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36-577: The area is home to many notable cultural and geologic features of the ancient Hawaiian culture including aquaculture fishponds, anchialine ponds and petroglyphs . Ala Kahakai or "trail by the sea" is the name for the ancient pathway that runs along the coastline in the Waikoloa area that linked important entities in the Hawaiian culture including communities, temples, fishing areas, etc. The Ala Kahakai, estimated to be 175 miles (282 km) long,

72-725: A new population by a very small number of individuals from a larger population, which also causes a loss of genetic variation. Soares et al. (2008) argued for an older pre- Holocene Sundaland origin in Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) based on mitochondrial DNA . The "out of Taiwan" model was challenged by a study from Leeds University published in Molecular Biology and Evolution . Examination of mitochondrial DNA lineages indicates that they have been evolving in ISEA for longer than previously believed. Ancestors of

108-597: A whole. Polynesians Polynesians are an ethnolinguistic group comprising closely related ethnic groups native to Polynesia , which encompasses the islands within the Polynesian Triangle in the Pacific Ocean . They trace their early prehistoric origins to Island Southeast Asia and are part of the larger Austronesian ethnolinguistic group, with an Urheimat in Taiwan . They speak

144-563: Is a water sport shop to rent snorkeling equipment & tours, a glass bottom boat, paddle boards, kayaks, and hydro bikes. It is also the home of the Waikoloa canoe club. The anchialine ponds of Waikoloa are part of Hawaiian culture and were preserved in 1985 as the Waikoloa Anchialine Pond Preservation Area maintained by the University of Hawaii . The brackish water lava pools located just at

180-568: Is built on 62 acres (250,000 m) and has 1240 rooms and suites with tropical gardens, waterfalls, lagoons and waterways. The resort features the Kohala Tennis Garden and other gardens, artworks, and statues. It was originally developed in 1988 as the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa with Japanese investment, however was sold to Hilton Hotels & Resorts in 1994. The popular game show Wheel of Fortune has taped at

216-537: Is commonly called "King's Trail". ʻAnaehoʻomalu Bay, also known as A-Bay, is a palm fringed beach, shallow water bay located on the South Kohala coast on the island of Hawaii . ʻAnaehoʻomalu is best known for its sunsets, snorkeling and historic royal fishponds. The nearest town is Waikaloa Village , which used to be owned by Parker Ranch . It is the location of the Lavaman Triathlon. Also there

252-465: Is more than a dance, but an art form that communicates the stories of Hawaiian politics, culture, and tradition. As hula is now practiced and recognized around the world, a very limited repertoire has been brought to mainstream culture. Much of the world views Hula as a fitness trend and cultural dance, but the genre has a much greater significance to the Hawaiian people, telling the stories of generations past. Polynesians traveled to Hawaii and throughout

288-454: Is the God of peace, rain, and fertility. They also believe in forty male gods (ka hā), four hundred gods and goddesses (ke kanahā), the spirits (na ‘unihipili), and the guardians (na ‘aumākua). Notably, Pele is the goddess of volcanos and fire. Hawaiian religion has birthed many central Hawaiian values, including respect for the 'aina (land), which stems from an emphasis on respect for Lono,

324-480: The ukulele and the guitar that Hawaiians adopted. As Hawaiian music evolved, music using these instruments found worldwide popularity, beginning in the 1920s. Hawaiians invented the slack-key guitar and steel guitar , instruments that were soon distributed across the world. First contact came in 1778 with an expedition led by James Cook , although possibly as early as 1542 with an expedition led by Ruy López de Villalobos . Christian missionaries arrived in

360-990: The Marquesas . From here, they expanded further to Hawaii by 900 AD, Easter Island by 1000 AD, and finally New Zealand by 1200 AD. Analysis by Kayser et al. (2008) found that only 21% of the Polynesian autosomal gene pool is of Australo-Melanesian origin, with the remaining 79% being of Austronesian origin. Another study by Friedlaender et al. (2008) also confirmed that some Polynesians are genetically closer to Micronesians , Taiwanese Aborigines , and Islander Southeast Asians . The study concluded that Polynesians moved through Melanesia fairly rapidly, allowing only limited admixture between Austronesians and Papuans. Polynesians predominantly belong to Haplogroup B (mtDNA), particularly to mtDNA B4a1a1 (the Polynesian motif). The high frequencies of mtDNA B4 in Polynesians are

396-824: The Polynesian languages , a branch of the Oceanic subfamily within the Austronesian language family . The Indigenous Māori people form the largest Polynesian population, followed by Samoans , Native Hawaiians , Tahitians , Tongans , and Cook Islands Māori . As of 2012 , there were an estimated 2 million ethnic Polynesians (both full and part) worldwide. The vast majority either inhabit independent Polynesian nation-states ( Samoa , Niue , Cook Islands , Tonga , and Tuvalu ) or form minorities in countries such as Australia , Chile ( Easter Island ), New Zealand , France ( French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna ), and

