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72-598: Uprising defeated Ukrainian Front The uprising of Nykyfor Hryhoriv was an armed protest against the Bolshevik rule in Ukraine in May 1919, which covered the area between Mykolaiv and Kherson , Katerynoslav , Yelysavethrad , Cherkasy , Kremenchuk and Kryvyi Rih . Its leader was otaman Nykyfor Hryhoriv , who gathered around him guerrilla troops of peasants rebelling against food requisitions and repression led by

144-615: A 1772 book by Adam F. Kollár and was used as an argument in favor of annexation by the Habsburgs. The Ternopil (Tarnopol) region of western Podolia was briefly taken by Russia in 1809 but reverted to Austrian rule in 1815. Within the Austrian Empire , western Podolia was part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria which, in 1867 with the formation of Austria-Hungary , became an ethnic Pole -administered autonomous unit under

216-596: A new revolt, as a result of which the Bolshevik troops had to leave the city for a few more days. On 15 May, Hryhoriv's supporters initiated an armed uprising in Bila Tserkva , on 16 May, sailors from Ochakiv and a new executive committee of the councils in Kherson, led by Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and supported by local garrison, threw their support behind him. For the next two weeks, Kherson remained under

288-588: A part of the principalities of Volhynia , Kiev , and Galicia . In the 13th century, Bakota served as its political and administrative centre. During the 13th century, the Mongols plundered Ponizie; Algirdas , Grand Duke of Lithuania, freed it from their rule following his victory against the Golden Horde in the Battle of Blue Waters of 1362, annexing it to Lithuania under the name of Podolia , which has

360-741: A telegraph conversation with the commander of the Ukrainian Front, he also announced an attack on Kyiv and Kharkiv . On 10 May, the Defense Council of the Ukrainian SSR declared Hryhoriv outlawed and ordered, if arrested, to shoot him and his associates on the spot. A day later, the Otaman's troops reached Katerynoslav, from which the Red Army units hurriedly retreated, as the garrison of the nearby Verkhnodniprovsk defected to

432-642: A very fertile agricultural area. Marshes occur only beside the Bug. A moderate climate predominates, with average temperatures at Kamianets-Podilskyi of 9 °C ( −4 °C in January, 20 °C in July). Russian-ruled Podolia in 1906 had an estimated population of 3,543,700, consisting chiefly of Ukrainians . Significant minorities included Poles and Jews , as well as 50,000 Romanians , some Germans , and some Armenians . The chief settlements include Kamianets-Podilskyi,

504-463: Is well known in Ukraine. Its manifestation is long home iconostases painted on canvas at the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. Red, green and yellow colours prevail, the faces of the saints are a little bit longer, their eyes almond-like. On these iconostases, the most venerated family saints were painted. The collections of Podillya's folk iconostases are possessed by Vinnytsya Art Museum and The Museum of Ukrainian Home Icons in

576-827: The Primary Chronicle mentions four apparently Slavic tribes : the Buzhans and Dulebes along the Southern Bug River, and the Tivertsi and Ulichs along the Dniester. The Avars invaded in the 7th century. Later. the Bolokhoveni occupied the same territory in the 13th century. Prince Oleg extended his rule over this territory known as the Ponizie , or "lowlands". These lowlands later became

648-612: The 13th Army led by Kozhevnikov. On April 14, 1919, the Central Executive Committee of the Ukrainian SSR ratified a military union with the Russian SFSR . On April 15, 1919, all army groups were transformed into armies: On April 27, 1919 the 2nd Ukrainian Soviet Army was transferred under the jurisdiction of the Southern Front and on June 4, 1919 transformed into the 14th Army . In June,

720-619: The 1st Ukrainian and 3rd Ukrainian armies were transformed into the 12th Army and transferred to the Western Front . The Crimean Soviet Army also joined the 14th Army at the Southern Front on June 4, 1919. On July 21, 1919 the Crimean Soviet Army was dissolved and transformed into the Crimean Rifle Division which in six days was renamed again into the 58th Rifle Division. The Ukrainian front

