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80-460: Hindley Street is located in the north-west quarter of the centre of Adelaide , the capital of South Australia . It runs between King William Street and West Terrace . The street was named after Charles Hindley , a British parliamentarian and social reformist . The street was one of the first built in Adelaide and is of historical significance for a number of reasons. As well as housing

160-413: A beer tax in 1004 AD. Early breweries were almost always built on multiple stories, with equipment on higher floors used earlier in the production process, so that gravity could assist with the transfer of product from one stage to the next. This layout often is preserved in breweries today, but mechanical pumps allow more flexibility in brewery design. Early breweries typically used large copper vats in

240-440: A conical bottom and a cylindrical top. The cone's aperture is typically around 70°, an angle that will allow the yeast to flow smoothly out through the cone's apex at the end of fermentation, but is not so steep as to take up too much vertical space. CCVs can handle both fermenting and conditioning in the same tank. At the end of fermentation, the yeast and other solids have fallen to the cone's apex can be simply flushed out through

320-562: A formal education in the subject from institutions such as the Siebel Institute of Technology , VLB Berlin , Heriot-Watt University , American Brewers Guild, University of California at Davis , University of Wisconsin , Olds College or Niagara College . They may hold membership in professional organisations such as the Brewers Association , Master Brewers Association , American Society of Brewing Chemists ,

400-428: A large number of medium to low density apartments , townhouses and detached houses which make up the residential portion of the city centre. The layout of Adelaide, sometimes referred to as "Light's Vision", features a cardinal direction grid pattern of wide streets and terraces and five large public squares: Victoria Square in the centre of the city, and Hindmarsh , Light , Hurtle and Whitmore Squares in

480-399: A little down from King William Street . It is a history in itself, with its sketches and lingering memories of the pioneering days. To walk through its big low-ceilinged rooms is to think at once of the drovers and farmers who once made merry there. To see the photographs – quaint and laughable – of old George Coppin, the first lessee... when it was built in 1839 is to recall a good comedian of

560-509: A more carbonated beer. When the sugars in the fermenting beer have been almost completely digested, the fermentation process slows and the yeast cells begin to die and settle at the bottom of the tank. At this stage, especially if the beer is cooled to around freezing, most of the remaining live yeast cells will quickly become dormant and settle, along with the heavier protein chains, due simply to gravity and molecular dehydration. Conditioning can occur in fermentation tanks with cooling jackets. If

640-714: A notable exception). Heating in the brewhouse usually is achieved through pressurized steam, although direct-fire systems are not unusual in small breweries. Likewise, cooling in other areas of the brewery is typically done by cooling jackets on tanks, which allow the brewer to control precisely the temperature on each tank individually, although whole-room cooling is also common. Today, modern brewing plants perform myriad analyses on their beers for quality control purposes. Shipments of ingredients are analyzed to correct for variations. Samples are pulled at almost every step and tested for [oxygen] content, unwanted microbial infections, and other beer-aging compounds. A representative sample of

720-420: A noted example of Art Deco architecture , was designed by American theatre architect Thomas W. Lamb in association with local architect F. Kenneth Milne . Built on the site of Conrad's butcher shop on the northeast corner of Victoria Street, it opened on 6 October 1939, a luxurious building which included air-conditioning, and accommodated an audience of 1,286 in stalls, dress circle , and lounge. It existed on

800-577: A number of prominent settlers after themselves, after early directors of the South Australian Company , after Colonisation Commissioners of South Australia (appointed by the British government to oversee implementation of the acts that established the colony), and after various notables involved in the establishment of the colony. The Street Naming Committee comprised: All members of the committee (except Stephens) had one or more of

880-639: A port at the apex. Open fermentation vessels are also used, often for show in brewpubs, and in Europe in wheat beer fermentation. These vessels have no tops, making it easy to harvest top-fermenting yeasts. The open tops of the vessels increase the risk of contamination, but proper cleaning procedures help to control the risk. Fermentation tanks are typically made of stainless steel . Simple cylindrical tanks with beveled ends are arranged vertically, and conditioning tanks are usually laid out horizontally. A very few breweries still use wooden vats for fermentation but wood

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960-458: A somewhat seedy reputation, until in the 21st century it reinvented itself as a more upmarket precinct, dubbed the West End . Hindley Street is as one of Adelaide's most prominent streets, with an extensive and illustrious history. The street itself was named in honour of British politician Charles Hindley . The doings of the population of Adelaide were directly connected to the street, and when

