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104-697: Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen (7 June 1890 – 3 June 1965) was a Norwegian aviation pioneer , military officer, polar explorer and businessman. Among his achievements, he is generally regarded a founder of the Royal Norwegian Air Force . Riiser-Larsen was born in Kristiania , Norway. In 1909, aged nineteen, he joined the Norwegian Naval Academy . In 1915 he became a 1st lieutenant in the newly formed Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service (RNoNAS). After World War I , he served as

208-677: A Cro-Magnon population that arrived in Europe about 45,000 years ago, Neolithic farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago, and Yamnaya steppe pastoralists who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the context of Indo-European migrations 5000 years ago. The Norwegian population is typical of the Northern European population with Haplogroup I1 being

312-637: A union with Denmark . In 1814, following Denmark–Norway's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars , Norway entered a union with Sweden and adopted a new constitution . Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence . Although Norway remained officially neutral in World War I , the country was unofficially allied with the Entente powers . In World War II , Norway proclaimed its neutrality, but

416-615: A board member. They came with their recommendation on 28 November 1945, which favored a single, privately owned Norwegian flag carrier, with a broad ownership, who would receive a concession for the operation of all domestic and international routes. Following the 1945 Norwegian parliamentary election on 8 October, the Labor Party received a majority, with 76 of 150 seats. Also the Norwegian Communist Party did its best election ever, receiving 11 seats. A proposition

520-745: A chance to get back to Norway. There are very few of them left there today. According to recent genetic analysis, both mtDNA ( mitochondrial DNA ) and Y-chromosome polymorphisms showed a noticeable genetic affinity between the Norwegian population and other ethnic groups in Northern and Central Europe , particularly with the Germans. This is due to a history of at least a thousand years of large-scale migration both in and out of Norway. Norwegians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers , descended from

624-587: A delegation was sent to the United States, where it negotiated the necessary permissions from the American authorities and purchase rights for aircraft. After the break-out of World War II, the United States had become more interested in a northern transatlantic route, so it could reach the neutral Scandinavian countries. Oslo Airport, Fornebu opened on 1 June 1939, and later the same month so did Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik. DNL had made arrangements to pool

728-631: A large membership, although many people do not remain observant as adults. A majority of both ethnic Norwegians and Sámi are nominally Christian, but not necessarily observant. In Norway as of 2018, 70% of the population are members of the Lutheran Church , though only 47.1% answered "Yes" to the question "Do you believe in God?" in a 2018 European Values Study . The Norwegians are and have been referred to by other terms as well. Some of them include: Det Norske Luftfartsselskap The company

832-554: A member of the schedule planning committee. The company received a share capital of NOK 1.6 million. DNL bought 51% of Widerøe, and the airline continued without scheduled services, operating air taxi, school and general aviation , plus a limited number of post routes in Northern Norway. On 16 March 1935, Mowinckel's Third Cabinet was replaced by the Labor Nygaardsvold's Cabinet . They wanted to stimulate

936-477: A national airline. The foundation of the company was made on 16 October 1933, with Thomas Olsen, Rudolf Olsen, Johan L. Müller, Ganger Rolf and Bonheur —all within the Fred. Olsen sphere—as owners. The airline was established with a share capital of NOK 750,000 and took over the former DNL. The new company was named Det Norske Luftfartselskap Fred. Olsen A/S and hired Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen —since 1921 director of

1040-750: A route from Tromsø to Kirkenes on 13 October. In October, several new routes opened, including the reopening of the Stockholm route via Örebro and Karlstad in Sweden, to Kristiansand via Amsterdam and Brussels to Paris , from Bergen via Haugesund and Stavanger to Kristiansand, an extension of the Copenhagen route to Prague , and finally from Oslo to Stavanger. In 1946, DNL transported 47,112 passengers. The initial postwar fleet consisted of six Douglas DC-3, all converted from military C-47 . Five Junkers Ju 52 seaplanes were used, based on ten aircraft left by

1144-409: A single land airport, no routes were started by DNL. In cooperation with DDL, Lufthansa and ABA, DNL entered the pool that flew the route from Oslo via Gothenburg to Copenhagen. On 2 March 1938, the board of DNL decided to sell Valkyrien to Chargeurs Reunis and abandon plans for intercontinental traffic. Instead, negotiations started with Aer Rianta of Ireland, who were cooperating with Pan Am on

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1248-486: A three-engine Junkers W 34 . It was registered as LN-DAB on 1 June 1935 and named Ternen . Riiser-Larsen and Bernt Balchen were hired to manage the company, while marketing and sales were done by Fred. Olsen. Terje Rabben was employed to run the DNL operations from the base at Gressholmen. To start the route from Oslo to Bergen immediately, a Ju 52 was wet leased from Lufthansa. It was delivered on 7 June and initially kept

1352-1098: Is a North Germanic language with approximately 5 million speakers, of whom most are located in Norway . There are also some speakers of Norwegian in Denmark , Sweden , Germany , Britain , Spain , Canada , and the United States , where the largest community of speakers exists, with 55,311 speakers as of 2000; approximately half of the speakers live in Minnesota (8,060), California (5,865), Washington (5,460), New York (4,200), and Wisconsin (3,520). As of 2006, in Canada, there are 7,710 Norwegian speakers , of whom 3,420 reside in British Columbia , 1,360 in Alberta , and 1,145 in Ontario . Norwegian culture