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432-945: The United States ( Hawaii and American Samoa ), as well as in the British Overseas Territory of the Pitcairn Islands . New Zealand had the highest population of Polynesians, estimated at 110,000 in the 18th century. Polynesians have acquired a reputation as great navigators, with their canoes reaching the most remote corners of the Pacific and allowing the settlement of islands as far apart as Hawaii, Rapanui (Easter Island), and Aotearoa (New Zealand). The people of Polynesia accomplished this voyaging using ancient navigation skills, including reading stars, currents, clouds, and bird movements—skills that have been passed down through successive generations to

468-460: The social behavior , institutions , and norms practiced by the original residents of the Hawaiian islands, including their knowledge , beliefs , arts , laws , customs , capabilities, and habits . Humans are estimated to have first inhabited the archipelago between 124 and 1120 AD when it was settled by Polynesians who voyaged to and settled there. Polynesia is made of multiple island groups which extend from Hawaii to New Zealand across

504-705: The God of the land. Religion has also directed the response to volcanic eruptions and lava flows. When a volcano erupts, Hawaiians believe this is a sacred process of the Earth being reborn. This is a time to pray, sing, and give offerings to Pele, the goddess of the volcano. The Hawaiian religion is protected under the American Indian Religious Freedom Act . Mele are the Hawaiian poems and songs. Ole are chants. Mele and ole are important parts of Hawaiian rituals. Portuguese, Mexicans, and Spanish brought musical instruments such as

540-630: The Hawaiian Islands. The annual Merrie Monarch Festival celebrates Hula and gathers Hula Halau from across the world. It was created to honor King David Kalākaua , who was the last reigning king of Hawaii. He was known for restoring and elevating Hula in the Hawaiian Islands after the United States missionaries arrived. The halau compete and share their knowledge of Hawaiian culture. Winners are crowned in each category, including an individual female winner, Miss Aloha Hula. Hula

576-525: The Hawaiian Kingdom there were many attempts to extinguish Hawaiian language and culture during the early 20th century. Hula, Hawaiian, paddling, and music were all frowned upon. Hawaiian children were sent to missionary schools where they were taught in English and barred from speaking Hawaiian. English also became the language of business and government, although immigrants from Japan, Portugal,

612-521: The Hawaiian lifestyle. The introduction of Christianity led to the overthrow of the kapu system of social stratification. Changes in traditional Hawaiian diet and introduction of foreign disease not only drastically reduced the Native Hawaiian population. Some forms of Hawaiian culture became much more modernized and Westernized as a result of this exchange. The rise of Hula Auana aptly marks the influence of Western instruments and styles on Hula as

648-651: The Pacific Ocean. These voyagers developed Hawaiian cuisine , Hawaiian art , and the Native Hawaiian religion . Hula is the dance form originating in Hawaii. It derives from other Polynesian dance form. It has two basic forms: Hula Kahiko and Hula Auana . Hula Kahiko was developed prior to contact with European cultures. Hula Auana reflects European/American influences and is performed with musical instruments (like guitars) that do not originate from

684-442: The Pacific region on voyaging canoes of their own design, navigating using only their senses, observing the skies, wind, water, and wildlife around them. The outrigger canoe was a common means of traveling around and between the islands. Outrigger canoe paddling spread from Hawaii to become an international sport, educating people from all over the world about Hawaiian culture. The Polynesian Voyaging Society works to preserve

720-534: The Philippines, and other places brought their languages with them. In 1898 the United States enacted the Newlands Resolution , annexing the Hawaiian islands. In 1959, following a referendum in which over 93% of Hawaiian residents voted in favor of statehood, Hawaii became the 50th state. At its height the Hawaiian population an estimated 683,000 Native Hawaiians lived in the islands. By 1900

756-564: The Polynesians are believed to be the Neolithic Lapita culture . This group emerged in Island Melanesia and Micronesia around 1500 BC from a convergence of Austronesian migration waves, originating from both Island Southeast Asia to the west and an earlier Austronesian migration to Micronesia to the north. The culture was distinguished by dentate-stamped pottery. However, their eastward expansion halted when they reached

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792-569: The Polynesians arrived in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea at least 6,000 to 8,000 years ago. A 2014 study by Lipson et al., using whole genome data , supports the findings of Kayser et al. Modern Polynesians were shown to have lower levels of admixture with Australo-Melanesians than Austronesians in Island Melanesia . Nonetheless, both groups show admixture, along with other Austronesian populations outside of Taiwan, indicating varying degrees of intermarriage between

828-639: The coastline are fed by both freshwater springs from rain water and sea water making the ponds a unique microclimate suitable for a various small fishes, crustaceans , mollusks and tiny red shrimp . The Kuʻualiʻi and Kahapapa Fishponds are located just behind the Waikoloa Beach in Anaehoʻomalu bay. Historically, it is understood that Anaehoʻomalu was a center of thriving aquaculture. The two ponds were part of complex of fish farms, carefully tended by ancient Hawaiian people. The Hilton Waikoloa Village

