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112-597: Huaraz ( [waˈɾas] ) (from Quechua : Waraq or Warash , " dawn "), formerly designated as San Sebastián de Huaraz , is a city in Peru . It is the capital of the Ancash Region (State of Ancash) and the seat of government of Huaraz Province . The urban area's population is distributed over the districts of Huaraz and Independencia. The city is located in the middle of the Callejon de Huaylas valley and on

224-539: A conurbation with Nuevo Chimbote District to the south. Between these districts, the Humedales de Villa María, a swamp , is home to a local species of heron , along with many species of frogs and fish. The swamp is formed by the Lacramarca River . To the south of the city, there are many beaches, such as Vesique , Los Chimús , Tortugas , Caleta Colorada and el Dorado . Also located near Chimbote

336-523: A railway for coal and iron mines on the interior and a railway for the river valley by transporting rice , cotton , sugarcane , and bananas . El Chimbador Bus Terminal is Chimbote's primary ground transportation facility. The bus terminal is located outside of the city. It has become a vital connection for the region's workers, travelers and visitors, serving nearly 6,000 passengers a day. Currently there are 30 bus carriers offering services for national and international travel. The port of Chimbote

448-482: A Spanish-indigenous reducción. During the wars for the independence of Peru, the whole city supported the Liberating Army with food and guns, earning the city the title of "Noble and Generous City" granted by Simón Bolívar . In 1970, 95% of the city was destroyed by an earthquake that damaged much of Ancash Region. 25,000 people died. The city received much foreign assistance from many countries. For this reason

560-613: A capacity for 20,000 people. The most representative soccer team in the city is Sport Ancash, the only Huaraz team to participate in Peruvian first division soccer league from 2005 to 2009. Huaraz is connected to the Pacific coast by three highways. One goes generally westward, another goes south then west, and the other goes north then west. All three roads go from the Andes down into the desert coastal region. The westward route rises into

672-1048: A fourth, a northern or Peruvian branch. The latter causes complications in the classification, however, as various dialects (e.g. Cajamarca–Cañaris , Pacaraos , and Yauyos ) have features of both Quechua I and Quechua II, and so are difficult to assign to either. Torero classifies them as the following: Willem Adelaar adheres to the Quechua I / Quechua II (central/peripheral) bifurcation. But, partially following later modifications by Torero, he reassigns part of Quechua II-A to Quechua I: Ancash (Huaylas–Conchucos) Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga Yaru Wanka (Jauja–Huanca) Yauyos–Chincha (Huangáscar–Topará) Pacaraos Lambayeque (Cañaris) Cajamarca Lincha Laraos Kichwa ("Ecuadorian" or Highlands and Oriente) Chachapoyas (Amazonas) Lamas (San Martín) Ayacucho Cusco Puno (Collao) Northern Bolivian (Apolo) Southern Bolivia Santiago del Estero Landerman (1991) does not believe

784-530: A grid plan. The main square used to be wide and was signed at downtown, it was surrounded by the Big Cathedral, the city hall, the jail, the governor in colonial times established his residence in Huaraz, for that reason the city was elevated to the category of region capital. Of the quiet, silent, old city with big mansions made of mud and gabled-roofs with narrow streets, only José Olaya street remains. It

896-399: A localized tremor (earthquake). Within a few minutes the stream bed was filled with an avalanche of water, mud, boulders, and associated debris whose crest by the time it reached the city may have exceeded 15 meters height above the stream bed. In as few as four minutes after the dam burst the avalanche obliterated and covered the city's most modern suburb and destroyed most of the north half of

1008-637: A monument or fortress of the Inca to commemorate winning a “certain battle” and the other stating that it dates to far ancient times. Cieza refers to Pumacayan as a "large fortress" because it featured imposing walls that enclosed the buildings and considered it to be one of the most impressive complexes in Peru. However, almost all the constructions within Pumacayan were eventually dismantled for building materials in later centuries. Excavations conducted in 2003 suggest

1120-409: A panoramic view of Chimbote's bay from the top of this mountain. Tourists can also visit Isla Blanca Boulevard, which has many beautiful marble sculptures and fountains. From Chimbote, some short tourist circuits can be taken: The city is known for its ceviche , a popular Peruvian dish whose ingredients include white fish , octopus , seashell , squid , crab , and red hot pepper . Literature

1232-621: A population of 425,367, it is the capital of both Santa Province and Chimbote District . The city is located on the coast in Ferrol Bay , 130 km south of Trujillo and 420 kilometers (260 mi) north of Lima on the North Pan-American highway . It is the start of a chain of important cities on the Peruvian north coast like Trujillo , Chiclayo and Piura . The advantages of this geographic location made Chimbote into

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1344-547: A reference point, the overall degree of diversity across the family is a little less than that of the Romance or Germanic families, and more of the order of Slavic or Arabic . The greatest diversity is within Central Quechua, or Quechua I, which is believed to lie close to the homeland of the ancestral Proto-Quechua language. Alfredo Torero devised the traditional classification, the three divisions above, plus

1456-591: A significant influence on other native languages of the Americas, such as Mapuche . It is difficult to measure the number of Quechua speakers. The number of speakers given varies widely according to the sources. The total in Ethnologue 16 is 10 million, primarily based on figures published 1987–2002, but with a few dating from the 1960s. The figure for Imbabura Highland Quechua in Ethnologue , for example,