1456-513: Is also a commonly revered holiday. It marks midsummer and the beginning of summer vacation, and is often celebrated by lighting bonfires the evening before. In Northern areas of Norway, this day has 24 hours of light, while southern areas have only 17.5 hours. The conversion of Norway to Christianity from Norse paganism began in 1000. By the middle of the 11th century, Christianity had become well-established in Norway and had become dominant by

1560-534: Is closely linked to the country's history and geography . The unique Norwegian farm culture , sustained to this day, has resulted not only from scarce resources and a harsh climate but also from ancient property laws . In the 18th century, it brought about a strong romantic nationalistic movement, which is still visible in the Norwegian language and media . In the 19th century, Norwegian culture blossomed as efforts continued to achieve an independent identity in

1664-677: The Havørn Accident eleven days later, the airline purchased another Ju 52, LN-DAH Falken , used from Lufthansa. In 1936, DNL and Balchen—who had a wide range of contacts in the US—started negotiations with Pan American Airways (Pan Am) about cooperation on a transatlantic route between Norway and the United States. DNL argued that Norway's location made it an ideal base for the European flights to North America. Pan Am would operate from New York to Reykjavík , while DNL would operate

1768-584: The Norge . Leaving Spitsbergen on 11 May 1926, the Norge completed the crossing two days later, landing near Teller, Alaska . The flight is considered by many to be the first successful overflight or journey of any kind to the North Pole, as the other claimants, Frederick Cook , Robert Peary and Richard Byrd , were unable to verify their attempts in full. In 1928, Riiser-Larsen became involved in searching

1872-477: The Azores in the winter. Valkyrien was instead used on domestic routes. During the second season, DNL increased the routes to also include Bergen– Tromsø and Tromsø– Honningsvåg . A night post route was flown from Oslo to Gothenburg. During the five months of operation, the airline flew 339,116 kilometres (210,717 mi) and transported 2,300 passengers. From 1937, the state received the right to appoint two of

1976-571: The Constitution of Norway . Many people wear bunad (traditional costumes) and most participate in or watch the Norwegian Constitution Day parade that day, consisting mostly of children, through the cities and towns. The national romanticist author Henrik Wergeland was the founder of the 17 May parade. Common Christian holidays are also celebrated, the most important being Christmas (called Jul in Norway after

2080-638: The Norwegian Ministry of Defence appointed a committee with the goal of building a civilian airport near Oslo. It concluded in June, and recommended that the airport be built at Fornebu . By 1934, construction had started, although the airport would not open until 1 June 1939. On 1 September 1933, the Oslo-based shipping company Fred. Olsen & Co., owned by the brothers Thomas Fredrik Olsen and Rudolf Olsen , announced their plans to establish

2184-733: The United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and the United Kingdom. Norwegians are traditionally Lutheran since the Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein which made Lutheranism the only legal religion in the country, however large portions of the population are now either non-practicing, atheist or agnostic . Towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC, Proto-Indo-European –speaking Battle-Axe peoples migrated to Norway bringing domesticated horses , agriculture , cattle and wheel technology to

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2288-744: The "fulfilment of a vision" : the route to North America over the North Pole. In 1951 Riiser-Larsen was chosen as the president of the World Movement for Federal World Government. Riiser-Larsen died in 1965, four days before his seventy-fifth birthday, and was buried at the Vår Frelsers gravlund in Oslo . Norwegians b. ^ There are millions of Britons of Scandinavian ancestry and ethnicity, though mixed with others. Norwegians ( Norwegian : Nordmenn ) are an ethnic group and nation native to Norway , where they form

2392-465: The 2000 U.S. Census, three million Americans consider Norwegian to be their sole or primary ancestry. It is estimated that as many as a further 1.5 million more are of partial Norwegian ancestry. Norwegian Americans represent 2–3% of the non-Hispanic Euro-American population in the U.S. They mostly live in both the Upper Midwest and Pacific Northwest . As early as 1814, a party of Norwegians

2496-534: The 8th century and onwards, Norwegian and Danish Vikings also settled in Normandy , most famously those led by Rollo ; some of their Norman descendants would later expand to England, Sicily , and other Mediterranean islands. Apart from Britain and Ireland, Norwegian Vikings established settlements in largely uninhabited regions. The first known permanent Norwegian settler in Iceland was Ingólfur Arnarson . In

2600-557: The Air Force in 1946. In 1947, Riiser-Larsen again became the head of DNL, a few months before it merged with DDL , SIL and ABA to create SAS . He was the director of the Norwegian region of Scandinavian Airlines Systems (SAS) 1950–55. He then became an advisor to the SAS executive and a regional manager with responsibility for transcontinental air routes. One of these routes, although established after his retirement in 1955, represented