1040-427: A somewhat seedy reputation. In 1982, West End Brewery moved to Thebarton and the building was demolished. In the 1990s, it gained a reputation for being Adelaide's red light district . In the early 2000s, the street experienced somewhat of a decline, with several shops closing and left vacant or boarded up, and consequent lack of daytime foot traffic. Late-night alcohol-fuelled violence and drunken behaviour along

1120-463: A state of despair. Adelaide's daily newspaper, The Advertiser , began reporting on public intoxication in the street as early as 1911. It would later become known for its state of debauchery well into the 21st century. Theatres, butchers and other business still thrived, despite the shifting of business away from Hindley Street. By 1912, there were several cinemas in the city, largely clustered around Hindley Street. The new Wondergraph picture theatre

1200-425: Is an optional process. Many craft brewers simply remove the coagulated and settled solids and forgo active filtration. In localities where a tax assessment is collected by government pursuant to local laws, any additional filtration may be done using an active filtering system, the filtered product finally passing into a calibrated vessel for measurement just after any cold conditioning and prior to final packaging where

1280-513: Is credited with developing the refrigeration machine in 1871. Refrigeration allowed beer to be produced year-round, and always at the same temperature. Yeast is very sensitive to temperature, and, if a beer were produced during summer, the yeast would impart unpleasant flavours onto the beer. Most brewers would produce enough beer during winter to last through the summer, and store it in underground cellars, or even caves, to protect it from summer's heat. The discovery of microbes by Louis Pasteur

1360-505: Is difficult to keep clean and infection-free and must be repitched often, perhaps yearly. After high kräusen, the point at which fermentation is most active and copious foam is produced, a valve known in German as the spundapparat may be put on the tanks to allow the carbon dioxide produced by the yeast to naturally carbonate the beer. This bung device can regulate the pressure to produce different types of beer; greater pressure produces

1440-924: Is known as "Mad March", due to the large number of other cultural festivities at the same time, including the Adelaide 500 and WOMADelaide . North Terrace is considered Adelaide's "cultural boulevard" because it is home to the State Library of South Australia , the South Australian Museum , the Migration Museum , the Art Gallery of South Australia , the University of Adelaide , the city campus of University of South Australia , and several smaller galleries. Lonely Planet labelled Adelaide "Australia's live music city", and

1520-531: Is matched by the diversity of processes, degrees of automation , and kinds of beer produced in breweries. A brewery is typically divided into distinct sections, with each section reserved for one part of the brewing process. Beer may have been known in Neolithic Europe and was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. In some form, it can be traced back almost 5000 years to Mesopotamian writings describing daily rations of beer and bread to workers. Before

1600-619: Is the inner city locality of Greater Adelaide , the capital city of South Australia . It is known by locals simply as "the City" or "Town" to distinguish it from Greater Adelaide and from the City of Adelaide local government area (which also includes North Adelaide and from the Park Lands around the whole city centre). The residential population was 18,202 in the 2021 census , with a local worker population of 130,404 . Adelaide city centre

1680-842: The Art Gallery of South Australia , the State Library of South Australia , the South Australian Museum , the Migration Museum , the Adelaide Botanic Garden , the University of Adelaide and the "CityEast" campus of the UniSA The population was 18,202 in the 2021 census , 41 percent born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were China 15.7%, India 3.7%, England 3.6%, Malaysia 3.6%, and Hong Kong 2.7%. 49.1% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 17.8%, Cantonese 4.2%, Vietnamese 2%, Hindi 1.5%, and Korean 1.5%. The most common response for religion in Adelaide

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1760-541: The Beehive Corner ). The building was demolished in 1962 and a carpark built on the site by department store Miller Anderson & Co. , an Adelaide department store. The Grand Coffee Palace was built in 1891. Rebuilt in 1907, it later became the Plaza Hotel. " Coffee palaces " were a type of residential hotel, that provided family-style meals as well as accommodation, but without liquor licences . In 1903,

1840-573: The British colonisation of South Australia , the Adelaide Plains , on which Adelaide was built, were home to the Kaurna group of Aboriginal Australians . The colony of South Australia was established in 1836 at Glenelg , and the city itself established in 1837. The location and characteristic grid layout of the city and North Adelaide, as well as the surrounding parklands, were the result of