1568-463: A small expeditionary party, to Pachacamac and back to collect part of Atahualpa 's ransom, sponsored by the captive Inca himself. During the journey, Hernando provided the first description of the precolonial city of Huaraz, and he also noted the fertile green soil of the Callejón de Huaylas , along with its significant livestock in the highlands and the prosperous towns and villages. "The next day,

1680-666: A transshipment junction for the Santa River valley . The Quechuan languages corresponds to the journalists José Gutiérrez and Demetrio Ramos, who in Chimbote through history (1969) refer to the verb chimbar, a Quechuism originating from "chimba", without delving into the process of formation of the word. According to the American linguist Gary Parker (1976), tsimpay means 'to cross a river' in Ancashino Quechua, and

1792-587: A tropical desert, and is classified as a desert climate . On average, the warmest month is February with temperatures a little over 26 °C (79 °F). September is considered the average coolest month, at around 13 °C (55 °F). The annual average temperature is around 20 °C (68 °F). The city gets little to no precipitation; however, thick fog predominates through the months of May to November, usually overnight. Rainfall usually comes in February. A large number of people migrated to Chimbote in

1904-486: A true genetic classification is possible and divides Quechua II so that the family has four geographical–typological branches: Northern, North Peruvian, Central, and Southern. He includes Chachapoyas and Lamas in North Peruvian Quechua so Ecuadorian is synonymous with Northern Quechua. Quechua I (Central Quechua, Waywash ) is spoken in Peru's central highlands, from the Ancash Region to Huancayo . It

2016-415: A warm moderated weather of tropical mountain. It is sunny and dry during the morning and cold past the evening, with temperatures between 11 and 17 °C and maximum temperatures that can exceed 21 °C. During the rainy season, from December to March, rainfall can be between 500 mm and 1000 mm. The dry season, spanning from April to November, is also known as "Andean summer". Human presence in

2128-459: Is 300,000, an estimate from 1977. The missionary organization FEDEPI, on the other hand, estimated one million Imbabura dialect speakers (published 2006). Census figures are also problematic, due to under-reporting. The 2001 Ecuador census reports only 500,000 Quechua speakers, compared to the estimate in most linguistic sources of more than 2 million. The censuses of Peru (2007) and Bolivia (2001) are thought to be more reliable. Additionally, there

2240-713: Is a secondary division in Quechua II between the grammatically simplified northern varieties of Ecuador, Quechua II-B, known there as Kichwa , and the generally more conservative varieties of the southern highlands, Quechua II-C, which include the old Inca capital of Cusco . The closeness is at least in part because of the influence of Cusco Quechua on the Ecuadorean varieties in the Inca Empire. Because Northern nobles were required to educate their children in Cusco, this

2352-538: Is along a westward flowing creek that empties into the Santa River. The creek, whose watershed is the westward facing nearby foothills and slopes of the Cordillera Blanca, has twice since 1940 been the channel of devastating earthquake-precipitated floods (see below). The most recent devastating flood and avalanche along this creek bed was a result of the 1970 earthquake. The avalanche of 1941 had filled

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2464-455: Is an unknown number of speakers in emigrant communities. There are significant differences among the varieties of Quechua spoken in the central Peruvian highlands and the peripheral varieties of Ecuador, as well as those of southern Peru and Bolivia. They can be labeled Quechua I (or Quechua B, central) and Quechua II (or Quechua A, peripheral). Within the two groups, there are few sharp boundaries, making them dialect continua . However, there

2576-537: Is composed of two districts, Huaraz and Independencia. These are also divided into neighborhoods and settlements, and they also are divided in two or more parts. the majority of neighborhoods are located in Huaraz District, especially the traditional areas like La Soledad, Belén, Huarupampa and San Francisco, that are surrounding the downtown, and its residents are in 60% the traditional citizens of Huaraz. This neighbourhoods, are in great part from middle class. On

2688-439: Is dedicated to commerce and is service-oriented. Since the 1990s, have been increasing the number of small and medium companies, as a result, of the economical crisis and in order to survive the index of unemployment. Is important to notice that the laboral force of the small managements which impulse other activities as tourism and handicrafts industry. Moreover, Huaraz have ever been the center of business, commerce, and finances in

2800-724: Is divided between the districts of Chimbote and Nuevo Chimbote . It is the headquarters of the provincial government and the Superior Court of Justice of the Judicial District of Santa, as well as the Costa Health Directorate, created in January 2005. Chimbote is surrounded by two natural bays, the Bay of Chimbote (or Ferrol) and the Bay of Samanco, both with excellent harbor conditions. Chimbote forms

2912-650: Is the Isla Blanca ( white isle , in English), which takes its name from the white color of the ground. Isla Blanca measures approximately 3,200 meters (10,500 ft) in length and 920 meters (3,020 ft) in width, and reaches 204 meters (669 ft) above sea level. Located next to the city is the Cerro de la Juventud (Mountain of Youth), also called Cerro de la Paz (Mountain of Peace). Since 1985, this tourist attraction attracts hundreds annually. Visitors appreciate

3024-627: Is the Santa, which crosses the city from south to north, and also the Qillqay river that crosses the urban area from east to west, flowing to the Santa river. The territory surrounding Huaraz is heterogeneous, mountainous and rough; because of that its slopes have gradients varying between 2% and 25% in the central zone and 15% and 45% in the outskirts. Huaraz in its beginning had an architecture composed of circular houses, after that, they were demolished in order to build square houses and narrow streets on