2704-603: The Arctic for Nobile after he had made a successful flight to the Siberian islands and visited the North Pole once more, but crashed near the coast of the North Eastern part of Svalbard . Riiser-Larsen also became involved in a search for Amundsen, when he as passenger in a French naval flying boat went missing while he was en route to join the search for Nobile. Eventually Nobile and most of his team were found, but Amundsen

2808-592: The Bergen-based company as a partner in DNL. On 7 November 1934, Bergenske became a partner in DNL, and the company renamed Det Norske Luftfartselskap Fred. Olsen og Bergenske A/S. Johan Wulfsberg from BDS became a board member of DNL. As a reply to DNL's new concession application to make short-term sea plane routes using a Junkers Ju 52 , the government urged DNL to make an alliance or merger with Widerøe. By then, four regional shipping companies— Vesterålske , Nordenfjeldske , Stavangerske and Arendalske —had bought

2912-549: The Canadian Arctic. Norwegian immigration to Canada lasted from the mid-1880s until 1930, although Norwegians were already working in Canada as early as 1814. It can be divided into three periods of roughly fifteen years each. In the first, to about 1900, thousands of Norwegians homesteaded on the Canadian prairies. In the second, from 1900 to 1914, there was a further heavy influx of Norwegians immigrating to Canada from

3016-511: The Civil Aviation Council—as managing director. The Olsen brothers and Müller were all elected to the board. The company's initial plans were to gain the operating rights for the airports which were under construction, including Fornebu; Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik ; and Stavanger Airport, Sola . The other was receive a state grant to start a service from Oslo, via Kristiansand , to Amsterdam in cooperation with KLM . Domestically,

3120-582: The Dutch merchant fleet and navy came to consist of Norwegians and Danes. Most took Dutch names , leaving no trace of Norwegian names in the later Dutch population. The emigration to the Netherlands was so devastating to the homelands that the Danish-Norwegian king issued penalties of death for emigration, but repeatedly had to issue amnesties for those willing to return, announced by posters in

3224-507: The ESAS head office in Copenhagen and the OSAS head office in Stockholm, without any similar build-up of competence in Norway. Because of the way the costs were divided between the pool partners, DNL was also receiving smaller margins that the others. Since 2019, the airline has provided complimentary Wi-Fi access in its aircraft cabins for all passengers. Furthermore, a premium connection option

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3328-530: The German forces and sent to Germany. A limited service was kept in Northern Norway during the resistance, but also these were terminated after the German forces took control of the whole country. From 26 September, three weekly services were operated from Trondheim to Tromsø, with two of these continuing to Kirkenes , using Najaden . This was terminated on 20 March, after most of DNL's pilots had fled to

3432-555: The German forces. There was also an uncertainty as to whether the national airline of Norway should continue to be private, or if a state-owned airline should be established. To look at the issue, the Norwegian authorities-in-exile established the Norwegian Civil Aviation Board to look at all matters regarding civil aviation. It was this board which was permitted to negotiate traffic rights with other countries, make purchase rights of aircraft and participated in

3536-486: The German forces. Two of these, Najaden and Falken (renamed Veslefrikk and Askeladden , respectively), had been used by DNL before the war. On 16 July, the board decided to purchase three Sandringham Mark VI flying boats from Short Brothers . There were internal protests against the purchase of the Sandringhams, since they were regarded as unsuited for Norway. They incurred high operating costs and all three of

3640-864: The Norsemen such as Danes , Swedes , Icelanders and the Faroe Islanders , as well as groups such as the Scots whose nation they significantly settled and left a lasting impact in, particularly the Northern Isles ( Orkney and Shetland ). The Norwegian language, with its two official standard forms, more specifically Bokmål and Nynorsk , is part of the larger Scandinavian dialect continuum of generally mutually intelligible languages in Scandinavia . Norwegian people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in

3744-590: The Norwegian Civil Aviation Board started to initiate operations of civilian airliners. For 1945, the task was given to the Royal Norwegian Air Force , who used surplus aircraft to operate a limited number of routes. At the same time, Thomas Olsen and Thomas Falck started mobilizing among shipowners and other businesspeople to raise capital for DNL, while at the same time trying to ensure the employment of military pilots, navigation officers and other people with aviation competence. Egil Gløersen

3848-532: The United Kingdom to support the allied forces. The airline suffered from a general mistrust both from the German and Allied authorities. The Germans generally did not trust any shipowners, since these had their fleet organized in Nortraship and used in Allied convoys. The Norwegian authorities in exile were also distrustful of DNL, because the airline had taken initiative to operate a route, essentially helping

3952-490: The United States ( Michigan , Minnesota , North Dakota , South Dakota , and Montana ) show Scandinavian (which includes Norwegian) ancestry proportions among European descent (white) persons of 10 to 20%. Similarly, Norwegian ancestry has been found to account for about 25% of ancestry of the population of the Shetland Islands and Danish-Norwegian ancestry has been found to account for about 25% of ancestry of

4056-500: The United States because of poor economic conditions in the US, and 18,790 from Norway. In the third, from 1919 to 1930, 21,874 people came directly from Norway, with the peak year in 1927, when 5,103 Norwegians arrived, spurred by severe depression at home. They came with limited means, many leaving dole queues. From 1825 to 1900 some 500,000 Norwegians landed at Ville du Quebec in Canada (and other Canadian ports) for travelling through Canada

