Policies
75-754: Chief of the Army Staff President of Pakistan [REDACTED] The Hudud Ordinances are laws in Pakistan enacted in 1979 as part of the Islamization of Pakistan by Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq , the sixth president of Pakistan . It replaced parts of the British-era Pakistan Penal Code , adding new criminal offences of adultery and fornication , and new punishments of whipping , amputation , and stoning to death . After much controversy and criticism parts of
150-726: A hadd punishment. It has "greatly reduced" the instances of corporal punishment. In the two and a half decades the law was unchanged, several Pakistani government appointed commissions recommended the Zina Ordinance's repeal (such as the National Commission for the Status of Women in 2003, the Special Committee to Review the Hudood Ordinances, 1979, Commission of Inquiry for Women). Critics of
225-525: A military adviser to the Prime Minister and its civilian government in the line of defending the land borders of the country. The Chief of the Army Staff exercises responsibility of command and control of the operational, combatant, logistics, and training commands within the army. The appointment, in principle, is constitutionally subjected to be for three years after the approval by
300-626: A 2005 University of Karachi Department of Public Administration workshop. In 2006, then President Pervez Musharraf again proposed reform of the ordinance. On November 15, 2006, the " Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act " was passed in the National Assembly , allowing rape to be prosecutable under civil law. The bill was ratified by the Senate on 23 November 2006, and became law after President Musharraf signed it on 1 December 2006. The bill Legal experts have claimed that
375-572: A 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either "heavy drinkers" or "binge drinkers" defined according to the above criteria also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met the criteria. An inference drawn from this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases. The therapeutic index for ethanol
450-501: A 2022 study, recreational heavy drinking and intoxication have become increasingly prevalent among Nigerian youth in Benin City. Traditionally, alcohol use was more accepted for men, while youth drinking was often taboo. Today, many young people engage in heavy drinking for pleasure and excitement. Peer networks encourage this behavior through rituals that promote intoxication and provide care for inebriated friends. The findings suggest
525-482: A 2024 WHO report indicates that these harmful consequences of alcohol use result in approximately 2.6 million deaths annually, accounting for 4.7% of all global deaths. In 2023, the WHO declared that 'there is no safe amount of alcohol consumption' and that 'the risk to the drinker’s health starts from the first drop of any alcoholic beverage.' This new global health policy aligns with the scientific consensus regarding
600-718: A decline in quality of life and a shortened lifespan by 3–6 years. Alcohol-based sugar-sweetened beverages , are closely linked to episodic drinking in adolescents. Sugar-infused alcoholic beverages include alcopops , and liqueurs . The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines binge drinking as a pattern of alcohol consumption that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above. This typically occurs when men consume five or more US standard drinks , or women consume four or more drinks, within about two hours. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) defines binge drinking slightly differently, focusing on
675-469: A deficiency of thiamine can produce Korsakoff's syndrome , which is associated with serious brain damage. Christian views on alcohol encompass a range of perspectives regarding the consumption of alcoholic beverages, with significant emphasis on moderation rather than total abstinence. The moderationist position is held by Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox , and within Protestantism, it
750-660: A figure of 6.93 kilocalories (29.0 kJ) per gram of alcohol (5.47 kcal or 22.9 kJ per ml) for calculating food energy. For distilled spirits , a standard serving in the United States is 44 ml (1.5 US fl oz), which at 40% ethanol (80 proof ), would be 14 grams and 98 calories. However, alcoholic drinks are considered empty calorie foods because other than food energy they contribute no essential nutrients . Alcohol increases insulin response to glucose promoting fat storage and hindering carb/fat burning oxidation. This excess processing in
825-411: A glass a day can be good for the heart. But there's more to the story. No research has proved a cause-and-effect link between drinking alcohol and better heart health." In folk medicine , consuming a nightcap is for the purpose of inducing sleep . However, alcohol is not recommended by many doctors as a sleep aid because it interferes with sleep quality . " Hair of the dog ", short for "hair of