3136-568: Is the first steel company in Peru. Produces and markets high quality steel products, intended for the construction, mining and industrial sectors; both in the local and foreign markets. It has been part of Gerdau since 2006, a leader in the production of long steel on the American Continent. Chimbote also has beaches that support tourism. Shortly after the fish canning industry declined, the industrialization of anchoveta fishing peaked. This attracted people from all over Peru, due to

3248-608: Is the largest population center in the agriculturally important Callejón de Huaylas valley. The Callejón (in Spanish roughly meaning large valley or corridor) is a north–south valley bounded on the east by the Cordillera Blanca (permanent white snowcaps and glaciers) and on the west by the Cordillera Negra (no permanent snowcapped peaks or glaciers, hence black ). The Cordillera Blanca includes Huascarán ,

3360-470: Is the main sport practiced in Chimbote. Like in the rest of the country, Chimbotan football is represented by the historic José Gálvez FBC and its classic rival Unión Juventud , which are considered among the most popular teams in the Peruvian North and are the most traditional and popular clubs for the “chimbotana” fans. Chimbote's largest stadium is Estadio Manuel Rivera Sánchez , which is one of

3472-487: Is the most developed of the arts in Chimbote. The port has undoubtedly become the cultural epicenter of the country's interior, with a notable bibliographic production and outstanding authors who have won important awards in the genres they cultivate. For example, some buttons: In 2008 the narrator Fernando Cueto won second place in the National Political Novel Prize; the poet Denisse Vega received

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3584-414: Is the most diverse branch of Quechua, to the extent that its divisions are commonly considered different languages. Quechua II (Peripheral Quechua, Wamp'una "Traveler") This is a sampling of words in several Quechuan languages: Chimbote Chimbote [tʃimˈbote] ; Quechua : Chimputi ) is the largest city in the Ancash Region and the 10th largest city in Peru . With

3696-579: Is thought that the same ethnic group populated these lands, the Maya, but the aborigines were later dispersed and decimated when the Conquest of America occurred. It is in the book Introduction and description of the provinces belonging to the Archbishopric of Lima of 1774, written by Cosme Bueno, that the name of Chimbote appears for the first time in an official document. The reference tells […] that

3808-506: Is very abundant in the city, due to its proximity to the Pacific Ocean and surplus of fish. Seafood is the most popular food category in Chimbote. Another popular dish is spicy guinea pig, or in folk dance, marinera is as popular as huaino and other arts. Chimbote has two important celebrations during the year: Holy Week and The Festivity of San Pedrito of Chimbote (also called Chimbote's Civic Anniversary ). Association football

3920-768: The Chavín and Wari civilizations. Quechua had already expanded across wide ranges of the central Andes long before the expansion of the Inca Empire . The Inca were one among many peoples in present-day Peru who already spoke a form of Quechua, which in the Cuzco region particularly has been heavily influenced by Aymara , hence some of the characteristics that still distinguish the Cuzco form of Quechua today. Diverse Quechua regional dialects and languages had already developed in different areas, influenced by local languages, before

4032-553: The Comandante FAP Germán Arias Graziani Airport located in the village of Anta; the airfield serves small planes from the two largest mining companies in the region. In the city, prairies, forests and snow peaks can be seen from the urban center. But inside Huaraz, there are some tourist sites to visit. At La Soledad, there is the Lord of Soledad Chapel, which contains crucified Christ, that

4144-483: The Cordillera Negra , crests at about 4000 m (ca. 13,100 ft), then winds downward in altitude to the coastal city of Casma on the Pan American Highway. (Casma is the largest population center between the cities of Lima and Chimbote .) The southward route from Huaraz goes about 40 km toward the town of Recuay, where it turns west. It rises to about 4,300 m (ca. 14,000 ft) where it crests

4256-812: The Diocese of Chimbote created the Social Welfare Commission, to organize diverse popular dining places in conjunction with UNICEF . Since the 1960s, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh has served the poor at the Chimbote Mission, raising funds through the Chimbote Foundation. Chimbote is the capital of the province of Santa, a subdivision of the Department of Ancash . Its metropolitan area

4368-475: The Huascarán National Park , also known as the biggest glacier in the tropics, and other historical sites as Chavín de Huantar . Soccer is one of the most played sports in the city. There are many soccer fields in the city, located in the various neighbourhoods. Basketball and volleyball are also played, especially popular among women. Adventure sports and mountaineering are also popular in

4480-543: The University of San Marcos , completed and defended the first thesis in the language group in 2019; it concerned the works of poet Andrés Alencastre Gutiérrez and it was also the first non-Spanish native language thesis done at that university. Currently, there are different initiatives that promote Quechua in the Andes and across the world: many universities offer Quechua classes, a community-based organization such as Elva Ambía 's Quechua Collective of New York promote

4592-620: The railroad , made improvements to the port , and began work on a hydroelectric power station on the Río Santa (in the Cañón del Pato [Duck Canyon] in Huallanca ). The first stage of the power station was inaugurated in 1958; also that year, an iron and steel plant was built. By 1943, the first companies dedicated to the extraction of liver from the Pacific bonito fish arrived. This liver

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4704-434: The 1941 avalanche deposit within the at-risk creek valley. Within its duration of 45 seconds, virtually every structure of consequence in the city's center was destroyed. A few minutes later, the north half of the city, particularly in the creek valley, was obliterated by an avalanche of icy mud carrying boulders and other debris. As many as 20,000 people were killed within the city; there were reported only 91 survivors within