1920-445: The Kaurna language to each place, was mostly completed in 2003, and the renaming of 39 sites finalised and endorsed by the council in 2012. The City of Adelaide Council has defined a number of neighbourhood precincts in the city centre, each with a character of their own: In addition to these, the north-eastern side of North Terrace is often referred to as the "North Terrace cultural precinct" or "cultural boulevard", and includes

2000-594: The Theatre Royal , designed by Melbourne architect George R. Johnson and opened in 1878 (to replace a previous theatre of the same name built on the site in 1868). On 19 October 1896 the first public moving picture demonstration in South Australia was hosted by Wybert Reeve at the Theatre Royal. (By the following evening the cinématographe Lumière had been moved to a more suitable venue at

2080-763: The UEFA Champions League with its namesake lager; Carlsberg sponsors the English Premier League as well as the 2012 and 2016 UEFA European Championships . Meanwhile, the AB InBev Group supports the FA Cup and the FIFA World Cup . The head brewer (UK) or brewmaster (US) is in charge of the production of beer. The major breweries employ engineers with a chemistry / biotechnology background. Brewmasters may have had

2160-611: The brewer expects to evaporate . Fermentation begins as soon as yeast is added to the cooled wort. This is also the point at which the product is first called beer. It is during this stage that fermentable sugars won from the malt (maltose, maltotriose, glucose, fructose and sucrose) are metabolized into alcohol and carbon dioxide . Fermentation tanks come in many shapes and sizes, from enormous cylindroconical vessels that can look like storage silos , to 20- litre (5  US gal ) glass carboys used by homebrewers. Most breweries today use cylindroconical vessels (CCVs), which have

2240-438: The starches in the grain into sugars , especially maltose . Lautering is the separation of the extracts won during mashing from the spent grain to create wort . It is achieved in either a lauter tun , a wide vessel with a false bottom, or a mash filter, a plate-and-frame filter designed for this kind of separation. Lautering has two stages: first wort run-off, during which the extract is separated in an undiluted state from

2320-407: The 21st century, Hindley Street has been given new life by urban renewal and UniSA 's City West campus and a number of businesses, creating the city's West End precinct . The literary book retailer Imprints Booksellers was founded in 1984 at no. 80 by Graham Miller, father of Greg Mackie , with his wife Gayle Miller and her friend Patricia Sykes. Mackie first worked at the store on weekends when he

2400-686: The Austral Stores, a complex of 12 shops, large warehouse and residential accommodation, was built to the designs of noted local architect Albert Selmar Conrad at 104-120 Hindley Street. It was listed on the South Australian Heritage Register in 1983 as "an excellent example of Edwardian free style ". Its facade is "one of the best examples of the architecture of the Federation period in Adelaide and in South Australia". In 1908 alterations were made, including

2480-507: The addition of a large dining room, and became Grant's Coffee Palace, later West's Coffee Palace. The building remains to this day. In December 1908, West's Olympia the first permanent picture theatre in Adelaide, was established at 91 Hindley Street, in a building converted from a roller-skating rink (originally built as a cyclorama , then used as an ice rink known as the Adelaide Glaciarium ). The new cinema, built in

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2560-622: The adverts printed on football team's kit. For example, Liverpool F.C. had the logo of the Denmark-based Carlsberg brewery group on the front of its shirts for nearly twenty years, from 1992 to 2010. Nowadays major brewing corporations are involved in sponsorship on a number of different levels. The prevailing trend is for the leading brand not to be linked to individual teams; rather, they achieve visibility as sponsor of tournaments and leagues, so all fans can engage with them regardless of which team they support. Heineken sponsors

2640-627: The beer is put into the containers for shipment or sale. The container may be a bottle , can , of keg , cask or bulk tank. Filters come in many types. Many use pre-made filtration media such as sheets or candles. Kieselguhr, a fine powder of diatomaceous earth , can be introduced into the beer and circulated through screens to form a filtration bed. Filtration ratings are divided into rough, fine, and sterile. Rough filters remove yeasts and other solids, leaving some cloudiness, while finer filters can remove body and color. Sterile filters remove almost all microorganisms. Brewing companies range widely in

