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21-795: Hindon River is an Indian river in that originates from the Shakumbhari devi range ( Upper Sivaliks ) in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh and falls into Yamuna river in Noida . Hindon is a tributary of Yamuna and is entirely rainfed, having an approximate catchment area of 7,083 square kilometres (2,735 sq mi). It flows between Ganges and Yamuna rivers for 400 kilometres (250 mi) through Muzaffarnagar district , Meerut district , Baghpat district , Ghaziabad district and Gautam Buddh Nagar district before it joins Yamuna river at Sector-150, Noida . The Hindon Air Force Base of

42-541: A mountain range of the outer Himalayas . The literal translation of "Sivalik" is 'tresses of Shiva '. The hills are known for their numerous fossils, and is also home to the Soanian Middle Paleolithic archaeological culture. The Sivalik Hills are a mountain range of the outer Himalayas that stretches over about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) from the Indus River eastwards close to

63-539: Is assured by the birth of many freedom fighters who played a role in various revolutions all dedicated to the attainment of freedom for all who have lived – and are still living – there. The industries of western Uttar Pradesh discharge their effluents, often with no treatment, directly into the Hindon River. This heavy loading characterizes the presence of toxic contaminants and for the biological diversity of river ecology. Dissolved oxygen levels are zero throughout

84-538: Is at work while the mountains are being uplifted until the mountains are reduced to low hills and plains. The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado provides an example. As the uplift was occurring some 10,000 feet (3,000 m) of mostly Mesozoic sedimentary strata were removed by erosion over the core of the mountain range and spread as sand and clays across the Great Plains to

105-865: The Alpide belt . The Pacific Ring of Fire includes the Andes of South America, extends through the North American Cordillera , the Aleutian Range , on through Kamchatka Peninsula , Japan , Taiwan , the Philippines , Papua New Guinea , to New Zealand . The Andes is 7,000 kilometres (4,350 mi) long and is often considered the world's longest mountain system. The Alpide belt stretches 15,000 km across southern Eurasia , from Java in Maritime Southeast Asia to

126-551: The Annamite Range . If the definition of a mountain range is stretched to include underwater mountains, then the Ocean Ridge forms the longest continuous mountain system on Earth, with a length of 65,000 kilometres (40,400 mi). The position of mountain ranges influences climate, such as rain or snow. When air masses move up and over mountains, the air cools, producing orographic precipitation (rain or snow). As

147-707: The Brahmaputra River , spanning the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent . It is 10–50 km (6.2–31.1 mi) wide with an average elevation of 1,500–2,000 m (4,900–6,600 ft). Between the Teesta and Raidāk Rivers in Assam is a gap of about 90 km (56 mi). They are well known for their Neogene and Pleistocene aged vertebrate fossils. Geologically, the Sivalik Hills belong to

168-804: The Iberian Peninsula in Western Europe , including the ranges of the Himalayas , Karakoram , Hindu Kush , Alborz , Caucasus , and the Alps . The Himalayas contain the highest mountains in the world, including Mount Everest , which is 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) high. Mountain ranges outside these two systems include the Arctic Cordillera , Appalachians , Great Dividing Range , East Siberians , Altais , Scandinavians , Qinling , Western Ghats , Vindhyas , Byrrangas , and

189-594: The Indian Air Force also lies on its bank in the Ghaziabad district on the outskirts of Delhi. The Kali river is a tributary of Hindon. Kali originates in the Rajaji Range of Sivalik Hills and travels about 150 kilometres (93 mi) passing through Saharanpur , Muzaffarnagar , Meerut and Bagpat districts , merges with Hindon River at Pithlokar near Sardhana . After that Hindon merges with

210-902: The Indian Mutiny , when Indian soldiers in the Bengal Army that were under the British East India Company mutinied but soon turned into a widespread uprising against British rule in India . The Hindon River, in particular, was the site of several skirmishes between Indian troops and British soldiers in 1857 including the Battle of Badli-ki-Serai and today, the graves of the British soldiers and officers can still be seen. Ghaziabad's place in Northern Indian history

