Freight transport , also referred to as freight forwarding , is the physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods and cargo . The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American English , it has been extended to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well. " Logistics ", a term borrowed from the military environment, is also used in the same sense.
24-558: Huddart Parker Ltd was an Australian shipping company trading in various forms between 1876 and 1961. It was one of the seven major coastal shippers in Australia at a time when shipping was the principal means of interstate and trans-Tasman transport. The company started in Geelong , but in 1890 shifted its offices to Melbourne . By 1910 Huddart Parker had grown to rank 24th of the top 100 companies in Australia by asset value. Several of
48-486: A community with a widely dispersed population must operate circuitous routes that tend to carry fewer passengers per distance (km or mile). A higher number is more favorable. Freight is measured in mass-distance . A simple unit of freight is the kilogram-kilometre (kgkm), the service of moving one kilogram of payload a distance of one kilometre. The metric units (pkm and tkm) are used internationally. (In aviation where United States customary units are widely used,
72-619: A proprietary company and converted to a public company in 1911. In 1921 Huddart Parker came to an agreement with the Union Company to establish a joint venture on the Bass Strait where each company owned a 50% stake in the company Tasmanian Steamers . In World War I five of the company's vessels were requisitioned. Wimmera was sunk on 26 June 1918 following collision with a German mine north of Cape Maria van Diemen, New Zealand, killing 26 passengers. In World War II , three of
96-479: Is commonly measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs), rather than cargo weight, e.g. a TEU-km would be the equivalent of one twenty-foot container transported one kilometer. Transportation density can be defined as the payload per period, say passenger / day or tonne / day. This can be used as the measure of intensity of the transportation on a particular section or point of transportation infrastructure, say road or railway. This can be used in comparison with
120-588: Is compared to standard shipping, the price of which typically includes only the expenses incurred by the shipping company in transferring the object from one place to another. Customs fees, import taxes and other tariffs may contribute substantially to this base price before the item ever arrives. Tonne-kilometer The units of measurement in transportation describes the unit of measurement used to express various transportation quantities , as used in statistics, planning, and their related applications. The currently popular units are: Passenger-distance
144-431: Is shipped under a single contract but performed using at least two different modes of transport (e.g. ground and air). Cargo may not be containerized. Multimodal transport featuring containerized cargo (or intermodal container ) that is easily transferred between ship, rail, plane and truck. For example, a shipper works together with both ground and air transportation to ship an item overseas. Intermodal freight transport
168-517: Is the distance (km or miles) travelled by passengers on transit vehicles ; determined by multiplying the number of unlinked passenger trips by the average length of their trips. Passengers per hour per direction (pphpd) measures the maximum route capacity of a transport system. A system may carry a high number of passengers per distance (km or mile) but a relatively low number of passengers per bus hour if vehicles operate in congested areas and thus travel at slower speed. A transit system serving
192-402: Is transported by air in specialized cargo aircraft and in the luggage compartments of passenger aircraft. Air freight is typically the fastest mode for long-distance freight transport, but it is also the most expensive. Cargo is exchanged between different modes of transportation via transport hubs , also known as transport interchanges or Nodes (e.g. train stations, airports, etc.). Cargo
216-400: Is typically more affordable than air, but more expensive than sea, especially in developing countries , where inland infrastructure may not be efficient. In air and sea shipments, ground transport is required to take the cargo from its place of origin to the airport or seaport and then to its destination because it is not always possible to establish a production facility near ports due to
240-522: Is used to plan the route and carry out the shipping service from the manufacturer to the door of the recipient. The Incoterms (or International Commercial Terms) published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) are accepted by governments, legal authorities, and practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of the most commonly used terms in international trade. Common terms include: The term "best way" generally implies that
264-650: The International Air Transport Association (IATA) releases its statistics in the metric units.) In the US, sometimes United States customary units are used. The dimension of the measure is the product of the payload mass and the distance transported. A semi truck traveling from Los Angeles to Chicago (approximate distance 2,015 miles) carrying 14 short tons of cargo delivers a service of 14 * 2,015 = 28,210 ton-miles of freight (equal to about 41,187 tkm). Intermodal container traffic
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#1732797522058288-756: The Miowra and Warrimoo , with other ships such as Te Anau and Manapouri sailing before and after thus bracketing the Huddart Parker ships. The 1895 agreement between the two lines pooled the Auckland – Sydney profits and losses; the Melbourne – Launceston profits were divided 4 ⁄ 7 to the USSCo and 3 ⁄ 7 to Huddart Parker; and the Sydney–;Hobart passenger trade was excluded but