2720-491: The beer's marketing, sales, and distribution, while leaving the brewing and packaging to the producer-brewery (which confusingly may also be referred to as a contract brewer). Often the contract brewing is performed when a small brewery can not supply enough beer to meet demands and contracts with a larger brewery to help alleviate their supply issues. Some breweries do not own a brewing facility, these contract brewers have been criticized by traditional brewing companies for avoiding

2800-499: The brewer more control of the process, and greater knowledge of the results. Breweries today are made predominantly of stainless steel , although vessels often have a decorative copper cladding for a nostalgic look. Stainless steel has many favourable characteristics that make it a well-suited material for brewing equipment. It imparts no flavour in beer, it reacts with very few chemicals, which means almost any cleaning solution can be used on it (concentrated chlorine [bleach] being

2880-461: The brewery. It gave brewers the ability to mix liquids more reliably while heating, particularly the mash , to prevent scorching, and a quick way to transfer liquid from one container to another. Almost all breweries now use electric-powered stirring mechanisms and pumps. The steam engine also allowed the brewer to make greater quantities of beer, as human power was no longer a limiting factor in moving and stirring. Carl von Linde , along with others,

2960-651: The brewhouse, and fermentation and packaging took place in lined wooden containers. Such breweries were common until the Industrial Revolution , when better materials became available, and scientific advances led to a better understanding of the brewing process. Today, almost all brewery equipment is made of stainless steel . During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture , and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by

3040-459: The centres of each of the four quadrants of the Adelaide city centre. These squares occupy 32 of the 700 numbered town acre allotments on Light's plan. All east–west roads change their names as they cross King William Street, except for North and South terraces. They also alternate between being wide and narrow, 99 and 66 feet (30 and 20 m), except for the central Grote and Wakefield which are extra-wide, 132 feet (40 m), along with

3120-432: The city retains a notable portion of Victorian architecture. Adelaide is separated from its greater metropolitan area by a ring of public parklands on all sides. The so-called "square mile" within the park lands is defined by a small area of high rise office and apartment buildings in the centre north, around King William Street , which runs north-to-south through the centre. Surrounding this central business district are

3200-452: The city was first developed after the colonisation of South Australia in 1836, permission was given to cut down trees in favour of constructing buildings and paving streets–the west end of Hindley Street being one of the first locations to receive such development. The first newspaper in South Australia was printed in premises on Hindley Street, in June 1837. For many years, the street

3280-709: The city was recognised as a " City of Music " by the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in 2015. Although there were many pubs hosting live music in the CBD in past, the number has slowly diminished. Two remain very popular with musicians and patrons alike: Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Adelaide Perth Hobart Darwin Canberra 34°55′43″S 138°36′00″E  /  34.92861°S 138.60000°E  / -34.92861; 138.60000 Brewery The diversity of size in breweries

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3360-410: The corner of Hindley and Victoria Street for many years until it was closed in 1972, then subsequently redeveloped in 1975 as a modern four-screen Greater Union cinema complex, called Hindley Cinemas 1–4. It was here that the film Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975) had its world premiere. This cinema would not endure either; it was closed in 1991 and demolished in 2005, with an apartment building built on

3440-492: The corner of Victoria Street, where it operated for decades. By 1899, the building had been enlarged, with a second storey and ornamental lacework on the upstairs verandah, which included a coat of arms . Conrad died in December 1918, and the business was taken over by W. H. Bruce , and expanded to Rundle Street , East End Market , and Port Adelaide . Hindley Street was also home to one of Adelaide's most beloved theatres,

3520-825: The costs associated with a physical brewery. Gypsy, or nomad, brewing usually falls under the category of contract brewing. Gypsy breweries generally do not have their own equipment or premises. They operate on a temporary or itinerant basis out of the facilities of another brewery, generally making "one-off" special occasion beers. The trend of gypsy brewing spread early in Scandinavia . Their beers and collaborations later spread to America and Australia. Gypsy brewers typically use facilities of larger makers with excess capacity . Prominent examples include Pretty Things, Stillwater Artisanal Ales, Gunbarrel Brewing Company, Mikkeller , and Evil Twin . For example, one of Mikkeller's founders, Mikkel Borg Bjergsø, has traveled around

3600-415: The direction of Laura Kroetsch and then Jo Dyer . In 2015, the store was raided by South Australia Police , after a complaint had been lodged that they had been selling unwrapped copies of the new edition of the cult novel American Psycho , by Bret Easton Ellis . The novel, first published in 1991, had been classified as R18+ under national censorship legislation since its release, which meant that it