4816-445: The 1941 avalanche. Giant boulders lay about, some protruding as many as four meters above the 1965 creek bed level. Many boulders from the 1941 avalanche were strewn down to the confluence of the creek with the Santa River. Huaraz area residents who remembered the disaster of 1941 said in 1965 that the river itself was diverted by avalanche debris for some days until eroded away and carried downstream (northward), and there were boulders on

4928-486: The 1970s, the El Niño climate pattern, an earthquake , and overfishing drastically affected the fishing industry, and restrictions were imposed to ensure its survival. More than 75 percent of Peru's fishing industry is based in Chimbote. Chimbote is the largest fishing port in the world. Chimbote has more than 30 fish factories. One of the companies in Chimbote that stands out the most is the steel company SIDERPERU , it

5040-589: The Americas. As a result of Inca expansion into Central Chile , there were bilingual Quechua- Mapudungu Mapuche in Central Chile at the time of the Spanish arrival . It has been argued that Mapuche, Quechua, and Spanish coexisted in Central Chile , with significant bilingualism, during the 17th century. Alongside Mapudungun, Quechua is the indigenous language that has influenced Chilean Spanish

5152-614: The Callejón area to Spain. Hundreds of the native Quechua-speakers by the 1570s were laboring in the mines. As in other areas of Spanish settlement in the Andean countries most agricultural works such as native irrigation canals and terraces were appropriated or destroyed by the colonial administrators. The Spaniards did not call their tactics slavery , though in fact the effects were the same. Disappearances and unexplained deaths were common for resistors. The entire population of some villages

5264-539: The Callejón de Huaylas and the Andean part of Ancash, as if the city is the main supplier industry of farming products in the Region. Despite tourism always was the main economic activity, for that reason Huaraz is one of the main tourist destinations of Peru, receiving every year 200,000 visitors between Peruvian and foreigners. Huaraz as main city of the region, has the majority of tourist services like good-quality hotels, restaurants, and pubs. Visitors are expected to visit

5376-536: The Callejón, running north to the valley's north end. There it rushes downward through the narrow Cañón del Pato ( Duck Canyon ), turns westward at the town of Huallanca , and continues to the coast where it enters the Pacific Ocean south of the city of Chimbote . The Santa River is the traditional western boundary of Huaraz, although part of the city's population has lived on the west bank there for as long as two centuries. The nominal north boundary of Huaraz

5488-549: The Canadian company Barrick Gold Corporation. Industry is composed of medium and small companies dedicated to food industry, as the elaboration of soft drinks, beer, cheeses and milk derivates, and this activity occupies a 13% of the economically active population. Also exist companies dedicated to the building and housing industry. Those kind of companies are spread by different parts of the metropolitan area and Callejón de Huaylas basin. Fifty percent of economical active population

5600-556: The Inca Empire expanded and further promoted Quechua as the official language of the Empire. After the Spanish conquest of Peru in the 16th century, Quechua continued to be used widely by the indigenous peoples as the "common language." It was officially recognized by the Spanish administration, and many Spaniards learned it in order to communicate with local peoples. The clergy of the Catholic Church adopted Quechua to use as

5712-474: The Latin American nations achieved independence in the 19th century, the prestige of Quechua had decreased sharply. Gradually its use declined so that it was spoken mostly by indigenous people in the more isolated and conservative rural areas. Nevertheless, in the 21st century, Quechua language speakers number roughly 7 million people across South America, more than any other indigenous language family in

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5824-708: The Lynch expedition, an episode of the War of the Pacific , Chimbote was occupied by the Chilean Army , the Cambio Puente hacienda. As in the other occupations, the owner, Dionisio Derteano, was required to pay a fee so that the looting would not take place, but this was impossible, because in addition to demanding a very high amount, the Peruvian State closed the banks in order to avoid these quotas. Consequently,

5936-483: The Pierina gold mine was established in the region, attracting people from other parts of the country to settle in the city. The official language in the city is Spanish, which is spoken for the majority of Huaraz's residents. A minority of people speaks Quechua, especially in rural areas where it is more predominant. Presently, mining is the main economic activity. Since the foundation of Pierina gold mine in 1996, for

6048-735: The Technological University of Peru (UTP). The Academia Preuniversitaria "Perpetuo Socorro" and the Catholic University Los Angeles of Chimbote are located in Chimbote. The city is served by the Teniente FAP Jaime Montreuil Morales Airport , operated by CORPAC S.A. It was created in 1957 under the government of President Manuel Prado Ugarteche . There are regular flights to Lima by LC Busre . The Chimbote- Huallanca rail line, built in 1922, serves as

6160-591: The U.S. in Chimbote Bay by Peru. The deal was blocked by Chile who sent its marines to occupy Chimbote after learning of the deal to cede a naval base to the U.S. Navy. In 1940, Chimbote was still a small fishing port , with only 2,400 inhabitants in an urbanized area of 80 hectares (0.80 km ; 0.31 sq mi). In 1943, the government created the Corporación Peruana del Santa (Peruvian Corporation of Santa). This entity assumed ownership of