792-492: The 2nd Army (10,300 soldiers) and the 3rd Army (13,863 soldiers), which were operating in the nearby regions. The Otaman never proceeded to carry out the orders to march on Bessarabia. Immediately after the departure of Antonov-Ovseenko from his quarters, his soldiers started looting, attacking the Jewish population and communist officials. In the first days, Hryhoriv punished some cases of such behavior of soldiers, and assured

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864-585: The 2nd Ukrainian Insurgent Division in December 1918 were renamed into Soviet divisions. It was planned also to add to the army group the Moscow Worker's Division , the 43rd Worker's Regiment , the 2nd Oryol Cavalry Division as well as the formations of Innokentiy Kozhevnikov from Ufa . The most of them however were redirected to the Southern Front. The Moscow Military District also sent

936-846: The Bar Confederation was formed by the Poles, including Casimir Pulaski in Bar in Podolia. Podolia remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until its Partitions of Poland in 1772 and 1793, when the Austrian and Russian Empires annexed the western and eastern parts respectively. From 1793 to 1917, part of the region was the Podolia Governorate in southwestern Russia bordering with Austria across

1008-588: The Bracław Voivodeship , which remained with Lithuania, both forming part of the Polish–Lithuanian union . With the Union of Lublin of 1569, eastern Podolia passed from Lithuania to Poland with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Kamieniec Podolski Fortress was nicknamed the "gateway to Poland", whereas the city of Kamieniec Podolski itself as one of Poland's major cities enjoyed voting rights during

1080-618: The Cheka . On 8 May 1919, Hryhoriv published a Universal , in which he called for "the Ukrainian people to take power into their own hands" and proclaimed a "Soviet Ukraine without communists". His call was also taken up by the garrisons of the Red Army in Cherkasy, Verkhnodniprovsk and Katerynoslav, as well as sailors from Mykolaiv, Kherson and Ochakiv . Numerous pogroms took place in

1152-748: The Czortków uprising , an unsuccessful Polish uprising against Soviet occupiers, took place in pre-war Polish Podolia. Following German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, most of Podolia was occupied by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the Reichskommissariat Ukraine . The area of Podolia between the Southern Bug below Vinnytsia and the Dniester was occupied by Axis Romania as part of Transnistria . Starting in July 1941,

1224-586: The Makhnovshchina considered treason. Hryhoriv was shot and his troops joined the forces of Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine . However, the remnants of the group under the command of Yuriy Tyutyunnyk broke through to Podolia , reaching the units of the Ukrainian People's Army and then joining them. Hryhoriv's uprising disintegrated the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army and largely thwarted its command's plans to march to Bessarabia, join

1296-675: The Neuri . Subsequently, the Dacians and the Getae arrived. The Romans left traces of their rule in Trajan's Wall , which stretches through the modern districts of Kamianets-Podilskyi, Nova Ushytsia, and Khmelnytskyi. During the Migration Period , many peoples passed through this territory or settled within it for some time, leaving numerous traces in archaeological remains. Nestor in

1368-661: The Ottoman Empire , the Austrian Habsburg monarchy , and the Russian Empire . In the 20th century, Podolia underwent various political changes, with both Poland and the Soviet Union controlling parts of it at different times. Podolian culture is renowned for its folk icon-painting tradition, with red, green, and yellow colors dominating the art. Collections of these iconic works can be found in

1440-777: The Romanian troops in Bessarabia and an intervention in Hungary . Antonov-Ovseenko met Hryhoriv personally in his quarters in Oleksandriia . The Otaman complained to him about the policy of repression and requisitioning against the Ukrainian peasantry. Recognizing that there were many reasons in Hryhoriv's arguments and observing the mood among his soldiers, Antonov-Ovseenko decided to persuade him to continue his service in

1512-540: The Ukrainian Front of the Red Army and largely thwarted its command's plans to march to Bessarabia , join the region to the Soviet state, and then intervene in Hungary and extend the communist revolution to Romania . At the end of 1918, Nykyfor Hryhoriv was the commander of the 6,000-strong Peasants' Division, with which he took part in the uprising against Hetmanate , on the side of Directorate . Formally,