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#1732776018720900-445: A higher demand for alcohol compared to those who drink solely for recreation or self-medication. This finding raises concerns, as this group may be more likely to develop alcohol use disorder and experience negative consequences related to their drinking. A significant proportion of patients attending mental health services for conditions including anxiety disorders such as panic disorder or social phobia have developed these conditions as
975-410: A higher standard of proof than tazir (discretionary punishment) and their punishments are more severe. The zina provisions of the law were particularly controversial and critics alleged that there were "hundreds of incidents where a woman subjected to rape, or even gang rape, was eventually accused of zina " and incarcerated. In 2006 the laws were updated, excusing such women who failed to prove
1050-489: A long association of military use, and has been called "liquid courage" for its role in preparing troops for battle, anaesthetize injured soldiers, and celebrate military victories . It has also served as a coping mechanism for combat stress reactions and a means of decompression from combat to everyday life. However, this reliance on alcohol can have negative consequences for physical and mental health. Military and veteran populations face significant challenges in addressing
1125-406: A major global public health issue and includes alcoholism , abuse , alcohol withdrawal , fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), liver disease , hepatitis , cardiovascular disease (e.g., cardiomyopathy ), polyneuropathy , alcoholic hallucinosis , long-term impact on the brain (e.g., brain damage , dementia , and Marchiafava–Bignami disease ), and cancers . For roughly two decades,
1200-440: A need to reconsider cultural prohibitions on youth drinking and advocate for public health interventions promoting low-risk drinking practices. Heavy alcohol use is defined differently by various health organizations. The CDC defines "Current heavier drinker" as consuming more than 7 drinks per week for women and more than 14 drinks per week for men. Additionally, "Heavy drinking day (also referred to as episodic heavy drinking"
1275-441: A police officer or Government official could result in imprisonment of 1 year under the new law. Government officials who are found taking advantage of their official position to commit act of rape (e.g. custodial rape) are liable to imprisonment for life and a fine. According to the new law, anyone who rapes a minor or a mentally or physically disabled person will be liable for the death penalty or life imprisonment. The recording of
1350-550: A result of recreational alcohol or sedative use. Self-medication or mental disorders may make people not decline their drinking despite negative consequences. This can create a cycle of dependence that is difficult to break without addressing the underlying mental health issue. The American Heart Association warn that "We've all seen the headlines about studies associating light or moderate drinking with health benefits and reduced mortality. Some researchers have suggested there are health benefits from wine, especially red wine, and that
1425-408: A spontaneous abortion, is the death and expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it can survive independently. Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for miscarriage. Drinking of alcohol by parents is linked to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). One study found a positive correlation between the two during New Years celebrations and weekends. Another found that alcohol use disorder was linked to
1500-405: Is 10%. Alcohol can have analgesic (pain-relieving) effects, which is why some people with chronic pain turn to alcohol to self-medicate and try to alleviate their physical discomfort. People with social anxiety disorder commonly self-medicate with alcohol to overcome their highly set inhibitions. However, self-medicating excessively for prolonged periods of time with alcohol often makes
1575-452: Is a medical term for ethanol solutions with 95% ABV . When taken by mouth or injected into a vein ethanol is used to treat methanol or ethylene glycol toxicity when fomepizole is not available. Ethanol, when used to treat or prevent methanol and/or ethylene glycol toxicity, competes with other alcohols for the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, lessening metabolism into toxic aldehyde and carboxylic acid derivatives, and reducing
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#17327760187201650-654: Is accepted by Anglicans , Lutherans and many Reformed churches . Moderationism is also accepted by Jehovah's Witnesses . Spiritual use of moderate alcohol consumption is also found in some religions and schools with esoteric influences, including the Hindu tantra sect Aghori , in the Sufi Bektashi Order and Alevi Jem ceremonies, in the Rarámuri religion, in the Japanese religion Shinto , by
1725-412: Is characterized as having 4 or more drinks on a single occasion for women and 5 or more for men, in the past year. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) provides gender-specific guidelines for heavy drinking. According to NIAAA, men who consume five or more US standard drinks in a single day or 15 or more drinks within a week are considered heavy drinkers. For women, the threshold