6272-683: The administrative nature of Pumacayan during the time of the Incas. As part of the integration efforts of the Tawantinsuyo , the Incas implemented a policy of marriages between Inca and Huaylas nobles. The daughters of the two kings of the Huaylas diarchy were given as secondary wives to the heir of the Emperor Tupac Inca Yupanqui, Huayna Capac . The ruler of Hurin Huaylas, Huacachillar Apo, gave his daughter, Añas Colque, who

6384-446: The ancient town of Huaylas and then northwestward down to the coast. The main highway goes north beside the Cañón del Pato through a dozen one-lane tunnels, precipitously descends several thousand meters by switch-backs and hairpin curves on the one-lane rocky roadway, and arrives at the town of Huallanca. Here there is a connection with the Santa Railway. The highway again splits. The most heavily traveled fork continues generally west to

6496-409: The area dates back to around 10,000 B.C., when the inhabitants were hunters and gatherers. Evidence of this is found in the Guitarreros cave across from the town of Mancos. Over time, the area underwent significant changes with the development of agriculture in the zone of Vicuas and Villaqui. During the Early Horizon epoch, the Chavín culture influenced the region and it has been proposed by that

6608-403: The captain [Hernando Pizarro] departed from that town; and through the valley, he went to dine in a large town called Guarax [Warash], with the Lord of Pumacapllai, where he and his Indians were well provided with food and people to carry the loads. This town is situated on a plain, with a river running alongside it." Francisco Pizarro , known as the Spanish conquistador of Peru, in 1538 granted

6720-419: The cathedral. Huaraz is the main financial and trade center of the Callejón de Huaylas and the main tourist destination of Ancash region. Moreover, it is one of the biggest towns in the Peruvian Andes . Huaraz is the main destinations for winter sports and adventure. Many visitors from around the world come to the city for practicing sports as climbing, hiking, mountain biking and snowboarding, and also to visit

6832-410: The ceremonial center located at Pumacayan hill had its beginnings during this period. During the Early Intermediate period, the Recuay culture emerged in the area. Following this, in the Middle Horizon , the area of Huaraz was conquered by the Wari culture , this empire built the archaeological rests of Wilcahuain and Waullac. During the Late Intermediate Period , Huaraz was an important town in

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6944-402: The city itself. The historic structures along the narrow streets, particularly the big adobe casonas (large houses) roofed with ceramic tiles, were reduced to rubble. The main square was evident by the dearth of rubble; the city was rebuilt around it. Where once stood the old casonas and their high-walled compounds now there are smaller buildings. The narrow streets had been deathtraps during

7056-415: The city of Caraz. Finally on 1857, it was split in two, giving birth to the new young province of Huaraz with its capital, the nowadays, City of Huaraz. From the beginning the Spaniards began exploiting the mineral wealth of the region. Several deposits of metal ores were discovered: silver, lead, and tin, among others. Availability of these metals for mining and smelting locally was the primary attraction of

7168-421: The city was named a capital of International Friendship. The main economic activities in the city are farming, commerce and tourism. Since Huaraz has tourist infrastructure supporting the Ancash Highlands, the city is the main point of arrival for practitioners of adventure sports and mountaineering. Along with the snowy peaks of the Cordillera Blanca, one can visit archaeological sites like Chavín de Huantar and

7280-441: The city's major buildings. Over the next few days the city was devastated by flooding from both the creek and the river and by water-borne earthquake debris. The urban area of Huaraz is located at the Santa River basin. The environment of the city is characteristic of an Andean valley. Huaraz is located in the Callejón de Huaylas valley, surrounded by the Cordillera Blanca and Cordillera Negra as its system mountains. The main river

7392-403: The city, especially among young people and tourists. Adventure sports include trekking, rock climbing, trail running and mountain biking. Small half day walks to Rataquenua viewpoint and Pukaventana hills are also common. As in all of Peru, soccer is the most popular sport in Huaraz. The Rosas Pampa Stadium is the main site for soccer tournaments like the Peruvian Soccer League. This stadium has

7504-413: The city. 4,000 died. After the 1941 disaster the old reservoir dam was repaired but not replaced. Doubts about the safety of the dam were largely responsible for abandonment of that area for redevelopment. The creek valley upstream from the city in the mid-1960s exhibited scarred inner banks several meters higher than the normal water level. The scarring caused by the avalanche was increasingly higher above

7616-431: The coast, and climatic factors such as the El Niño phenomenon. Also in the year 1970, the bitter 1970 Ancash earthquake occurred, which reduced much of the city's infrastructure and real estate to rubble, not counting the numerous deaths in Chimbote and the rest of the department; A big problem was already coming to Chimbote. The last few decades have been one of reorganization and ordering in process for Chimbote. After

7728-401: The coastal city of Chimbote where it connects with the Pan-American Highway. The other fork goes from Huallanca northward and upward into the northern Peruvian Andes. Travel by vehicle via any of the three highway routes from Huaraz to the coast generally requires seven to eight hours to either Lima or Chimbote. Huaraz's mass transit is operated by private companies authorized by city hall and

7840-480: The collapse of the fishing industry and a new strong El Niño around 1983, interests were turned to agribusiness, tourism and commerce. In recent years, efforts have been made to recover the bay and remodel several buildings and public places. Chimbote's climate is comfortable, despite being located in the tropics and in a desert. Although classified as subtropical, Chimbote's proximity to the cool Humboldt current leads to temperatures much cooler than those expected for