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1584-645: The Zbruch River and with Bessarabia across the Dniester . Its area was 36,910 km (14,251 sq mi). In 1772 First Partition of Poland , the Austrian Habsburgs had taken control of a small part of Podolia west of the Zbruch River (sometimes also called "Southern Podolia") around Borschiv , in what is today Ternopil Oblast. At this time, Emperor Joseph II toured the area,

1656-402: The government of the adventurer Rakovsky and his henchmen to leave us and not violate the will of the people . The All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets will give us a government to which we will submit and faithfully fulfill its will." The Otaman called for the organization of village, district and provincial councils, each with 80% of seats reserved for Ukrainians , 5% for Jews and 15% for

1728-556: The royal election period . Podolia was invaded several times by the Crimean Tatars and Turks , and during the Deluge , also by Transylvanians and Russians , with notable Polish victories at Udycz (1606), Czarny Ostrów (1657), Uścieczko (1694). From 1672, Podolia became part of the Ottoman Empire , when and where it was known as Podolia Eyalet . During this time, it was a province, with its center being Kamaniçe , and

1800-434: The " Yizkor Book " for Podolia: "It brought an end to the cultural separation of Jews from the surrounding world. Jews began to learn modern sciences and languages, read world literature and participate in the cultural life of the nations among whom they lived." Just as was the case in other areas of former Poland, Jews started to learn the language of the country they lived in and to write about secular subjects. The writers of

1872-651: The Austrian crown. At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, Austrian Podolia witnessed a large-scale emigration of its peasant population to western Canada. Several battles of the Polish uprisings of 1809 , 1830–1831 and 1863–1864 were fought in Podolia. As to the Jewish community in Podolia, the Haskalah or Jewish Enlightenment reached it in the 19th century, introduced by Jews from Western Europe. Says I A. Bar-Levy (Weissman), author of

1944-676: The Bolsheviks on a smaller scale. However, in June 1919, the Red Army command ceased to treat the Otaman as a serious threat, as only 3,000 remained under his command. That same month, Nestor Makhno met with Hryhoriv, proposing a joint fight against both the Reds and the Whites. Both commanders decided to join forces, but their agreement quickly broke down. Hryhoriv considered moving to the side of White movement and submitting to Anton Denikin , which

2016-491: The Bolsheviks; these forces took control of Katerynoslav and let Hryhoriv's troops into the city. The local Cheka's outpost and the prison were defeated, and the rebels also carried out a pogrom. It was only on 15 May that Hryhoriv's troops were forced out of Katerynoslav by a group of troops under the command of Alexander Parkhomenko  [ ru ] , who ordered the shooting of every tenth captured rebel, and threw several thousand participants in prison. They managed to raise

2088-594: The Dniester and the Southern Bug , which serve as important trade channels. Podolia is known for its cherries, mulberries, melons, gourds, and cucumbers. The region has a rich history, dating back to the Neolithic period, with various tribes and civilizations occupying it over time. It became part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , the Golden Horde , the Kingdom of Poland , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ,

2160-649: The Haskalah in Podolia included: the forerunner Isaac Satanow (1733–1805), Menachim Mendel Lapin, author and translator, Ben-Ami (Mordecai Rabinowitz), who wrote in Russian, and many others. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary following World War I in November 1918, western Podolia was included in the West Ukrainian People's Republic , but came under Polish control in 1919 which was confirmed in

2232-608: The Jewish inhabitants were subjected to mass extermination by shooting in a German campaign carried out by four Einsatzgruppen ("operational groups") specially organized for the purpose. Reliable estimates including German, Soviet, and local records indicate that upwards of 1.6 million, perhaps as many as 2 million, Jews were murdered in this fashion. Most were buried in mass graves, but there were also instances of communities being forced en masse into community buildings or synagogues that were then burnt, or herded into local mines that were subsequently dynamited. The Germans operated

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2304-508: The Moscow Reserve Artillery Brigade and its leading military personnel. Officially Innokentiy Kozhevnikov became the commander of the army group, but the major work in organizing the army group was conducted by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko . By January 1919 he managed also to recruit several formations of border guards, two Cheka and two food regiments as well as several armored trains from Moscow . The army group