4160-494: The United States. As a result of this, many of the Norwegians remaining in Norway were religiously moderate; subsequently, church attendance declined throughout the 20th century, as reflected by 78% of the population stating that religion is unimportant in a Gallup poll and low weekly church attendance, at 2%, particularly when compared to that of North Dakota , the state in which Norwegians constitute approximately 30.4% of

4264-482: The United States. In 1850, the year after Great Britain repealed its restrictive Navigation Acts in Canada, more emigrating Norwegians sailed the shorter route to the Ville de Québec ( Quebec City ) in Canada, to make their way to US cities like Chicago , Milwaukee , and Green Bay by steamship . For example, in the 1850s, 28,640 arrived at Quebec, Canada, en route to the US, and 8,351 at New York directly. According to

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4368-627: The acting head of the RNoNAS's factory until a more senior officer was appointed. In 1921, he joined the Aviation Council, then part of the Norwegian Ministry of Defence , as a secretary. This gave him the opportunity to study the fledgling military and civil aviation infrastructure for which the council was responsible. He also became a frequent pilot on the air routes used by the new aviation companies. Riiser-Larsen's years of polar exploration began in 1925 when his compatriot Roald Amundsen ,

4472-458: The airline wanted to operate the route from Oslo to Kristiansand and from Kristiansand to Stavanger , Bergen and Ålesund . An application was sent the government, at the time Mowinckel's Third Cabinet , with a proposal for a ten-year concessions using land planes. Routes were to start off with a five-month service, and gradually increase to a full-year service from 1940. The company stated that it needed NOK 500,000 annually in support from

4576-485: The airlines would coordinate their services to avoid parallel flights. Domestic scheduling would remain at the discretion of each national airline. DNL would then close its Swedish and Danish offices, and retain Scandinavian offices in other European cities. The pool agreement, which became known as European Scandinavian Airlines System (EASA), was taken into use on 18 April 1948. Per M. Backe became CEO of OSAS, and

4680-507: The areas of literature, art and music. Norway's culinary traditions show the influence of long seafaring and farming traditions with salmon (fresh and cured), herring (pickled or marinated), trout , codfish and other seafood balanced by cheeses, dairy products and excellent breads (predominantly dark/darker). Lefse is a common Norwegian potato flatbread, common around Christmas. For renowned Norwegian dishes, see lutefisk , smalahove , pinnekjøtt , Krotekake and fårikål . Along with

4784-564: The blue Lufthansa livery, including a swastika . The aircraft was registered as LN-DAE, christened Havørn and later received DNL's livery. Operations were scheduled to commence on 7 June, but fog forced a delay until 11 June. After that there were flown 180 trips with a 100% regularity. Training was done by German crew on board Havørn . Travel time from Oslo to Bergen was four and a half hours, with intermediate stops in Moss , Arendal , Kristiansand, Stavanger and Haugesund. It cost NOK 95 to fly

4888-582: The classical music of romantic composer Edvard Grieg and the modern music of Arne Nordheim , Norwegian black metal has become something of an export article in recent years. Norway's classical performers include Leif Ove Andsnes , one of the world's more famous pianists, and Truls Mørk , an outstanding cellist. The jazz scene in Norway is also thriving. Jan Garbarek , Mari Boine , Arild Andersen , and Bugge Wesseltoft are internationally recognised while Paal Nilssen-Love , Supersilent , Jaga Jazzist and Wibutee are becoming world-class artists of

4992-590: The company's eight board members. That year also saw DNL start its first international route, when Valkyrien was started the route between Oslo and Stockholm . Part of the reason for the route was that transport to the Soviet Union could not go via Germany, where the only contemporary international flights from Oslo went. However, the Stockholm-service was not profitable, and terminated on 31 July. Stavanger Airport, Sola opened on 30 May, but with only

5096-569: The country's generous social safety net with an aging population , and preserving economic competitiveness. Norwegian or Norse Vikings raided and settled in Shetland , Orkney , Ireland, Scotland, and northern England. In the United Kingdom, many names for places ending in - kirk , - ness , - thorpe , - toft and - by are likely Norse in origin. In 947, a new wave of Norwegian Vikings appeared in England when Erik Bloodaxe captured York . In

5200-576: The country's official religion, and its central administrative functions were carried out by the Royal Ministry of Government Administration, Reform and Church Affairs until 2017. The Lutheran Church is still mentioned in the constitution , for example, the King is still required to profess a Lutheran faith. When baptised, children are registered in the Church of Norway 's member register, leading to

5304-608: The debates in parliament, the minority governing Liberal Party was in favor of Widerøe-operated sea plane routes, while the majority opposition from the Agrarian Party and the Labor Party wanted to increase investments in land airports. In 1933, Thomas S. Falck was appointed director of Bergenske Dampskibsselskab (BDS). Fred. Olsen wanted a partner for DNL, in part to strengthen its geographic spread, and meetings were held between Olsen family and Falck to introduce