7952-511: The country. The major obstacle to the usage and teaching of Quechua languages is the lack of written materials, such as books, newspapers, software, and magazines. The Bible has been translated into Quechua and is distributed by certain missionary groups. Quechua, along with Aymara and minor indigenous languages, remains essentially a spoken language . In recent years, Quechua has been introduced in intercultural bilingual education (IBE) in Peru , Bolivia , and Ecuador . Even in these areas,

8064-401: The creek valley with debris, covering the new suburb on the city's north edge. The 1970 avalanche and floodwaters down this creek valley destroyed the city's north-side subdivision, which had been partially rebuilt by the late 1960s. The 1970 avalanche debris also created a temporary natural dam across the Santa River, which caused flooding throughout much of the city. The quake damaged almost all

8176-460: The dialects is the basic criterion that defines Quechua not as a single language, but as a language family. The complex and progressive nature of how speech varies across the dialect continua makes it nearly impossible to differentiate discrete varieties; Ethnologue lists 45 varieties which are then divided into two groups; Central and Peripheral. Due to the non-intelligibility between the two groups, they are all classified as separate languages. As

8288-492: The early 1970s. By that time, less than 5 percent of the people from Chimbote would truly consider themselves native; between 1960 and 1970, Chimbote's population multiplied by more than a hundred times. In 1900, the population of the port was 1,400; after 1970, it was 170,000. As of 2005, its population was 324,398. The influx of residents was closely bound to the creation of the Corporación Peruana del Santa, to

8400-407: The earthquake, the government had to demolish the damaged houses. After that, the city was planned with a modern physiognomy like wide streets and avenues with central gardens. Colonial architecture doesn't exist, it was modernized in its own Andean style of gabled roofs. The city has a modern and planned design, made for Gunther-Seminario Company. Despite that the city grows in a disorganized way. On

8512-488: The eastern highlands of Ancash, known as Conchucos. The name of the city comes from the Quechua word "Waraq", which means "sunrise". The pre-Hispanic inhabitants of the area had a god called "Waraq quyllur", which means "morning star" or the planet Venus, because it is the star that is seen at sunrise. Huaraz is in north-central Peru, about 420 km north of Lima , and at an altitude of 3,052 metres (10,013 ft). It

8624-482: The enemy looted and destroyed the harvest, the mill and everything in it. In 1871, an agreement was made with Henry Meiggs to build a railroad towards the interior of the country. Chimbote was classified as a port , even though its population remained around 1,000. The opening of the Pan-American Highway created easy access to Lima in the 1930s. In 1881, there was an attempt to cede a naval base to

8736-409: The glaciers and mountains of the Cordillera Blanca , mainly Mount Huascarán , which is considered the tallest mountain in the tropics, all of them located in Huascarán National Park which UNESCO declared a nature world heritage site in 1985. The city was founded before the Inca Empire when humans settled around the valley of the Santa River and Qillqay . Its Spanish occupation occurred in 1574 as

8848-816: The governments are reaching only a part of the Quechua-speaking populations. Some indigenous people in each of the countries are having their children study in Spanish for social advancement. Radio Nacional del Perú broadcasts news and agrarian programs in Quechua for periods in the mornings. Quechua and Spanish are now heavily intermixed in much of the Andean region, with many hundreds of Spanish loanwords in Quechua. Similarly, Quechua phrases and words are commonly used by Spanish speakers. In southern rural Bolivia, for instance, many Quechua words such as wawa (infant), misi (cat), waska (strap or thrashing), are as commonly used as their Spanish counterparts, even in entirely Spanish-speaking areas. Quechua has also had

8960-525: The high wages paid in the fishing industry at the time, fueling Chimbote's suburban growth. The strong migratory wave toward the city increased because of the serious crisis of the countryside in the 1960s, particularly in Ancash , Cajamarca and the northern part of La Libertad Region . The axis of development moved from the Pima cotton , sugarcane , and rice plantations to the large city. In addition, Chimbote

9072-507: The highest mountain in Peru at 6,768 metres (22,205 ft) and the third highest in the Western Hemisphere. Huascarán and the adjacent peak Huandoy in fair weather are clearly visible from Huaraz. The Santa River flows north through Huaraz. It is not commercially navigable but has always furnished the city with good water. The river is a rocky-bottom narrow stream of glacier-fed cold water that flows generally west of center in

9184-411: The initiative of Luis Banchero Rossi, beginning the disorderly migratory exodus due to the high demand for labor. This growth also implied the arrival of services that made the growth of the city chaotic and disproportionate to plans. The following decade would see the decline of the economy due to two factors: overfishing and environmental pollution, a product of the industry that depleted the schools of

9296-521: The kingdom of Huaylas or Wayllas prior to Inca occupation in the Late Horizon . During the reign of the ninth Inca ruler Pachacuti , the military leaders Capac Yupanqui and Tupac Inca Yupanqui waged a conquest war against the Huaylas and their allied neighbors as part of the Inca expansion efforts in the Chinchaysuyo . After the war, the kingdom was reconstituted a Inca hunu , divided into

9408-648: The language of evangelization . The oldest written records of the language are by missionary Domingo de Santo Tomás , who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540. He published his Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú (Grammar or Art of the General Language of the Indians of the Kingdoms of Peru) in 1560. Given its use by the Catholic missionaries,

9520-439: The language, and governments are training interpreters in Quechua to serve in healthcare, justice, and bureaucratic facilities. In 1975, Peru became the first country to recognize Quechua as one of its official languages. Ecuador conferred official status on the language in its 2006 constitution, and in 2009, Bolivia adopted a new constitution that recognized Quechua and several other indigenous languages as official languages of