2376-458: The Otaman had rebelled against the government of the Ukrainian SSR. On this and the next day, Hryhoriv published a Universal , in which he proclaimed: "Ukrainian people, take power into your own hands. Let there be no dictatorship, neither of the person nor of the party. Long live the dictatorship of the working people ... Long live the power of the Councils of the people of Ukraine... "We ask

2448-730: The Poland– Ukrainian People's Republic agreement in April 1920. Podolia was briefly occupied in 1920 by Soviets during the course of the Polish–Soviet War . At same war, Poland briefly occupied eastern Podolia in 1919 and again in 1920. After the Peace of Riga the Polish control of western Podolia was recognized by the USSR. USSR retained eastern Podalia. There were pogroms during this period. In Poland from 1921 to 1939, western Podolia

2520-410: The Red Army. Seeing an ambitious adventurer in the otaman, the commander-in-chief of the Ukrainian Front entrusted him with the prestigious mission of the march to Bessarabia , convincing him that winning victories over the Romanians would allow him to contribute to spreading the revolution in Europe and ensure him enormous personal fame. On 23 April, Hryhoriv agreed to carry out these orders. After

2592-447: The Stalag 310, Stalag 329, Stalag 349 and Stalag 355 prisoner-of-war camps in Podolia. In 1944 the Soviets re-occupied Podolia and in 1945, when Poland's eastern border was formally realigned along the Curzon line , the whole of Podolia remained in the Ukrainian and Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republics. Most remaining Poles and Jews fled or were expelled to the People's Republic of Poland . The Podillia's folk icon-painting tradition

2664-428: The Ukrainian forces an ultimatum to leave the city. On January 3, 1919, the Red Army occupied Kharkiv . The next day, the Army Group of Kursk Direction was reformed into the Ukrainian Front. In November 1918 the White Russian Volunteer Army was in a strong position after it successfully secured the territory of Northern Caucasus and Kuban, as well as being supported by the Allied landings in Southern Ukraine. After

2736-491: The Vinnytsya Art Museum and the Museum of Ukrainian Home Icons in Radomysl Castle . The name derives from Proto-Slavic po 'by, next to, along' and dolъ 'valley, lowland' (cf. English dale , German Tal ). The area is part of the vast East European Plain , confined by the Dniester River and the Carpathian arc in the southwest. It comprises an area of about 40,000 km (15,000 sq mi), extending for 320 km (200 mi) from northwest to southeast on

2808-497: The area conquered by Hryhoriv's supporters. The uprising was suppressed at the end of May 1919 by units of the Red Army under the command of Kliment Voroshilov , Alexander Parkhomenko  [ ru ] and Pavel Dybenko ; peasant units in the face of clashes with larger regular forces dispersed, surrendered or defected. On 22 May, the Red Army seized the center of the rebellion - Oleksandriia , and on 26–31 May, it again seized Mykolaiv, Ochakiv and Kherson. Hryhoriv, who hid from

2880-406: The attack on Tiraspol . On the way, Hryhoriv's soldiers committed a series of antisemitic pogroms and generalised looting . At the end of April 1919, Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko made an attempt to reach an agreement with Hryhoriv, who commanded the largest grouping of troops on the front and whose attitude essentially determined the success of further plans, including the concept of a march against

2952-409: The authorities of the Ukrainian SSR and the command of the Ukrainian Front about his loyalty. On 29 April, Antonov-Ovseenko, alerted by reports of attacks on communists in the places where Hryhoriv's soldiers were stationed, went again to Oleksandriia, returning from another inspection at Nestor Makhno 's headquarters of Huliaipole . Upon leaving, the commander of the Ukrainian Front still believed that

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3024-465: The control of Hryhoriv as an "independent Soviet republic". In order to prevent a similar development in Odesa, where Hryhoriv's supporters had already begun to mobilize, Nikolai Khudiakov  [ ru ] and Yefim Shchadenko declared a state of emergency in the city, preventing the anti-Bolshevik outburst. On 16 May, the participants of the uprising took control of Cherkasy , where for several days they carried out antisemitic pogroms. On 20 May,