312-659: The Tasmanian Steam Navigation Company (TSNCo) on the Tasmanian routes (Melbourne–Launceston, Hobart–Melbourne and Hobart–Sydney). The TSNCo did not have other routes to absorb their Tasmanian losses, and was bought out by the USSCo in 1891. The rivalry between the USSCo and Huddart Parker lasted to 1895 despite an earlier agreement in 1893. There was undercutting by cheap fares and steamers shadowing each other from port to port. The USSCo Rotomahana and Mararoa would sail alongside
336-641: The Melbourne–;Adelaide shipping service and in 1882 entered the Sydney–Melbourne trade. During the early 1890s its steamers were running to the principal ports of New South Wales , Victoria , South Australia , Western Australia and Tasmania , and in 1893 it was also trading with ports in New Zealand . From 1889 there was a three-way competition between the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand, Huddart Parker and
360-824: The Minnesota Department of Public Safety, Office of Traffic Safety Volume of traffic, or vehicle miles traveled (VMT), is a predictor of crash incidence. All other things being equal, as VMT increases, so will traffic crashes. The relationship may not be simple, however; after a point, increasing congestion leads to reduced speeds, hanging the proportion of crashes that occur at different severity levels. Energy efficiency in transport can be measured in L/100 ;km or miles per gallon (mpg). This can be normalized per vehicle, as in fuel economy in automobiles , or per seat, as for example in fuel economy in aircraft . MacNeal 1994 discusses
384-522: The United States, the unit is used as an aggregate in yearly federal publications, while its usage is more sporadic in other countries. For instance, it appears to compare different kind of roads in some publications as it had been computed on a five-year period between 1995 and 2000. In the United States, it is computed per 100 million miles traveled, while internationally it is computed in 100 million or 1 billion kilometers traveled. According to
408-536: The Victorian goldfields. He was the first major operator handling coal from the port of Geelong . Parker was a merchant who arrived in Geelong from London in 1853. The trading activities each built up through the gold-rush era and beyond led to a linking of the businesses of their descendants and successors, to become Huddart Parker & Company. After 1876 Huddart Parker expanded rapidly. By 1886 it had inaugurated
432-477: The cargo and stock trade was divided 2 ⁄ 3 to USSCo and 1 ⁄ 3 to Huddart Parker. One of the original directors, John Traill, had survived the other directors by 1886, and remained chairman until his death in 1916 aged 92. By 1890 Traill had moved the company from offices on the wharves at Geelong to 466 Collins Street, in the heart of Melbourne. The company registered in Victoria in 1889 as
456-710: The company's passenger ships, Zealandia , Westralia and Wanganella were pressed into war service. Huddart Parker was taken over by Bitumen and Oil Refineries Australia Limited in October 1961. [REDACTED] Media related to Ships of Huddart Parker at Wikimedia Commons Shipping In 2015, 108 trillion tonne-kilometers were transported worldwide (anticipated to grow by 3.4% per year until 2050 (128 Trillion in 2020)): 70% by sea, 18% by road, 9% by rail, 2% by inland waterways and less than 0.25% by air. Land or "ground" shipping can be made by train or by truck (British English: lorry ). Ground transport
480-599: The company's ships served in World War I and World War II . Huddart Parker ceased to be an independent company in 1961, when it was taken over by Bitumen and Oil Refineries Australia Limited . The company was founded on 1 August 1876 in Geelong as Huddart, Parker & Co. Pty. Ltd, by James Huddart , Thomas J. Parker, John. Traill, and Captain T. Webb. Earlier, in the 1850s, James Huddart's uncle, Captain Peter Huddart had made his fortune importing coal for use in
504-407: The construction, running costs of the infrastructure. Fatalities by VMT ( vehicle miles traveled ) is a unit for assessing road traffic fatalities. This metric is computed by dividing the fatalities by the estimated VMT. Usually, transport risk is computed by reference to the distance traveled by people, while for road traffic risk, only vehicle traveled distance is usually taken into account. In
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#1732797522058528-560: The limited coastlines of countries. Much freight transport is done by cargo ships . An individual nation's fleet and the people that crew it are referred to as its merchant navy or merchant marine. According to a 2018 report from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) , merchant shipping (or seaborne trade) carries 80-90% of international trade and 60-70% by value. On rivers and canals , barges are often used to carry bulk cargo . Cargo
552-477: The same piece of equipment and avoiding multiple transactions, trans-loading, and cross-docking without interim storage. International DTD is a service provided by many international shipping companies and may feature intermodal freight transport using containerized cargo . The quoted price of this service includes all shipping, handling, import and customs duties, making it a hassle-free option for customers to import goods from one jurisdiction to another. This
576-441: The shipper will choose the carrier that offers the lowest rate (to the shipper) for the shipment. In some cases, however, other factors, such as better insurance or faster transit time, will cause the shipper to choose an option other than the lowest bidder. Door-to-door ( DTD or D2D ) shipping refers to the domestic or international shipment of cargo from the point of origin (POI) to the destination while generally remaining on
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