1800-787: Is classified as a teratogen —a substance known to cause birth defects; according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), alcohol consumption by women who are not using birth control increases the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). This group of conditions encompasses fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, static encephalopathy, and alcohol-related birth defects. The CDC currently recommends complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages for women of child-bearing age who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or are sexually active and not using birth control. In South Africa, some populations have rates as high as 9%. Miscarriage , also known in medical terms as
1875-426: Is considered to be an anaphrodisiac . Albeit not a valid intoxication defense , weakening the inhibitions by drunkenness is occasionally used as a tool to commit planned offenses such as property crimes including theft and robbery, and violent crimes including assault, murder, or rape – which sometimes but not always occurs in alcohol-facilitated sexual assaults where the victim is also drugged. Alcohol has
1950-541: Is drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time, but definitions vary considerably. Binge drinking is a style of drinking that is popular in several countries worldwide, and overlaps somewhat with social drinking since it is often done in groups. Drinking games involve consuming alcohol as part of the gameplay. They can be risky because they can encourage people to drink more than they intended to. Recent studies link binge drinking habits to
2025-562: Is lower, with four or more drinks in a day or eight or more drinks per week classified as heavy drinking. In contrast, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) takes a different approach to defining heavy alcohol use. SAMHSA considers heavy alcohol use to be engaging in binge drinking behaviors on five or more days within a month. This definition focuses more on the frequency of excessive drinking episodes rather than specific drink counts. Despite this risk,
2100-476: Is often used as "liquid courage" in the hookup culture , for them to make a sexual advance in the first place. However, a recent trend called "dry dating" is gaining popularity to replace "liquid courage", which involves going on dates without consuming alcohol. Consuming alcohol prior to visiting female sex workers is a common practice among some men. Sex workers often resort to using drugs and alcohol to cope with stress. Alcohol when consumed in high doses
2175-783: The Eucharist , and permits moderate consumption of alcohol in daily life as a means of experiencing joy. Alcohol is also used as a recreational drug , for example by college students , for self-medication , and in warfare . It is also frequently involved in alcohol-related crimes such as drunk driving , public intoxication , and underage drinking . Short-term effects from moderate consumption include relaxation , decreased social inhibition , and euphoria , while binge drinking may result in cognitive impairment , blackout , and hangover . Excessive alcohol intake causes alcohol poisoning , characterized by unconsciousness or, in severe cases, death. Long-term effects are considered to be
2250-576: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the WHO has classified alcohol as a Group 1 Carcinogen . Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALY in 2016. According to WHO's Global status report on alcohol and health 2018, more than 200 health issues are associated with harmful alcohol consumption, ranging from liver diseases, road injuries and violence, to cancers, cardiovascular diseases, suicides, tuberculosis , and HIV/AIDS . Moreover,
2325-790: The President on the recommendations of the Prime Minister. The Chief of the Army Staff is based in the GHQ , and the current Chief is General Syed Asim Munir Ahmed Shah , serving in this capacity since 29 November 2022. The designation of the Chief of the Army Staff was created from the previous title Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army in 1972. Since 1972, there have been 10 four-star rank army generals to be appointed as chief of army staff by statute. The Prime Minister approved
Hudud Ordinances - Misplaced Pages Continue
2400-701: The Tazir provision of the Hudood Ordinance which uses circumstantial evidence. The ordinance also abolished Pakistan's statutory rape law. The 2006 Act has now removed zina bil jabbar from the Zina Hudood Ordinance and inserted sections 375 and 376 for Rape and Punishment respectively in the Pakistan Penal Code to replace it. Officially known as: "The Offence of Qazf (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance of 1979". It described
2475-456: The Act "cannot be dismissed as a mere window dressing undertaken to satisfy a Western audience." On 7 October 2016, Pakistan's parliament unanimously passed new anti-rape and anti-honour killing bills. The new laws introduced harsher punishments for the perpetrators of such crimes. According to the new anti-rape bill, DNA testing was made mandatory in rape cases. Sabotaging or disrupting the work of