3096-512: The division was subordinate to the Southern Group of the Ukrainian People's Army , but in fact the control of the UPA over it was only partial. In January 1919, when the Red Army invaded Ukraine , Hryhoriv decided that the Directorate was doomed and decided to go over to the side of the victorious Bolsheviks . The second reason that prompted him to switch front was that Symon Petliura did not allow him to attack Allied Intervention Forces landing in Odesa . On 2 February 1919, Hryhoriv recognized

3168-477: The eastern half of Galicia , beyond the Seret River , a tributary of the Dniester. In the northwest, it borders on Volhynia . It is largely made up of the present-day Ukrainian Vinnytsia Oblast and southern and central Khmelnytskyi Oblast . The Podolian lands also include parts of the adjacent Ternopil Oblast in the west and Kyiv Oblast in the northeast. In the east it consists of the neighbouring parts of Cherkasy , Kirovohrad and Odesa Oblasts , as well as

3240-470: The formation of the Ukrainian Front on January 4, 1919, the Ukrainian Revolutionary Military Council consisted of Antonov, Kotsiubynsky, and Shchadenko. On January 13, 1919, as part of the Front the Army Group of Kharkiv Direction was created, which was based on the 2nd Ukrainian Soviet Division . On January 24, 1919, the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs was created as part of the Provisional Workers-Peasants Government of Ukraine , which on January 28

3312-400: The left bank of the Dniester. In the same direction run two ranges of relatively low hills, separated by the Southern Bug . The Podolian Upland , an elongated, up to 472 ft (144 m) high plateau stretches from the Western and Southern Bug rivers to the Dniester, and includes mountainous regions with canyon -like fluvial valleys. Podolia lies east of historic Red Ruthenia , i.e.

3384-458: The local Bolsheviks had already taken power from the hands of retreating German troops, and finally, on 6 April 1919, he entered Odesa, abandoned the day before by the French intervention forces. Bolshevik party activists were directed to the areas of the Mykolaiv, Kherson and Odesa under the control of Hryhoriv, in order to organize the power structures, conscript people into the Red Army and requisition food . These actions met with resistance from

3456-464: The local population. The Bolshevik policy of war communism was also criticized by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko , the commander of the Red Army's Ukrainian Front , who predicted a general revolt against the Ukrainian Soviet government . Simultaneously, after the conquest of Odesa, Hryhoriv dismissed his troops for a three-week "rest", allowing the soldiers to return to their places of origin, instead of supporting Nikolai Khudiakov  [ ru ] in

3528-541: The northern half of Transnistria . Two large rivers, with numerous tributaries, drain the region: the Dniester, which forms its boundary with Moldova and is navigable throughout its length, and the Southern Bug, which flows almost parallel to the former in a higher, sometimes swampy, valley, interrupted in several places by rapids. The Dniester forms an important channel for trade in the areas of Mohyliv-Podilskyi , Zhvanets , and other Podolian river ports. In Podolia, 'black earth' ( chernozem ) soil predominates, making it

3600-426: The occupation of Odesa and the acquisition of new volunteers, Hryhoriv's peasant division was transformed into the 6th Ukrainian Soviet Division. The Otaman had 15,000 infantry, three cavalry squadrons and 44 guns under his command. In addition, he took 30,000 rifles from the city, and in total he obtained a further 300 machine guns and 40 guns in the course of the battles. Thus, he had at his disposal greater forces than

3672-417: The pursuit with the rest of his supporters and reached the area controlled by Nestor Makhno 's Revolutionary Insurgent Army , announced his joining the Makhnovist movement . In fact, however, he maintained contacts with Anton Denikin 's White movement and considered recognizing his sovereignty, for which he was shot by Makhno. His troops joined with the Makhnovist forces. Hryhoriv's uprising disintegrated

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3744-403: The rebellion could be prevented, although he was concerned about the nervous behavior of the otaman. At the same time, in the Kherson Governorate , where Hryhoriv's soldiers were stationed, mass peasant riots began against forced food requisitions and repression by Cheka . On 7 May, Bolshevik commissars in Yelysavethrad and at Hryhoriv's staff informed Kyiv and Odesa party organizations that