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5408-448: The easier way of tramping the snow surface, the expedition's six members squeezed themselves into the remaining plane. Riiser-Larsen somehow managed to coax the overloaded plane into the air and flew the expedition back to the coast of Northern Svalbard. The following year, Riiser-Larsen rejoined Amundsen for another attempt to fly over the Pole, this time with Italian aeronautical engineer Umberto Nobile in his recently renamed airship ,

5512-418: The economy through public investments, and decided that construction of airports was to be accelerated. On 5 April, DNL was granted concession for a sea plane route along the coast from Oslo to Tromsø , plus the international route from Oslo via Kristiansand to Amsterdam. DNL received NOK 200,000 in state grants, plus NOK 100,000 from Norway Post, for the first year of operation. DNL decided to purchase

5616-468: The famed polar explorer, asked him to be his deputy and pilot for an attempt to fly over the North Pole . Riiser-Larsen agreed and secured the use of two Dornier Do J Wal seaplanes, with Karl Feucht as one of two expedition flight mechanics. The expedition, however, was forced to land close to the Pole, badly damaging one of the planes. After twenty-six days on an ice shelf , first trying to shovel tons of snow to create an airstrip, until someone suggested

5720-483: The first commander of the Royal Norwegian Air Force training camp dubbed Little Norway in Ontario . At the beginning of 1941, Riiser-Larsen returned to London to take up the post of Commander in Chief of the Naval Air Service; then of the Combined Arms Air Force; and finally, in 1944, of the fully amalgamated Royal Norwegian Air Force . By the end of the war, however, many of the pilots under his command had become critical of his leadership. He resigned, bitterly, from

5824-423: The foundation of the International Air Transport Association and the International Civil Aviation Organization . The Swedish intercontinental airline, Svensk Interkontinental Lufttrafik managed to purchase ten Douglas DC-4 at the end of the war; they had initially planned on selling some to DDL and DNL, but were not permitted to negotiate any agreements with DNL. After the liberation of Norway on 8 May 1945,

5928-484: The four Scandinavian airlines merged to create the present-day Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS). During the Nazi German occupation of Norway , Riiser-Larsen rejoined the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service. However, both the Norwegian Army and Royal Norwegian Navy Air Services were quickly overwhelmed by the Wehrmacht before he saw combat. Instead, he accompanied the Norwegian cabinet and military leaders into exile in London, before moving on to Canada , to become

6032-418: The full journey. During the first season, DNL transported 3,214 passengers and 31.6 tonnes (31.1 long tons; 34.8 short tons) of mail. It also took over Norwegian representation for Aerotransport, DDL, KLM, Sabena , Air France and Aero , and joined the International Air Traffic Association . At the end of the year, Havørn was purchased. On 6 June 1936, DNL registered its second Ju 52, LN-DAF Najaden . After

6136-516: The immediate future, so it was better to start with sea plane services. Riiser-Larsen went on a national lecture tour to gain support for civil aviation from local politicians and businesspeople. He also negotiated agreements to pool flights to Sweden with Aerotransport , to Denmark with Det Danske Luftfartselskab , to Germany with Lufthansa and to the United Kingdom with Imperial Airways . By early 1934, DNL decided that they would instead apply for initial seaplane routes using two Waco Cabin . During

6240-453: The large area of the continent known as Queen Maud Land . In 1939, the Norwegian military was downsized and Riiser-Larssen was among those officers finding themselves out of work. However, he was quickly offered a new job by the shipping company Fred. Olsen & Co. as manager of its newly formed airline, DNL . He invited some former naval pilots to join the airline and soon made it the most successful in Norway. In 1946, DNL would be one of

6344-407: The majority of Widerøe. Falck took contact with the other four shipping companies, and on 18 December the six shipping companies agreed to merge their interests into DNL. Ownership was split 40% by Fred. Olsen, 38% by Bergenske and 22% by the other four shipping companies. Widerøe was initially planned to be either dissolved or take over the smaller seaplane routes. The state was permitted to appoint

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6448-437: The middle of the 12th century. The Norwegians were Catholics until the Danish king Christian III of Denmark forced them to convert to Lutheranism and established a state-governed church. The church undertook a program to convert the Sámi in the 16th and 17th century, with the program being largely successful. In the 19th century, emigration from Norway for political and religious motives began and Lutheranism spread to

6552-433: The most common Y-haplogroup, at about 37,3%. Norwegians also show the characteristic R1a genes of the paternal ancestorship at 17.9% to 30.8%. Such large frequencies of R1a have been found only in East Europe and India. R1b gene showing paternal descent is also widespread at 25.9% to 30.8%. Norwegian genetic ancestry also exists in many locations where Norwegians immigrated. In particular, several northern states in

6656-427: The operations from Oslo via Kristiansand to Amsterdam with KLM. The route was initially operated with a Douglas DC-2 , leased from KLM. DNL had discussed cooperating with British Airways and extending the Amsterdam-route to London, but this was not done. After the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, all international routes and operations in Southern Norway were terminated. Two aircraft were requisitioned by

6760-399: The original aircraft crashed within four years. The land DC-3s were used on international routes, while the sea planes were used on domestic routes. Negotiations between DNL, DDL and Aerotransport to consolidate their transatlantic operations started on 2 February 1946. Svensk Interkontinental Lufttrafik had started services from Stockholm to New York, but a consortium was discussed whereby