2550-592: The Army Staff (Pakistan) The Chief of the Army Staff ( COAS ) is a position in the Pakistani Army held by a four-star general . As the highest-ranking officer, it is the most powerful position in the army. This is the senior most appointment in the army who is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee in a separate capacity, usually consulting with the Chairman joint chiefs to act as
2625-663: The FSC were men, the law cannot be accused of gender bias. He does not argue with statements such as "eight out of every ten women in jail today are those charged with the offence of Zina". He also states "it is undoubtedly the case" that the Hudood Ordinances, or at least their implementation, "discriminated against Pakistan's lower socioeconomic classes". Only 2% of those convicted were middle-class (and none upper-class). Human rights attorney Sadakat Kadri replies that "Kennedy reached that mistaken view" because he compared male and female "conviction statistics as though they were alike, ignoring
2700-487: The Hudood Ordinances based on random stratified sample of cases tried by the Federal Shariat Court (FSC) from 1980–84, found 88% of cases heard by the FSC were Zina Ordinance-related, that the court acquitted over half (52%) of the appellates (an "extraordinarily high" number), and "fully upheld" less than one in five (19%) of the convictions. Around 90% of the cases were overturned based on misappreciation of
2775-484: The National Commission on Status of Women (NCSW) estimated "80% of women" were incarcerated because "they had failed to prove rape charges and were consequently convicted of adultery under tazir ." According to legal scholar Martin Lau While it was easy to file a case against a woman accusing her of adultery, the Zina Ordinance made it very difficult for a woman to obtain bail pending trial. Worse, in actual practice,
2850-518: The brain. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies alcohol as a toxic , psychoactive, dependence -producing, and carcinogenic substance. Alcohol is found in fermented beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirit – in particular, rectified spirit , and serves various purposes; Certain religions integrate alcohol into their spiritual practices. For example, the Catholic Church requires alcoholic sacramental wine in
2925-629: The co-occurrence of PTSD and alcohol use disorder . Military personnel who show symptoms of PTSD, major depressive disorder , alcohol use disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder show higher levels of suicidal ideation . Alcohol consumption in the US Military is higher than any other profession, according to CDC data from 2013–2017. The Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors among Active Duty Military Personnel published that 47% of active duty members engage in binge drinking, with another 20% engaging in heavy drinking in
3000-497: The confirmation of divorce by the local authorities the marriage is not over and launches a zina prosecution. It is necessary to delete this definition [of a valid marriage] to shut this door. A number of international and Pakistani human rights organizations argue that Hudood Ordinance goes beyond what is required by sharia . They are opposed by right wing religious parties ( Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA)), who accuse them of departing from Islamic values. A study by Charles Kennedy of
3075-478: The death penalty to apply to the rapist or if there was no witnesses then Ta'zir would apply. In principle, the failure to find such proof of the rape does not place the woman herself at risk of prosecution. According to Mufti Taqi Usmani , who was instrumental in the creation of the ordinances: If anyone says that she was punished because of Qazaf (false accusation of rape) then Qazaf Ordinance, Clause no. 3, Exemption no. 2 clearly states that if someone approaches
Hudud Ordinances - Misplaced Pages Continue
3150-846: The dog that bit you", is a colloquial expression in the English language predominantly used to refer to alcohol that is consumed as a hangover remedy (with the aim of lessening the effects of a hangover ). Many other languages have their own phrase to describe the same concept. The idea may have some basis in science in the difference between ethanol and methanol metabolism. Instead of alcohol, rehydration before going to bed or during hangover may relieve dehydration -associated symptoms such as thirst, dizziness, dry mouth, and headache. Drinking alcohol may cause subclinical immunosuppression . Dutch courage , also known as pot-valiance or liquid courage, refers to courage gained from intoxication with alcohol. Alcohol use among college students
3225-526: The drinking habits of 541 students over two football seasons. It revealed that high-profile game days ranked among the heaviest drinking occasions, similar to New Year's Eve. Male students increased their consumption for all games, while socially active female students drank heavily during away games. Lighter drinkers also showed a higher likelihood of risky behaviors during away games as their intoxication increased. This research highlights specific drinking patterns linked to collegiate sports events. According to