9632-713: The largest stadiums in Peru, which a capacity of 32,000. Another stadium is Estadio Manuel Gómez Arellano , built in 2020. Currently, Chimbote has five universities. A public one, the National University of Santa - UNS; four private ones, the Universidad San Pedro (USP), the Universidad Católica Los Ángeles de Chimbote (ULADECH); and two affiliates, the Universidad César Vallejo (UCV), and one affiliate of

9744-556: The most. Quechua-Aymara and mixed Quechua-Aymara- Mapudungu toponymy can be found as far south as Osorno Province in Chile (latitude 41° S). In 2017 the first thesis defense done in Quechua in Europe was done by Peruvian Carmen Escalante Gutiérrez at Pablo de Olavide University ( Sevilla ). The same year Pablo Landeo wrote the first novel in Quechua without a Spanish translation. A Peruvian student, Roxana Quispe Collantes of

9856-553: The north coast, influenced in the past by the Moche and Chimor and later by the West through Spanish culture. During the steel and fishing boom, the great migration produced the adhesion of diverse cultural patterns from both the coast and the mountains of the country. As a result, city is known for its ceviche , a popular Peruvian dish whose ingredients include white fish , octopus , seashell , squid , crab , and red hot pepper . It

9968-428: The north side and a large part of the center of the city was destroyed in 1941 by floodwaters and avalanche debris because of a burst reservoir from Lake Palcacocha that was the city's municipal water supply. The reservoir dam was about 6 km (3.7 mi) east of the town and more than 200 meters elevation above it. The dam failed because of sudden overflow pressure from an avalanche of glacier ice probably caused by

10080-433: The old Villa de Santa María de la Parrilla (Santa), has a small fishing village called Chimbote attached to it. Ethnography refers to these first settlers as fishermen from the resort of Huanchaco, west of Trujillo, which is why they were called huanchaqueros. In 1835, when General Santa Cruz granted Chimbote's first official acknowledgement, Chimbote was a village of fishermen with a population of no more than 800. During

10192-594: The other hand, surrounding these areas, there are other settlements that have developed without planning. In the District of Independencia there are other middle- and upper-class neighborhoods. Centenario is the most extensive area in the city. At this area many rural migrants has established developing informal neighbourhoods. The tendency of city's growing is on the north-east part of the city. In north direction has developed areas of recent creation, especially for people searching an ecological area for establish. Huaraz has

10304-401: The other hand, the city had a great commercial movement, and high-quality tourist services. Nevertheless, the rapid urbanization resulted in irregular neighbourhoods. The city grew in a longitudinal way from north to south, Only in central downtown there are buildings with more than 3 or 4 floors. Many of the buildings were modified, in order to rent apartments and lofts. The metropolitan area

10416-402: The quake; the post-1970 city design has wider, more modern streets. According to the 2017 Peru Census , the Huaraz metropolitan area has a population of 118,836. After the earthquake that the city suffered in 1970, fifty percent of people in the city died. Nonetheless, the city was rebuilt and attracted internal migrants, especially from rural areas in the region. During the decade of the 1990s,

10528-492: The range of Quechua continued to expand in some areas. In the late 18th century, colonial officials ended the administrative and religious use of Quechua. They banned it from public use in Peru after the Túpac Amaru II rebellion of indigenous peoples. The Crown banned "loyal" pro-Catholic texts in Quechua, such as Garcilaso de la Vega's Comentarios Reales . Despite a brief revival of the language immediately after

10640-455: The right side of the Santa river . The city has an elevation of approximately 3050 meters above sea level. The built-up area covers 8 square kilometers and has a population of 120,000 inhabitants, making it the second largest city in the central Peruvian Andes after the city of Huancayo . It is the 22nd largest city in Peru. Huaraz is the seat of the province's Roman Catholic Bishop and the site of

10752-558: The right to collect taxes in the area within what is now the province of Huaraz to his subordinate Sebastián de Torres. Alonso de Santoyo founded on 20 January 1574 a Hispanic Indigenous reduction (Reducción Hispano Indígena) with the name of Pampa Huarás de San Sebastián, with 14 quarters. Later its political creation, dated on 12 February 1821, while General José de San Martín was staying in Huaura (city north from Lima) founded 4 Departments, including Huaylas as one of them, with its capital,

10864-577: The south part of the Cordillera Negra. From there the narrow winding highway in a distance of about 80 km (ca. 60 miles) descends to the town of Huarmey (south of Casma) on the coast. Here it connects with the Pan-American Highway (187 km north of Lima). The northward route going north from Huaraz follows the Rio Santa to the north end of the Callejón de Huaylas, where it branches into two. The minor branch goes steeply westward up to

10976-749: The start and development of the fishing industry, and to the establishment of the iron and steel plant (" Siderperu "). Together, these multiplied the commercial and productive activities of the port. At the beginning of 1996, as Peruvian public companies were privatized, the Peruvian-Brazilian company Acerco bought Siderperu. The city of Chimbote, being a district itself, comprises 7 more districts: Santa, Coishco, Samanco, Nepeña, Macate, Moro, Cáceres del Perú, and Nuevo Chimbote. The neighborhoods of El Barrio de Acero, Barrio Bolivar, El Progreso, Laderas del norte alto and laderas del norte bajo, Miraflores Alto and Miraflores Bajo surround Chimbote. During