6864-410: The other countries, and all three maintained sales offices in all foreign cities they served. Informal discussions to pool international routes started in 1947, after all three companies had suffered losses on these routes. After SILA and Aerotransport merged, negotiations started between the three. The brand name "Scandinavian Airlines System" was to be used on all flights, domestic and international, and

6968-436: The pagan and early Viking winter solstice) and Easter (Påske). In Norway, the Santa (called Nissen ) comes at Christmas Eve , the 24 December, with the presents, not the morning after as in many English speaking countries. He usually comes late in the evening, after the Christmas dinner many children consider long, boring and unnecessary. Jonsok ( St. John 's Passing), or St. Hans ( St. John 's Day), i.e. 24 June,

7072-401: The population of Greenland . Y-Chromosome DNA ( Y-DNA ) represents the male lineage, The Norwegian Y-chromosome pool may be summarized as follows where haplogroups R1 & I comprise generally more than 85% of the total chromosomes. Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) represents the female lineage, Haplogroup H represent about 40% of the Norwegian mitochondrial DNA lineages Norwegian

7176-413: The population. Of all U.S. states, North Dakota has the lowest percentage of non-religious people and the largest number of churches per capita. It weekly church attendance is at 43%. In Norway the Church of Norway and state are not entirely separated. An act approved in 2016 created the Church of Norway as an independent legal entity, effective from 1 January 2017. The Church of Norway was previously

7280-402: The region. During the Viking Age , Harald Fairhair unified the Norse petty kingdoms after being victorious at the Battle of Hafrsfjord in the 880s. Two centuries of Viking expansion tapered off following the decline of Norse paganism with the adoption of Christianity in the 11th century. During The Black Death , approximately 60% of the population died and in 1397 Norway entered

7384-596: The rights to seek compensation for any requisitions and other costs incurred by the German invasion. Operations started on 1 April 1946, from Oslo to Copenhagen. Eight days later, the route from Oslo via Stavanger to London opened, and on 15 April from Oslo to Stockholm, and on the same day, some of the Copenhagen routes started stopping in Gothenburg. the route to Copenhagen was extended from Copenhagen to Zürich and Marseille on 29 April. On 22 May, 13 people were killed in an accident at Fornebu. The first domestic route, from Trondheim to Tromsø, opened on 27 May, followed by

7488-546: The same time. According to the 2011 Census , 452,705 Canadians reported Norwegian ancestry (Norwegian-Canadians). As of 2011, there were 3,710 Norwegian-born Australians, and 23,037 Norwegians of Australian descent. In the 19th century a community known as the Kola Norwegians settled in the environs of the Russian city of Murmansk . They have suffered persecution under Joseph Stalin and after 1992 were offered

7592-583: The service from Reykjavík to Bergen and onwards to various destinations in Europe. The contract was signed in March and DNL bought a Sikorsky S-43 flying boat , registered as LN-DAG and christened Valkyrien . However, after the aircraft was delivered and three weeks before the route was to be inaugurated, Pan Am changed their mind, canceled the agreement and decided that the transatlantic route should instead operate via Newfoundland to Foynes in Ireland, and via

7696-458: The service to South America. In 1946, Norwegian ship-owner Ludvig G. Braathen had establish Braathens SAFE , and started charter traffic, mainly to Asia. From 14 January 1949, Braathens SAFE received a five-year concession to operate a route from Oslo to various cities in Asia. This forced OSAS to plan its Asia-routes using only Swedish and Danish crew and planes, and not operate from Oslo. This

7800-428: The state and Norway Post for the service. In 1933, the brothers Viggo Widerøe and Arild Widerøe —who would found Widerøe in 1934—also applied for routes in the same areas, but using sea planes on the route from Oslo via Kristiansand and Stavanger to Haugesund. Also Norske Luftruter applied, but a three-year concession was granted to Widerøe. The government stated that no airports had been built yet, and would not be in

7904-440: The state through loans. While ESAS proved profitable for Aerotransport and DDL, it became a burden for DNL. The former two had a much closer overlap between their routes, while DNL had operated without direct competition with the other two on most of its routes. Instead of coordinating resources, ESAS had become another administrative level; there were also concerns from Norway that administrative and operative staff were leaking to

8008-515: The streets of Amsterdam. Increasingly, Dutchmen who search their genealogical roots turn to Norway. Many Norwegians who emigrated to the Netherlands, and often were employed in the Dutch merchant fleet, emigrated further to the many Dutch colonies such as New Amsterdam (New York). Many Norwegians emigrated to the US between the 1850s and the 1920s. The descendants of these people are known as Norwegian Americans. Many Norwegian settlers traveled to and through Canada and Canadian ports while immigrating to

8112-449: The three airlines would pool their operations to create economy of scale . Disagreement existed over which airport should be used as a hub . The Swedish government did not want to participate with less than a 50% share, and preferably as a majority owner. It was stated that this was because they had half the population and the only organization capable of operating intercontinental routes. On 1 August, Overseas Scandinavian Airlines System