3300-498: The fact that it increases the blood alcohol content (BAC). However, alcohol is a significant source of food energy for individuals with alcoholism and those who engage in binge drinking; For example, individuals with drunkorexia , engage in the combination of self-imposed malnutrition and binge drinking to avoid weight gain from alcohol, to save money for purchasing alcohol, and to facilitate alcohol intoxication. Also, in alcoholics who get most of their daily calories from alcohol,
3375-598: The fact that most men would have been rapists, whereas the women would all have been rape victims or alleged consenting adulterers." Attention to the Ordinance and suggestions for revising it were given by a number of government appointed commissions, a several-weeks-long televised debate on the subject of "No debate on Hudood Allah (Allah's laws as prescribed in Quran and Sunnah)-is the Hudood Ordinance (Man's interpretation of Allah's law) Islamic?" on Geo television channel, and
3450-423: The facts, not misappreciation of the law. The average time that defendants had to wait for disposition of their cases (in jail unless they were granted bail) after the "First Information Report" in district and sessions courts was around eighteen months. However the acquitted defendants still had to contend with high legal fees, social consequences facing even acquitted defendants, and time in jail until their appeal
3525-612: The flogging should be "applied in such manner and with such intervals" that it does not kill the offender being flogged. Flogging may be postponed if the offender is ill, pregnant, or if the weather is too cold, etc. Stripes shall not be applied to "the head, face, stomach or chest or the delicate parts of the body of the convict," and should not lacerate the skin of the convict. In 1996 the Abolition of Whipping Act (passed by Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party ), forbade sentences/punishments of whipping offenders except when imposed as
3600-616: The four ordinances, it has several distinct categories of sexual offences and assigned punishments for each: Further Zina offenses are (or as of 1991 were) Under hadd , eyewitnesses evidence of the act of penetration by "at least four Muslim adult male witnesses", about whom "the court is satisfied", that "they are truthful persons and abstain from major sins ( kabair )" ( tazkiyah al-shuhood ). Because of this stringent standard, no accused has ever been found guilty and stoned to death in Pakistan, and punishments have been awarded only under
3675-405: The girl of the accusation of zina. Another scenario for some of the accusations of adultery leading to imprisonment was following divorce by the husband and remarriage by the ex-wife. A triple talaq is pronounced. The woman returns to her parental home. She goes through her period of iddat . After a while the family arranges another match and she gets married. The husband then claims that sans
3750-487: The law alleged that while no one had actually been executed by stoning or had their hand or foot amputated in punishment as a result of the law, the ordinance made it dangerous to file rape charges as the women could be punished under tazir if they failed to prove an allegation of rape. In 1979, before the ordinances went into effect there were 70 women held in Pakistani prisons. By 1988, there were 6000. A 2003 report by
3825-636: The law were extensively revised in 2006 by the Women's Protection Bill . The Hudood Law was intended to implement Shari'a law or bring Pakistani law into "conformity with the injunctions of Islam", by enforcing punishments mentioned in the Quran and sunnah for zina (extramarital sex), qazf (false accusation of zina ), theft, and consumption of alcohol . The system provided for two kinds of offences — hadd and tazir — with different punishments to go with them. Hadd offences (fixed punishment) require
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#17327760187203900-621: The legal authorities with a rape complaint, she cannot be punished in case she is unable to present four witnesses. No court of law can be in its right mind to award such a punishment. However, in practice, these safeguards have not always worked. In addition, because the ordinance abolished Pakistan's statutory rape law, girls as young as twelve were prosecuted for having extra-marital intercourse "under circumstances that would previously have mandated statutory rape charges against their assailant," according to Human Rights Watch . Stories of suffering by women who claimed to have been raped appeared in
3975-525: The letter of the Qur'an-based law, known as hudood, that mandates punishments. "The illegitimate child is not disowned by her and therefore is proof of zina," he said, referring to laws that forbid any sexual contact outside marriage. Furthermore, he said, in accusing her brother-in-law of raping her, Ms. Zafran had confessed to her crime. The appeal judgment of the Federal Shariah Court cleared