3816-465: The rebels seized Mykolaiv, where soldiers and sailors under the command of sailors Yevgrakov and Proskurenko drove the Bolsheviks out of the city, destroyed the Cheka's outpost and let Hryhoriv's troops into the city. On 20 May, Hryhoriv also controlled Bratslav and Vinnytsia for one day. Moreover, he gained some support in Podolia , where the fight against the Bolsheviks was undertaken by others, inspired by his uprising. On 12 May, Kliment Voroshilov

3888-406: The rebels. Anatoly Skachko  [ ru ] , commanding the Bolshevik forces in Katerynoslav, panicked at the news of the coming rebels and, contrary to Antonov-Ovseenko's orders, did not even attempt to defend the city. On 12 May, in the city itself, the cavalry unit of the anarchist Artem Maksiuta  [ ru ] and the Black Sea regiment commanded by the sailor Orlov rebelled against

3960-729: The red command. On 19 May, a group of troops under the command of P. Yegorov defeated supporters of the Otaman at Kremenchuk , and the Dnieper war flotilla finally left Cherkasy. At the end of the month, Hryhoriv's main force was defeated at Kamianka . On 22 May, the Red Army seized the center of his movement - Oleksandriia , a day later Znamianka, and between 26 and 31 May, it retook Mykolaiv , Ochakiv and Kherson . In Kherson, Hryhoriv's close associates, Horbenko and Maslenko, were captured and shot. Hryhoriv's supporters held Boryslav , Kakhovka , Nikopol in their hands for some time, attacking military transports going to Crimea and making raids towards Oleksandriia. Other Otamans continued to fight

4032-485: The region and suppressed the unrest, causing around 4000 deaths, according to US correspondents sent to report about the insurrection, which was at the time completely denied by the Kremlin official press. In 1939 after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union and the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the area became part of Soviet Ukraine. Many local inhabitants were deported to labour camps . In January 1940,

4104-419: The region to the Soviet state, and then intervene in Hungary and extend the communist revolution to Romania. Ukrainian Front (1919) The army group was primarily based on two insurgent divisions that were created on September 22, 1918, by the order #6 of All-Ukrainian Central Military Revolutionary Committee and were part of the Red Army Reserve Front at the Oryol Military District . The reserve front

4176-490: The rest , with the admission of representatives of all parties and non-party members that supported the concept of Soviet power. In a telegraph conversation with Antonov-Ovseenko himself, he declared that he identified himself with the Borotbists . In Yelysavethrad, Hryhoriv disarmed a Bolshevik unit and destroyed the premises of Communist Party of Ukraine . He then directed some of his troops to Katerynoslav , Mykolaiv and Kherson , attacking multiple targets simultaneously. In

4248-427: The same meaning as Ponizie, and in 1366 western Podolia with Kamieniec Podolski passed under Polish sovereignty. In 1375, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamianets-Podilskyi was founded. Polish colonisation began in the 14th century. After the death of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas in 1430, Podolia was incorporated into Podolian Voivodeship of the Kingdom of Poland , with the exception of its eastern part,

4320-405: The sovereignty of the Red Army command in Ukraine. That month, the troops he commanded, under the name of the 1st Zadneprovsk Brigade , displaced the forces loyal to the Directorate from Kryvyi Rih , Znamianka , Bobrinskaya and Yelysavethrad , forcing them to depart to Podolia and Volhynia . Then, in early March 1919, Hryhoriv ousted the Allies from Kherson , then entered Mykolaiv , where

4392-430: The traditional capital, Vinnytsia , Khmelnytskyi , Rîbnița , Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Haisyn , Balta , Bar , Camenca , Yampil , Bratslav , and Letychiv . Podolia is known for its cherries , mulberries , melons , gourds , and cucumbers . The region has had human inhabitants since at least the beginning of the Neolithic period. Herodotus mentions it as the seat of the Graeco - Scythian Alazones and possibly

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4464-418: The withdrawal of the German forces from the borders, the 2nd Insurgent Division occupied Belgorod on December 21, 1918, and started to advance on Kharkiv . On December 28–30, 1918, the Ukrainian People's Army managed to halt their advance near Grayvoron and Kozacha Lopan . On January 2, 1919, Bolsheviks organized an uprising in Kharkiv . The local council of German soldiers supported the uprising and gave