8216-530: The transatlantic route; DNL, DDL, Aero and Aerotransport planned to start a route from Foynes via Stavanger, Oslo and Stockholm to Moscow. However, Pan Am decided to move the route to the Azores when it commenced in 1939 and DNL's Shannon-plans were terminated. Following this, the Nordic airlines started negotiating the possibility of cooperating on their own transatlantic route via Iceland and Newfoundland. In 1940,

8320-753: The vast majority of the population. They share a common culture and speak the Norwegian language . Norwegians are descended from the Norse of the Early Middle Ages who formed a unified Kingdom of Norway in the 9th century. During the Viking Age , Norwegians and other Norse peoples conquered, settled and ruled parts of the British Isles , the Faroe Islands , Iceland and Greenland . Norwegians are closely related to other descendants of

8424-562: The year 874 he settled in Reykjavík . After his expulsion from Iceland Erik the Red discovered Greenland, a name he chose in hope of attracting Icelandic settlers. Viking settlements were established in the sheltered fjords of the southern and western coast. Erik's relative Leif Eriksson later discovered North America. During the 17th and 18th centuries, many Norwegians emigrated to the Netherlands, particularly Amsterdam . The Netherlands

8528-414: The younger generation. Norway has a strong folk music tradition which remains popular to this day. Among the most prominent folk musicians are Hardanger fiddlers Andrea Een , Olav Jørgen Hegge , Vidar Lande and Annbjørg Lien , violinist Susanne Lundeng , and vocalists Agnes Buen Garnås , Kirsten Bråten Berg and Odd Nordstoga . Norwegians celebrate their national day on 17 May, dedicated to

8632-551: Was NOK 25.2 million, with the state owning 20%, Fred. Olsen and Bergenske 10% each. In total, 49% of the shares were owned by shipping companies, 19.5% by banks, insurance, trade and industrial companies, and 12% by individuals. At least 75% of the company had to be owned by the state, Norwegian citizens or companies controlled by Norwegians. All the major shipping companies supported DNL with capital, except Wilh. Wilhelmsen , who wanted to focus on shipping, and Ludvig G. Braathen , who founded his own airline, Braathens SAFE , which

8736-464: Was also true of the many Americans of Norwegian heritage who immigrated to Canada from the US with "Canada Fever" seeking homesteads and new economic opportunities. By 1921 one-third of all Norwegians in Canada had been born in the US. These new Canadians became British subjects in Canada, and part of the British Empire. Canadian citizenship, as a status distinct from that of a British subject,

8840-406: Was appointed for DNL, led by Falck. When the proposition reached parliament, it was decided that the share capital in the company should be raised to between NOK 25 and 30 million to insure more owners, since the original NOK 15 million had already been sold. The cabinet was also granted permission to at their discretion purchase shares for an addition NOK 5 million. A 20-year concession

8944-640: Was brought to Canada to build a winter road from York Factory on Hudson Bay to the infant Red River settlement at the site of present-day Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada. Norway House is one of the oldest trading posts and Native-Canadian missions in the Canadian West. Willard Ferdinand Wentzel served the North West Company of Canada in the Athabasca and Mackenzie regions and accompanied Sir John Franklin on his overland expedition in 1819–20 to

9048-690: Was close to starting transatlantic flights in cooperation with Pan Am , but services never commenced despite purchasing a Sikorsky S-43 . After the outbreak of World War II , DNL ceased operations from 1941 to 1946. From then, DNL started international flights using Douglas DC-3 and introduced Short Sandringhams on domestic sea routes. Along with Aerotransport of Sweden and Det Danske Luftfartselskab of Denmark, DNL founded Overseas Scandinavian Airlines System to pool transatlantic flights. In 1948, all of DNL's services were re-branded as SAS and pooled through European Scandinavian Airlines System . The company experienced four fatal accidents. The first DNL

9152-465: Was created on 1 January 1947, with Canada being the first Commonwealth country to create their own citizenship. Prior to that date, Canadians were British subjects and Canada's nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom. On 1 January 1947, Canadian citizenship was conferred on most British subjects connected with Canada. Unlike the US, Canada was part of the British Empire and most Norwegians would have become Canadians and British subjects at

9256-461: Was established, where DNL received a 2/7 ownership. The consortium received its head office in Stockholm, but would also serve Copenhagen and Oslo with intercontinental flights. The agreement meant that DNL had to transfer employees to Stockholm and the airline made its two DC-4 aircraft available for SAS. To begin with, Oslo received one of the two weekly services to Gander and New York, but all traffic from Norway had to transfer in Copenhagen for

9360-434: Was followed by SAS on 26 October, when they opened a DC-6 route to Bangkok with seven intermediate stops. At first there were two round trips per month, but from 1950 this was increased to two per week. The SAS cooperation initially only considered intercontinental traffic, and the three national airlines continued to compete on inter-Scandinavian and European traffic. All three were represented with sales offices in each of

9464-538: Was found. By the end of the second expedition, two small islands in the Southern Ocean , Bouvet Island and Peter I Island , had been annexed. In 1929 Christensen decided to include aeroplanes in the next expedition and appointed Riiser-Larsen its leader. Riiser-Larsen then supervised and took part in mapping most of the Antarctic in this and three further expeditions. More territory was also annexed, this time