3680-563: The early years". On 20 September 1855, an episode of violence erupted on Hindley Street. It was during the Legislative Council election , which saw a mob attempting to interfere with the voting at West Adelaide. Later that same day a much larger riot developed in the same place, after the election was closed. At that time the colony of South Australia was ruled by a governor appointed by the British Government, and

3760-630: The elections were a move towards self-government for the colony. A new brewery was built on Town Acre 66 on the south side of Hindley Street, midway between Morphett Street and West Terrace , in 1859, known as the West End Brewery . The highly successful brewery was taken over by the South Australian Brewing, Malting, Wine and Spirit Company , an amalgamation of three brewers, in 1888. In August 1863, Leopold Conrad opened his butcher's shop at 88-90 Hindley Street, on

3840-520: The end of the 19th century. In addition to changes in manufacturing capacity, the number of breweries grew throughout industrialization. For example in America, number of breweries rose from 431 to 4,131 between 1850 and 1873. A handful of major breakthroughs have led to the modern brewery and its ability to produce the same beer consistently. The steam engine , vastly improved in 1775 by James Watt , brought automatic stirring mechanisms and pumps into

3920-577: The era of silent films , had raked seating with a capacity of 3,000 patrons. It was demolished in 1938, with the new West's Theatre opening in 1939, in a new Art Deco design. This cinema operated until 1977, after which various businesses used the premises, until the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra moved in in 2001, creating the Grainger Studio (named after Percy Grainger ). As the 1910s approached, Hindley Street entered

4000-413: The finished product often is stored for months for comparison, when complaints are received. Brewing is typically divided into 9 steps: milling, malting, mashing, lautering, boiling, fermenting, conditioning, filtering, and filling. Mashing is the process of mixing milled , usually malted , grain with water, and heating it with rests at certain temperatures to allow enzymes in the malt to break down

4080-486: The first meeting of Adelaide City Council , the oldest municipal body in Australia, in November 1840, Hindley Street was home to the first stone church in South Australia; it was also the location of the first movie shown in the colony and the first cinema in the state. The West End Brewery operated in the street between 1859 and 1980. The street later became known for its atmosphere and active nightlife , including

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4160-642: The four largest brewing companies ( Anheuser-Busch InBev , SABMiller , Heineken International , and Carlsberg Group ) controlled 50% of the market The biggest brewery in the world is the Belgian company Anheuser-Busch InBev . In the United States, there were 69,359 people employed in breweries in 2017. This is up from 27,805 in 2001. Some commonly used descriptions of breweries are: Contract brewing –When one brewery hires another brewery to produce its beer. The contracting brewer generally handles all of

4240-558: The market in February 2024. The bookstore had acquired a reputation for its expertise in recommending books to customers, of whom they have a faithful following, including writer Walter Marsh, who published a book about media mogul Rupert Murdoch 's youth called Young Rupert . Hindley Street Music Hall, a large live music venue, opened in August 2022, after the site of the HQ nightclub complex

4320-609: The pictures which were shown". The main feature was The Crossing Policeman . The theatre was later extensively remodelled as the Civic Theatre in 1932, sold to S.A. Theatres in 1939, who sold it in August to Greater Union , who were leasing the theatre at the time. The theatre demolished to make way for the State Theatre in 1957, which closed in May 1977. The Metro Theatre was one of Adelaide's earliest cinemas, and

4400-534: The responsibility of making beer to men. The oldest, still functional, brewery in the world is believed to be the German state-owned Weihenstephan brewery in the city of Freising , Bavaria . It can trace its history back to 1040 AD. The nearby Weltenburg Abbey brewery, can trace back its beer-brewing tradition to at least 1050 AD. The Žatec brewery in the Czech Republic claims it can prove that it paid

4480-417: The rise of production breweries, the production of beer took place at home and was the domain of women, as baking and brewing were seen as "women's work". Breweries, as production facilities reserved for making beer, did not emerge until monasteries and other Christian institutions started producing beer not only for their own consumption but also to use as payment. This industrialization of brewing shifted

4560-787: The seat has been held by Lucy Hood of the Labor party. Adelaide's cultural and entertainment precincts/venues are generally concentrated in the city centre, including the Convention Centre ; the Adelaide Oval is just north of the Torrens within the parklands and easily accessible from the city. Most of the events relating to the Adelaide Festival and Adelaide Fringe are held within Adelaide's city centre and surrounding parklands during February and March. This time

