Construction . In 1937,

10324-641: The original white population." Published in Social Science Research , the study found "relative to poorer neighborhoods, white flight becomes systematically more likely in middle-class neighborhoods at higher thresholds of black , Hispanic, and Asian population presence." In studies in the 1980s and 1990s, blacks said they were willing to live in neighborhoods with 50/50 ethnic composition. Whites were also willing to live in integrated neighborhoods, but preferred proportions of more whites. Despite this willingness to live in integrated neighborhoods,

10440-466: The overcrowding and physical deterioration of areas with large minority populations. Such conditions are considered to have contributed to the emigration of other populations. The limited facilities for banking and insurance, due to a perceived lack of profitability, and other social services, and extra fees meant to hedge against perceived profit issues, increased their cost to residents in predominantly non-white suburbs and city neighborhoods. According to

10556-470: The phenomenon of "unconscious segregation", the article points to large East Asian and South Asian enclaves within Greater Vancouver such as Burnaby , East Vancouver , Richmond , South Vancouver and Surrey . In contrast, other cities and neighbourhoods within the metropolitan region such as Tsawwassen , South Surrey , White Rock and Langley host equally large white enclaves. In

10672-436: The phrase misleadingly suggests that whites immediately departed when blacks moved into the neighborhood, when in fact, many whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics. Leah Boustan , Professor of Economics at Princeton, attributes white flight both to racism and economic reasons. The business practices of redlining , mortgage discrimination , and racially restrictive covenants contributed to

10788-446: The property market, a slump in the construction industry, and a decline in retail sales. The number of white Rhodesians peaked in 1975 at 278,000, and rapidly declined as the bush war intensified. In 1976, around 14,000 whites left the country, marking the first year since Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965 that more whites had left the country than arrived, with most leaving for South Africa. This became known as

10904-408: The proportion of non-whites exceeds the limits of the neighborhood's tolerance for interracial living, whites move out." Grodzins termed this phenomenon the tipping point in the study of white flight. In 2004, a study of UK census figures at the London School of Economics demonstrated evidence of white flight, resulting in ethnic minorities in inner-city areas becoming increasingly isolated from

11020-407: The remaining funds from the 1925 bond election discussed above. The school was named after the city that it served. The time capsule was presumably discovered during the 2017 demolition of the building. Following the approval of the 2015 bond package, University Park Elementary School closed its doors for the 2017–2018 school year and was completely demolished. On May 17, 2017, before the demolition of

11136-479: The same building. This same building was the original home of the high school in the early 20th century. In the 2015–2016 school year, HPISD had a student population of 7,171 people, of whom 2,114 were at Highland Park High School . The areas from which HPISD draws, Highland Park and University Park , have a reputation for being affluent, predominantly white areas. The student body went from being almost 99% white, to 86.5% white in 2015. The next biggest sections are

11252-479: The school, the District allowed former students and educators a chance to visit one last time. The demolition also affected longtime janitor Jesus Gonzalez who had lived in a District-owned house on the UP campus for years; in 2017, the community surprised Gonzalez and his wife with a check for $ 53,000 and the District agreed to provide them housing for the rest of their lives. UP Elementary School students attended classes in

11368-789: The share of non-Finnish population is 20% or above. In Greater Helsinki region, there are more than 30 such districts. Those include e.g. Kallahti in Helsinki , Suvela in Espoo , and Länsimäki in Vantaa . Outside the Greater Helsinki region, the phenomenon has been witnessed at least in Varissuo district of Turku . A 2007 government report stated that immigration in Dublin has caused "dramatic" white flight from elementary schools in

11484-544: The sole proprietor out of a 250-square-foot (23 m ) office in Edmonton, Alberta. In 1955, Stanley hired a retired railway engineer , Herb Roblin, and a former chief bridge engineer for the provincial government, Louis Grimble. The firm was renamed Stanley, Grimble and Roblin Ltd. and with the two new partners’ transportation backgrounds, the firm diversified quickly. The 1970s were boom years for Stanley Associates, but with

11600-772: The states. After World War II, aided by the construction of the Interstate Highway System , many white Americans began leaving industrial cities for new housing in suburbs. The roads served to transport suburbanites to their city jobs, facilitating the development of suburbs, and shifting the tax base away from the city. This may have exacerbated urban decay . In some cases, such as in the Southern United States, local governments used highway road constructions to deliberately divide and isolate black neighborhoods from goods and services, often within industrial corridors. In Birmingham, Alabama ,

11716-530: The trans-Mississippi regions, at scores of thousands". By 1888, with rhetoric typical of the time, Walter Thomas Mills 's The Statesman publication predicted: Social and political equality and the political supremacy of the negro element in any southern state must lead to one of three things: A white exodus, a war of races , or the destruction of representative institutions, as in the District of Columbia . An 1894 biography of William Lloyd Garrison reveals

11832-473: The wealthy white families did not hire servants with families. As a result, HPISD had no black children in the 1950s and 1960s, when other Dallas-area school districts dealt with racial integration and white flight . The federal court orders to integrate had no effect in HPISD since it did not receive federal money. As a result, values of HPISD-zoned properties in University Park rose dramatically and