9568-544: Was founded as Det Norske Luftfartselskap Fred. Olsen A/S in 1933, after Fred. Olsen & Co. took over the assets of a failed airline with the same name from 1927. After taking over the incumbent Widerøe the following year, allowing five other shipping companies a partial ownership and changing the company's name to Det Norske Luftfartselskap Fred. Olsen & Bergenske A/S , DNL started domestic seaplane routes based at Oslo Airport, Gressholmen , and later Oslo Airport, Fornebu , using Junkers Ju 52 aircraft. In 1935, DNL

9672-636: Was granted to DNL by parliament on 15 February. In February, DNL procured a four-story building in Oslo City Center, and continued and a hangar at Fornebu. The company started to acquire offices in the various cities it was going to serve; within a few weeks of parliament's decision, DNL had 300 employees, and by June it reached 1,500, with an average age of 27 years. The company had ordered three Douglas DC-3 and two DC-4. On 27 March, public sales of shares started, which raised an additional NOK 3.7 million from 1,900 purchasers. Total share capital

9776-478: Was granted to Norske Luftruter, but DNL was granted the concession to operate the ferry to the island from Oslo East Station . In 1930, the government appointed a civil aviation commission, led by Admiral von der Lippe, to consider all aspects of civil aviation in Norway. It concluded in 1932, and recommended that a single, large national airline be established. The same year, the Municipality of Oslo and

9880-404: Was intended to be a charter airline , and later became SAS's main Norwegian competitor. Det Norske Luftfartselskap A/S was founded on 2 July 1946; it took the name, part of the personnel and the agreements and arrangements DNL had. Det Norske Luftfartselskap Fred. Olsen & Bergenske was bought by Fred. Olsen, and became Fred Olsen Air Transport (Fred. Olsen Flyselskap). That company received

9984-484: Was made by the Ministry of Defense on 18 January 1946, and sent to parliament. It discussed several options, such as creating a government agency or a state-owned limited company, permitting several airlines to operate the different routes, and looked at the possibility that the shipowners were purchasing DNL shares to hinder competition with their shipping lines. It concluded with a part private, part state-owned company

10088-454: Was nonetheless occupied for five years by Nazi Germany (1940–45). In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a member of NATO . Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norway's economy but in referendums held in 1972 and 1994 , Norway rejected joining the EU . Key domestic issues include integration of a fast-growing immigrant population , maintaining

10192-481: Was not. The Norvegia expeditions were a sequence of Antarctic expeditions financed by the Norwegian shipowner and whaling merchant Lars Christensen during the late 1920s and 1930s. Ostensibly their goal was scientific research and the discovery of new whaling grounds, but Christensen also requested permission from the Norwegian Foreign Office to claim for Norway any uncharted territory that

10296-482: Was preferred, and that the state should purchase shares for NOK 5 million. While the Labor Party at the time was in favor of nationalization , the proposition stated that this was a possibility to limit the state's spending of dearly needed capital. By then, the Civil Aviation Board had procured two DC-4 for NOK 7.7 million, which would be transferred to DNL. From 21 January, an interim board

10400-622: Was registered on 4 May 1927, with a share capital of NOK 6,500, with Arnold Ræstad and the main shareholder. On 18 June, the share capital was raised to NOK 50,000, including a 20% stake owned by the Municipality of Oslo and Norway Post . At the time, the only service to Norway was Lufthansa , who operated from Gressholmen Airport in Oslo via Gothenburg and Copenhagen to Warnemünde in Germany. Both DNL and Norske Luftruter applied for ground handling for Lufthansa at Gressholmen. This

10504-455: Was replaced by Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen. ESAS had two opposing goals: to operate the partner's aircraft along the 3–2–2 ratio, and operate them most rationally. Because of the un-unified fleet composition, these were often not possible to combine. DNL lost NOK 17 million in 1948, in part because it had the least efficient aircraft and received no compensation for its higher operating costs. To remain liquid, DNL received NOK 35 in capital from

10608-456: Was sent to the United States to study the operations of United Airlines and Northwest Airlines . On a meeting on 17 July, Norway's nine largest shipping companies agreed to raise NOK 15 to 20 million in share capital, and the company to join IATA. The task of making a recommendation for a permanent solution for the national airline was given to a new Civil Aviation Board, which had Falck as

10712-533: Was the second-most popular destination for Norwegian emigrants after Denmark. Loosely estimated, some 10% of the population may have emigrated, in a period when the entire Norwegian population consisted of some 800,000 people. The Norwegians left with the Dutch trade ships that when in Norway traded for timber, hides, herring, and stockfish (dried codfish). Young women took employment as maids in Amsterdam, while young men took employment as sailors. Large parts of

10816-485: Was the shortest corridor to the United States' central states. In spite of efforts by the Government of Canada to retain these immigrants for Canada, very few remained because of Canada's somewhat restrictive land policies at that time and negative stories being told about Canada from U.S. land agents deterring Norwegians from going to Canada. Not until the 1880s did Norwegians accept Canada as a land of opportunity. This

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