4640-689: The shop to Jason Lake and Katherine Woehlert, who had been working there for some time. At the time, the Rudd government was offering stimulus packages; however the GFC occurred the following year, causing losses. Later, online bookselling and Amazon offered serious competition, along with book superstores such as Borders in Rundle Mall (which closed in mid-2011). Imprints ran the Adelaide Writers' Week book tent for ten years from 2011, under

4720-442: The site. As of 2022 a KFC outlet occupies the ground floor, with student accommodation above it. In the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, Hindley Street became known for its diversity: coffee lounges, restaurants, pubs, ice and roller skating rinks, late-night chemist, theatres, cinemas, "alternative" bookshops and retail outlets were available along the strip. It was by this time Adelaide's unofficial "nightlife" street, and had also acquired

4800-404: The spent grains, and sparging , in which extract that remains with the grains is rinsed off with hot water. Boiling the wort ensures its sterility, helping to prevent contamination with undesirable microbes. During the boil, hops are added, which contribute aroma and flavour compounds to the beer, especially their characteristic bitterness. Along with the heat of the boil, they cause proteins in

4880-554: The street drove the Adelaide City Council to introduce a 3am lockout, in which all business (predominantly nightclubs) must refuse entry after 3am. Hindley Street located in the north-west quarter of the centre of Adelaide . It runs between King William Street and West Terrace . Two pedestrianised streets which run between Hindley and Currie Streets are notable for their historical value, restaurants, bars, and specialist shops: Leigh Street and Peel Street. In

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4960-490: The streets and squares in the Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide named after themselves. Brown Street, named for John Brown, was subsequently subsumed as a continuation of Morphett Street in 1967. In the same year, Hanson Street, named for Richard Hanson , was subsumed as a continuation of Pulteney Street . The squares were named after: The east–west streets named on 22 December 1836 were: Most of these people did not reside in or visit South Australia. The naming of

5040-415: The streets was completed on 23 May 1837 and gazetted on 3 June. East–west streets: North–south streets: The Adelaide City Council began the process of dual naming all of the city squares, each of the parks making up the parklands which surround the city centre and North Adelaide , and other sites of significance to the Kaurna people in 1997. The naming process, which assigned an extra name in

5120-532: The surrounding four terraces. In the south half of the city, in several places the Adelaide City Council has constructed wide footpaths and road markings to restrict traffic to a lesser number of lanes than the full width of the road could support. The street pairs, design widths, and town acres in Light's Vision are illustrated in this diagram: The streets and squares were named by a committee of

5200-512: The volume and variety of beer produced, ranging from small breweries to massive multinational conglomerates, like Molson Coors or Anheuser-Busch InBev , that produce hundreds of millions of barrels annually. There are organizations that assist the development of brewing, such as the Siebel Institute of Technology in the United States and the Institute of Brewing and Distilling in the UK. In 2012

5280-412: The whole fermentation cellar is cooled, conditioning must be done in separate tanks in a separate cellar. Some beers are conditioned only lightly, or not at all. An active yeast culture from an ongoing batch may be added to the next boil after a slight chilling in order to produce fresh and highly palatable beer in mass quantity. Filtering the beer stabilizes flavour and gives it a polished, shiny look. It

5360-463: The work of Colonel William Light (1786–1839), who was the first Surveyor General of South Australia . The area where the Adelaide city centre now exists was once known as "Tarndanya", the Kaurna word for as "male red kangaroo rock", which was the name used for an area along the south bank of what is now known as the River Torrens ( Karrawiri Pari ), which flows through Adelaide. Adelaide

5440-512: The world between 2006 and 2010, brewing more than 200 different beers at other breweries. Breweries and football have had a symbiotic relationship since the very beginnings of the game. The English Football League was founded in 1888, and by the next decade several teams already had their own brewery sponsor. In return for their financial support, the breweries were given concessions to sell beer to spectators and advertise their products in stadiums. The most outwardly visible sign of sponsorship are

5520-400: The wort to coagulate and the pH of the wort to fall, and they inhibit the later growth of certain bacteria. Finally, the vapours produced during the boil volatilize off-flavours , including dimethyl sulfide precursors. The boil must be conducted so that it is even and intense. The boil lasts between 60 and 120 minutes, depending on its intensity, the hop addition schedule, and volume of wort