4536-558: Was abolished on June 15, 1919. Commander Members of the Revolutionary Military Council Chief of staff Podolia Podolia or Podillia is a historic region in Eastern Europe , located in the west-central and south-western parts of Ukraine and in northeastern Moldova (i.e. northern Transnistria ). Podolia is bordered by the Dniester River and the Eastern Bug River. Covering an area of 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), it features an elongated plateau and fertile agricultural land. Its main rivers are

4608-449: Was also joined by a number of international volunteer formations from Kazan and Oryol , the 1st Moscow Communist Squad , the Yashvili Company and Armenian Company, all of which accounted for some 1,000 of bayonets . The chairman of the Russian Revolutionary Military Council Leon Trotsky ordered on December 14, 1918, a mass recruitment of ethnic Ukrainians. On November 28, 1918, the All-Ukrainian Central Military Revolutionary Committee

4680-409: Was appointed responsible for suppressing anti-Bolshevik protests in Left-Bank Ukraine . He was authorized by Antonov-Ovseenko to act on his own, without waiting for orders from the government of the Ukrainian SSR. Regardless of this, Antonov-Ovseenko ordered all groups of the Ukrainian Front to move against Hryhoriv, so that his forces were surrounded: Nikolai Khudiakov  [ ru ] from Odesa

4752-416: Was directed towards Znamianka and Yelysavethrad , the 2nd division of the 1st Ukrainian Army of Lengenovski entered Cherkasy , and Pavel Dybenko was supported from the south by the troops of Alexander Parkhomenko  [ ru ] that were operating in the regions of Poltava and Katerynoslav . After the first clashes with the Red Army, Hryhoriv's troops began to surrender, disperse or return to

4824-425: Was divided into the sanjaks of Kamaniçe, Bar , Mejibuji and Yazlovets (Yazlofça). It returned to Poland in 1699 with the Treaty of Karlowitz . The region was the site of two notorious massacres, the Batoh massacre of 1652, in which several thousand Poles were murdered by the Cossacks, and the Massacre of Uman of 1768, in which several thousand Poles, Jews and Uniates were murdered by haidamaks . In 1768,

4896-409: Was impressed by the fertility of the soil, and was optimistic about its future prospects. Poland disappeared as a state in a third partition in 1795 but the Polish gentry continued to maintain local control in both eastern and western Podolia over a peasant population which was primarily ethnically Ukrainian whose similarity to the other East Slavs already subject to the Habsburg monarchy was showcased in

4968-528: Was originally commissioned under Commandarm Vasily Glagolev and members of revolutionary military council Viyshnevetsky and Zusmanovich. On November 17, 1918, the Revolutionary Military Council consisting of Stalin , Yuri Pyatakov , Volodymyr Zatonsky , and Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko established the Army Group of Kursk Direction . The name was chosen by the newly appointed commander-in-chief of all Armed Forces of Republic Jukums Vācietis (since September 1, 1918). The 1st Ukrainian Insurgent Division and

5040-436: Was part of the Tarnopol Voivodeship . Eastern Podolia remained in the Ukrainian SSR and between 1922 and 1940, in the southwestern part, the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created. In 1927 there was a massive uprising of peasants and factory workers in Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Kamianets-Podilskyi , Tiraspol and other cities of southern Ukrainian SSR against Soviet authorities. Troops from Moscow were sent to

5112-407: Was renamed into the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . On February 18, 1919, the Army Group of Kiev Direction was created, which was based on the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division . In mid-February within the Army Group of Kharkiv Direction, there was a special group created, called the Army Group of Donetsk Direction which on March 5, 1919 was reorganized into

5184-970: Was transformed into the Provisional Workers-Peasants Government of Ukraine . On November 30, 1918 Vacietis was informed that the Ukrainian Revolutionary Military Council included Antonov, Sergeyev, and Zatonsky. By the end of December 1918 the army group successfully occupied the Chernigov Governorate and portions of the Kharkov Governorate . On December 13, 1918, the 1st Insurgency Division took Klintsy and on December 25 - Novozybkov and Novhorod-Siversky . It met some resistance on December 25, 1918 near Hlukhiv and Shostka . Another of its groups took Vovchansk and Kupiansk on December 19, 1918. After

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