231-543: The Middle Pleistocene , around 18 million to 600,000 years ago. Some of the best known fossils from the hills include Megalochelys atlas , the largest known tortoise to have ever existed, Sivatherium giganteum , the largest known giraffid , and the ape Sivapithecus . Remains of the Lower - Middle Paleolithic Soanian culture dating to around 500,000 to 125,000 years Before Present were found in

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252-632: The Tertiary deposits of the outer Himalayas. They are chiefly composed of sandstone and conglomerate rock formations, which are the solidified detritus of the Himalayas to their north; they are poorly consolidated. The sedimentary rocks comprising the hills are believed to be 16–5.2 million years old. They are bounded on the south by a fault system called the Main Frontal Thrust, with steeper slopes on that side. Below this,

273-753: The Yamuna River in Noida. The Kali river is also highly polluted and adds to the pollution of the Hindon, as it passes through a populated and industrial belt of Uttar Pradesh . Near Sardhana lies the ancient Mahadev Temple that is believed to be dating from the Mahabharata period, and where the Pandavas prayed before leaving for the Lakshagrih , the notorious palace made of lac by Duryodhana , at

294-934: The Sivalik region. Contemporary to the Acheulean , the Soanian culture is named after the Soan Valley in the Sivalik Hills of Pakistan . The Soanian archaeological culture is found across Sivalik region in present-day India, Nepal and Pakistan. The carbon stock and carbon sequestration rates of the Churia forests differ among different forest management regimes and are highest in protected areas. 27°46′N 82°24′E  /  27.767°N 82.400°E  / 27.767; 82.400 Mountain range Mountain ranges are usually segmented by highlands or mountain passes and valleys . Individual mountains within

315-627: The air descends on the leeward side, it warms again (following the adiabatic lapse rate ) and is drier, having been stripped of much of its moisture. Often, a rain shadow will affect the leeward side of a range. As a consequence, large mountain ranges, such as the Andes, compartmentalize continents into distinct climate regions . Mountain ranges are constantly subjected to erosional forces which work to tear them down. The basins adjacent to an eroding mountain range are then filled with sediments that are buried and turned into sedimentary rock . Erosion

336-579: The coarse alluvial Bhabar zone makes the transition to the nearly level plains. Rainfall, especially during the summer monsoon , percolates into the Bhabar, then is forced to the surface by finer alluvial layers below it in a zone of springs and marshes along the northern edge of the Terai or plains. The Sivalik Hills are well known for fossils of vertebrates, spanning from the Early Miocene , until

357-472: The confluence of the Hindon (previously known as Harnandi) and Krishna rivers (Kali River, Kali Nadi ) at Varnavrat , the present Barnava , and where the prince resided with their mother Kunti . An Indus Valley civilization (fl. 3300–1300 BCE) site, Alamgirpur is located along the Hindon River, 28 kilometres (17 mi) from Delhi . During 1857–58, Ghaziabad city was a scene of fighting during

378-485: The east. This mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift. The removal of such a mass from the core of the range most likely caused further uplift as the region adjusted isostatically in response to the removed weight. Rivers are traditionally believed to be the principal cause of mountain range erosion, by cutting into bedrock and transporting sediment. Computer simulation has shown that as mountain belts change from tectonically active to inactive,

399-453: The length of this river. But now many NGOs have come forward to rejuvenate this river. Abhiyans like Hindon Kali and Krishna Bachao Abhiyan are held by locals. NGOs with RWA are working to aware local and trying to remove solid non-biodegradable wastes like plastic from the river. Now, farming is reducing chemical fertilizes and pesticides near the flood plains. [1] Sivalik Hills The Sivalik Hills , also known as Churia Hills , are

420-627: The rate of erosion drops because there are fewer abrasive particles in the water and fewer landslides. Mountains on other planets and natural satellites of the Solar System, including the Moon , are often isolated and formed mainly by processes such as impacts, though there are examples of mountain ranges (or "Montes") somewhat similar to those on Earth. Saturn 's moon Titan and Pluto , in particular, exhibit large mountain ranges in chains composed mainly of ices rather than rock. Examples include

441-531: The same mountain range do not necessarily have the same geologic structure or petrology . They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and terranes , for example thrust sheets , uplifted blocks , fold mountains, and volcanic landforms resulting in a variety of rock types . Most geologically young mountain ranges on the Earth's land surface are associated with either the Pacific Ring of Fire or

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