864-457: The early 1800s, and began coverting the Hawaiians to their faiths and influencing Hawaiian culture. In the 1830s, repeated interactions began between Hawaii and other cultures such as Mexican, Portuguese, and Spanish. Immediate changes could be noticed in Hawaiian culture and daily life. Many of the missionaries developed negative opinions about Hawaiian culture. After the 1893 overthrow of

900-431: The earth, visiting communities and sharing knowledge since that time. The traditional Hawaiian religion is a polytheistic animistic religion. Its beliefs encompass the presence of spirits in objects such as the waves and the sky. The Hawaiian religion believes in four gods; Kāne , Kanaloa , Kū , and Lono . Kāne is the God of creation, Kanaloa is the God of the ocean, Ku is the God of war and male pursuits, and Lono

936-463: The first humans to cross vast distances of water on ocean-going boats. Despite the popularity of rejected hypotheses, such as Thor Heyerdahl 's belief that Polynesians are descendants of "bearded white men" who sailed on primitive rafts from South America , Polynesians are believed to have originated from a branch of the Austronesian migrations in Island Melanesia . The direct ancestors of

972-466: The genetics of modern Polynesians (as well as Islander Melanesians ) occurred after the settlement of Tonga and Vanuatu . A 2020 study found that Polynesians and the Indigenous peoples of South America came in contact around 1200, centuries before Europeans interacted with either group. There are an estimated 2 million ethnic Polynesians and many of partial Polynesian descent worldwide,

1008-409: The incoming Neolithic Austronesian settlers and the preexisting Paleolithic Australo-Melanesian populations of Island Southeast Asia and Melanesia . Studies from 2016 and 2017 also support the idea that the earliest Lapita settlers mostly bypassed New Guinea, coming directly from Taiwan or the northern Philippines . The intermarriage and admixture with Australo-Melanesian Papuans evident in

1044-454: The native population had dropped below 100,000. The Native Hawaiian population was reduced to 20% of the total due to disease, inter-marriage and migration. The diseases spread from outside Hawaii such as smallpox , cholera , influenza , and gonorrhea . Unlike Europeans, Hawaiians had no history with these diseases and their immune systems were unprepared to fight them. Overthrow and the influence of other cultures caused drastic changes in

1080-536: The petroglyphs are from the Fifteenth through Eighteenth Centuries; interspersed with these drawings are messages from Nineteenth Century visitors that are written in the modern Hawaiian language . 19°54′55.45″N 155°53′14.65″W  /  19.9154028°N 155.8874028°W  / 19.9154028; -155.8874028 Hawaiian culture The culture of the Native Hawaiians encompasses

1116-463: The present day. Polynesians, including Samoans , Tongans , Niueans , Cook Islands Māori , Tahitian Mā'ohi , Hawaiian Māoli , Marquesans , and New Zealand Māori , are a subset of the Austronesian peoples . They share the same origins as the indigenous peoples of Taiwan , Maritime Southeast Asia , Micronesia , and Madagascar . This is supported by genetic , linguistic and archaeological evidence. There are multiple hypotheses regarding

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1152-743: The resort in 1996, 2008, and 2014. The "Buddha Point" is a popular spot for sunset viewing. It also serves as the setting for the Nickelodeon game show Paradise Run , and hosted the Pokémon World Championships in 2007, 2010, and 2012. There are approximately 30,000 historically significant petroglyphs , or stone carvings, in Waikoloa. They are potentially the closest thing to a written language that Ancient Hawaiians used. Although some petroglyphs are identifiable as human or animal shapes, many are more obtuse and abstract, with their meanings likely lost to history. The majority of

1188-406: The result of genetic drift and represent the descendants of a few Austronesian females who mixed with Papuan males. The Polynesian population experienced a founder effect and genetic drift due to the small number of ancestors. As a result of the founder effect, Polynesians are distinctively different both genotypically and phenotypically from the parent population, due to the establishment of

1224-447: The skills of boat construction and navigation. They build replica canoes like traditional double-hulled canoes, sailing them across the world using Polynesian navigation methods. Their goal is to show the true strength of Polynesian voyagers, making it clear that the voyagers did not stumble upon their land by luck. The double hulled Hōkūleʻa canoe was built in the 1970s to reflect and preserve this knowledge and has since circumnavigated

1260-460: The ultimate origin and mode of dispersal of the Austronesian peoples , but the most widely accepted theory is that modern Austronesians originated from migrations out of Taiwan between 3000 and 1000 BC. Using relatively advanced maritime innovations such as the catamaran , outrigger boats , and crab claw sails , they rapidly colonized the islands of both the Indian and Pacific oceans. They were

1296-533: The western Polynesian islands of Fiji , Samoa , and Tonga by around 900 BC. This remained the furthest extent of the Austronesian expansion in the Pacific for approximately 1,500 years, during which the Lapita culture in these islands abruptly lost the technology of pottery-making for unknown reasons. They resumed their eastward migrations around 700 AD, spreading to the Cook Islands , French Polynesia , and

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