11948-494: The white flight that had occurred in Brampton, and how the suburban city had been nicknamed "Bramladesh" and "Browntown", due to its "73% visible minority, with its largest ethnic group Indian ". It was also reported how "the white population fell from 192,400 in 2001 to 169,230 in 2011, and now hovers around 151,000." In 2014, the Vancouver Sun addressed the issue of white flight across Metropolitan Vancouver . Detailing

12064-404: The world, with over 30,000 employees operating out of more than 450 locations in North America and across offices on six continents. Don Stanley was the first Canadian to earn a Ph.D. in environmental engineering . Attending Harvard University on a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship, he earned his doctorate in 1952 and two years later founded D.R. Stanley & Associates, working as

12180-666: Was "cultural" white flight: withdrawing white children from the mixed-race public school system and sending them to private schools unaffected by US federal integration laws. In 1970, when the United States District Court for the Central District of California ordered the Pasadena Unified School District desegregated, the proportion of white students (54%) reflected the school district's proportion of whites (53%). Once

12296-635: Was a direct result of the war, with refugees from concentration camps and surrounding countries in Scandinavia and Northern Europe. The second, prior to 1970, involved immigrant workers, mainly from Finland , Italy , Greece , and Yugoslavia . In the most recent phase, from the 1970s onwards, refugees immigrated from the Middle East , Africa, and Latin America , joined later by their relatives. A study which mapped patterns of segregation and congregation of incoming population groups found that, if

12412-551: Was also a consideration. This was because they did not want their children to grow up in a school where they were a minority, and wanted them to be in a good environment for learning the Swedish language. For centuries, London was the destination for refugees and immigrants from continental Europe. Although all the immigrants were European, neighborhoods showed ethnic succession over time, as older residents moved out and new immigrants moved in, an early case of white flight (though

12528-539: Was born. Once the school district held an election for the first Board of Trustees, the Board began searching for a suitable location for the new school. Mrs. Alice Armstrong, widow of the late John S. Armstrong, generously donated the needed land in the area bounded by Cornell Avenue, Byron Avenue, and St. John's Drive in memory of her husband, thus helping found the HPISD and its first school, appropriately named Armstrong. The Board of Trustees approved $ 30,000 in bonds to build

12644-674: Was designed by Dallas architects, Lang & Witchell who designed the Magnolia Building and the Kirby Building downtown. In 2009, the school district was rated "exemplary" by the Texas Education Agency . HPISD and Highland Park High School received national attention in September 2014 for the banning of seven books previously used in high school English studies, after a group of parents protested

12760-462: Was designed by architect Mark Lemmon and cost $ 408,000. Hyer Elementary School was named after Dr. Robert Stewart Hyer , a pioneer in education in Texas and the president of Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas , from 1898 to 1911. Dr. Hyer is also well known for helping to found nearby Southern Methodist University and serving as its first president from 1911 to 1920. Newton L. Manning

12876-460: Was going to initiate a request for proposal (RFP) to consolidate its Edmonton headquarters and other Edmonton offices into a single building. On August 26, 2014 the company announced that it had signed a 15-year lease with Edmonton's Arena District Partnership, a joint venture between the Katz Group and WAM Developments. Stantec Tower is located in Edmonton's new downtown Ice District , and

12992-581: Was not simply a more powerful calculating instrument that placed the reality of white flight beyond a high hurdle of proof seemingly required for policy makers to consider taking action. Also instrumental were new statistical methods developed by Emerson Seim for disentangling deceptive counter-effects that had resulted when numerous cities reacted to departures of a wealthier tax base by annexation. In other words, central cities had been bringing back their new suburbs, such that families that had departed from inner cities were not even being counted as having moved from

13108-494: Was reserved for middle-class and working-class white people, facilitated by their increased wages incurred by the war effort and by subsequent federally guaranteed mortgages (VA, FHA, HOLC) available only to whites to buy new houses, such as those created by the Federal Housing Administration . In 1948, the Supreme Court ruled that racially restrictive covenants could not constitutionaly be enforced by

13224-546: Was the 1950 census. But original processing of this data, on older-style tabulation machines by the US Census Bureau, failed to attain any approved level of statistical proof. It was rigorous reprocessing of the same raw data on a UNIVAC I , led by Donald J. Bogue of the Scripps Foundation and Emerson Seim of the University of Chicago , that scientifically established the reality of white flight. It

13340-403: Was the first principal of Hyer and frequently brought chickens, goats, and other animals to entertain the students. Following the approval of the 2015 bond package, Hyer Elementary School will be torn down and rebuilt beginning in the summer of 2019. The HPISD administration decided that the new Hyer will only have two stories instead of three after members of the community expressed opposition to

13456-602: Was unconstitutional. Many southern jurisdictions mounted massive resistance to the policy. In some cases, white parents withdrew their children from public schools and established private religious schools instead. These schools, termed segregation academies , sprung up in the American South between the late 1950s and mid-1970s and allowed parents to prevent their children from being enrolled in racially mixed schools. Upon desegregation in 1957 in Baltimore, Maryland ,

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