11088-439: The stream bed on the creek valley walls nearer the reservoir. The scoured appearance of the creek valley indicated the mass and power of the avalanche gaining momentum as it crashed down the narrow valley, accumulating debris as it descended. By 1965 fewer than a half dozen buildings had been rebuilt in the creek valley adjacent north of the city. The valley was still filled by as many as three meters of soil and debris deposited by

11200-524: The transportation secretary of Peru. The system includes vans and buses, that has organized routes but in an informal way. People commute on them or in their private cars. Taxis can be taken at designated stops, and in comparison to another big Peruvian cities, is cheaper but depending on the distance the price can increase. Also there are colectivos (commuter taxis) that have routes similar to buses and can be shared with other passengers in comparison to taxis. Less than 40 minutes drive north from Huaraz lies

11312-492: The two traditional moieties of hanan and hurin , with hurin being subordinate to hanan. Huaraz was the seat of the Hurin or Lower Huaylas moiety. Following its incorporation into the Inca Empire, the Incas soon made architectural interventions at Pumacayan, which held the principal wak'a of the Huaylas people. This might explain why Pedro Cieza de León records two local versions about the origin of Pumacayan: one tracing it as

11424-505: The voicing of /p/ in the vicinity of /-m/ in syllabic coda position is known for Quechua, but remains in the transformation of /a/ into "o", anomalous, like the same addition of -te, as for Guardia's report. The territory in which Chimbote is currently located has been successively populated by the Recuay , Moche , Wari , Chimor and Inca cultures. The archaeological centers of Huaca San Pedro, El Castillo, among others, testify to this. It

11536-409: The west bank that had come with the avalanche. On 31 May 1970 the same reservoir dam burst during the Ancash earthquake , which had a moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). Down the creek valley, again came an avalanche, eerily similar to that of 1941. In the prior four years or so, the suburb had begun to again be redeveloped: numerous residences were built atop

11648-821: The “Young Poet of Peru” Award; and the chronicler Augusto Rubio Acosta was honored in December of that year with the CVR + 5 National Journalism Prize awarded by the Peruvian Press Council. In addition, the novelist John Yunca Cruz, who was awarded the Medal of the City of Nuevo Chimbote for the Bicentennial of Peru on July 27, 2021. The first substratum of the Chimbotana culture was that of the fishing towns of

11760-419: Was a natural exit channel for the exports of the Santa valley , and a starting point for the entry to the Callejón de Huaylas . The Peruvian anchoveta boom created wealth in the city, but it soon ended due to indiscriminate fishing that overwhelmed the bio-mass . An earthquake in 1970 damaged to the facilities of the fishing industries , causing unemployment and impoverishment . During this period,

11872-416: Was declared a national heritage site, because the 1970s earthquake destroyed 95% of the city and all the traditional and colonial architecture disappeared, except Olaya Street, robbing the city of its traditional identity. The grid plan of Huaraz has changed and disappeared the original composition of four neighbourhoods, as La Soledad (downtown), Belén, Huarupampa and San Francisco. For its rebuilding after

11984-524: Was forcibly marched long distances and resettled. To identify those who tried to return to their prior homes, the native peoples were required to wear distinctive clothing identifiable by areas or provinces. The Spanish patron or hacendado often chose for those people under his control a costume copied from his home region in Spain. These costumes are now a source of regional and national pride among many Andeans who identify with their native ancestry. Much of

12096-587: Was founded during colony times. Also there are pre-Hispanic ruins, 3 miles from the city in Wilcahuain, where there are stone palaces of Wari culture . Other ruins are located 1 mile from Huaraz in Waullac, surrounded by big prairies with views of snow peaks and mountains. Quechuan languages Although Quechua began expanding many centuries before the Incas , that previous expansion also meant that it

12208-585: Was maintained as the prestige dialect in the north. Speakers from different points within any of the three regions can generally understand one another reasonably well. There are nonetheless significant local-level differences across each. ( Wanka Quechua , in particular, has several very distinctive characteristics that make the variety more challenging to understand, even for other Central Quechua speakers.) Speakers from different major regions, particularly Central or Southern Quechua, are not able to communicate effectively. The lack of mutual intelligibility among

12320-563: Was sold for a high price abroad due to World War II. In the 1950s, port activity was consolidated with the constitution of the Peruvian Corporation of Santa, the construction of the Cañón de Pato hydroelectric plant and the beginning of steel activities. Around that time there were already some fish processing plants on the outskirts of the city. However, it was only in the 1960s that massive exploitation began, largely at

12432-703: Was taken to be educated as an Inca noble in Cusco . In her old age, Añas Colque ruled the Hurin Huaylas. From the marriage between the Emperor Huayna Capac and Añas Colque was born the influential aristocrat Paullo Inca , Paullo later collaborated with the Spanish and served as Sapa Inca during the early years following the Spanish conquest . In 1533, while stationed in Cajamarca , Francisco Pizarro sent his brother, Hernando Pizarro , along with

12544-435: Was the primary language family within the Inca Empire. The Spanish also tolerated its use until the Peruvian struggle for independence in the 1780s. As a result, various Quechua languages are still widely spoken today, being co-official in many regions and the most spoken language lineage in Peru , after Spanish. The Quechua linguistic homeland may have been Central Peru. It has been speculated that it may have been used in

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