5600-712: Was " No Religion " at 52.9% of the population. At federal level, Adelaide is within the Division of Adelaide , a marginal seat which historically has alternated between the Liberal and Labor parties. It has been held since 2019 by Steve Georganas of the Labor party. In the South Australian House of Assembly , Adelaide is within the Electoral district of Adelaide . Since the March 2022 state election,

5680-699: Was bought by Live Nation Australia and a purpose-built split-level live music space created. " Hindley Street ", a song by Australian band Powderfinger on its album Internationalist , was written about the street. Hindley Street is mentioned in the song "Carrington Cabaret" by Redgum on their 1978 album If You Don't Fight You Lose . The street features in the 2023 film Emotion Is Dead , written and directed by Pete Williams . [REDACTED] Australian Roads portal 34°55′24″S 138°35′39″E  /  34.9233°S 138.5941°E  / -34.9233; 138.5941 Adelaide city centre Adelaide city centre ( Kaurna : Tarndanya )

5760-492: Was built by the Greater Wondergraph Company from July 1912 at no. 27. Designed by Garlick & Jackman architects, the design of the building was being lauded well before construction, and on the invitation-only event on the night before its official opening night on Friday 5 September 1913, "every seat was occupied by the audience, which went into raptures over the fine appointments of the theatre and

5840-601: Was built in Hindley Street. On 21 April 1856, the Port Adelaide Railway was officially opened and thus took most of the traffic away from Hindley Street. This shaped Adelaide's changing geography, leading to the formation of what it is today–the suburbs away to the foothills in the east were developed, which meant the trade went east. A reporter on the street in 1913: "The place was a veritable cradle for big concerns. First Ware's Exchange Hotel –

5920-589: Was instrumental in the control of fermentation. The idea that yeast was a microorganism that worked on wort to produce beer led to the isolation of a single yeast cell by Emil Christian Hansen . Pure yeast cultures allow brewers to pick out yeasts for their fermentation characteristics, including flavor profiles and fermentation ability. Some breweries in Belgium, however, still rely on "spontaneous" fermentation for their beers (see lambic ). The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing

6000-403: Was not as badly affected by the 1860s economic depression in Australia as other gold rush cities like Sydney and Melbourne , allowing it to prosper. Historian F.W. Crowley noted that the city was full of elite upper-class citizens which provided a stark contrast to the grinding poverty of the labour areas and slums outside the inner city ring. Due to its historic wealth during the 20th century,

6080-461: Was only allowed to be sold in plastic to persons over 18. Restrictions on people's movements during the COVID-19 pandemic caused business in Adelaide's CBD to decline from mid-2020. In December 2021, Woehlert was diagnosed with breast cancer , just as they were preparing for the 2022 Writers Week. They managed that one, but found that they were running out of energy to run the shop, and put it on

6160-435: Was planned in 1837 on a greenfield site following a grid layout , with streets running at right angles to each other. It covers an area of 4.33 square kilometres (1.67 square miles) and is surrounded by 6.68 square kilometres (2.58 square miles) of park lands. Within the city are five parks: Victoria Square in the exact centre and four other, smaller parks. Names for elements of the city centre are as follows: Before

6240-476: Was situated westward of the parklands, with most of Adelaide's business and trade being conducted westwards. The "trade" itself was dubious and the subject of much controversy at the time, with many residents outraged at the young girls who would travel down the street drunk due to alcohol trade. The first meeting of Adelaide City Council the oldest municipal body in Australia, was held in Hindley Street on 4 November 1840. The first stone church in South Australia

6320-420: Was still a university student, but six months later bought into the business. From 1984 until 2003 Mackie was director and co-proprietor (with Gayle Miller), of Imprints. It moved to its current (as of March 2024) location no. 107 Hindley Street in 1999, around the time that many arts organisations were moving into the vicinity, including Adelaide Festival offices above the shop. In 2007, Mackie and Miller sold

6400-443: Was the centre of trade and finance for Adelaide, and it was expected to hold that position as time passed. This was because Adelaide was a very young city at the time, with the majority of settlers coming from the west with the water sourced from the River Torrens . Immigrants who landed at Port Adelaide would travel to a ford near Hindmarsh , then to the place where Morphett Street ends and Hindley Street begins. Immigration Square

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