4050-417: The liver acetyl CoA can lead to fatty liver disease and eventually alcoholic liver disease . This progression can lead to further complications, alcohol-related liver disease may cause exocrine pancreatic insufficiency , the inability to properly digest food due to a lack or reduction of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. The use of alcohol as a staple food source is considered inconvenient due to
4125-401: The more serious toxic effects of the glycols when crystallized in the kidneys . Drinking culture is the set of traditions and social behaviors that surround the consumption of alcoholic beverages as a recreational drug and social lubricant . Although alcoholic beverages and social attitudes toward drinking vary around the world, nearly every civilization has independently discovered
4200-624: The new religious movement Thelema , in Vajrayana Buddhism , and in Vodou faith of Haiti. In the US, alcohol is subject to the FDA drug labeling Pregnancy Category X ( Contraindicated in pregnancy ). Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin have laws that allow the state to involuntarily commit pregnant women to treatment if they abuse alcohol during pregnancy. Ethanol
4275-641: The nomination and appointment of the Chief of Army Staff, with President confirming the Prime Minister's appointed choosing and nomination. The army leadership is based in the GHQ whose functions are supervised by the Chief of Army Staff, assisted by the civilians from the Army Secretariat of the Ministry of Defence (MoD). The Chief of Army Staff exercise responsibility of complete operational, training and logistics commands. There are several principle staff officers (PSO) who assist in running
4350-498: The number of drinks consumed on a single occasion. According to SAMHSA, binge drinking is consuming five or more drinks for men, or four or more drinks for women, on the same occasion on at least one day in the past month. Light drinking, moderate drinking, responsible drinking, and social drinking are often used interchangeably, but with slightly different connotations: A 2007 study at the University of Texas at Austin monitored
4425-554: The offence of false accusation of Zina (fornication and adultery) either written, verbal or "by visible representations", with intent to cause harm, and without producing four witnesses in support of the accusation before the Court, or who "according to the finding of the Court", a witness has given false evidence of the commission of zina or rape, or when a complainant has made a false accusation of rape ; Officially known as: "The Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadd) Order of 1979", described
4500-494: The offence of producing, importing, selling, owning, possessing or consuming alcohol . "The Execution of the Punishment of Whipping Ordinance of 1979" was developed to regulate the punishment of whipping/flogging. It specifies that whips shall be made of leather, or a cane or a branch of a tree, be no longer than 1.22 meters and no thicker than 1.25 cm. Convict shall be medically examined before flogging to determine if
4575-584: The operations of the Army GHQ: Alcohol (drug) Alcohol (from Arabic al-kuḥl 'the kohl '), sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol , is the second most consumed psychoactive drug globally behind caffeine , and the most abused drug in the world, according to the Global Burden of Disease Study . It is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant , decreasing electrical activity of neurons in
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#17327760187204650-462: The ordinances, tazir punishments often involve flogging. Officially known as "The Offences Against Property (Enforcement Of Hudood) Ordinance (VI of 1979)." For robbery liable to hadd , the right hand of the offender and his left foot should be amputated by a surgeon. Officially known as "The Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance (VII of 1979)" refers to fornication , adultery and zina bil jabbar ( rape ). The most controversial of
4725-521: The original law was not so unbalanced as its opponents claimed or that the reforms will be impossible to enforce. Human rights groups and activists in Pakistan have also criticized the bill, with one group complaining: "The so-called Women's Protection Bill is a farcical attempt at making the Hudood Ordinance palatable". The concern is that thousands of rapes go unreported as victims fear that they would be treated as criminals. In contrast Martin Lau has said that
4800-491: The past 30 days. Reports from the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and since suggested that Russian soldiers are drinking significant amount of alcohol (as well as consuming harder drugs), which increases their losses. Some reports suggest that on occasion, alcohol and drugs have been provided to the lower quality troops by their commanders, in order to facilitate their use as expendable cannon fodder . The USDA uses
4875-444: The press in the years following the passing of the Hudood Ordinance stirring protests by Pakistani activists and lawyers and international human rights organizations. One case was that of Safia Bibi , an unmarried blind woman from the northwest frontier who was prosecuted for zina because of her illegitimate pregnancy. She was given a jail sentence of 3 years with 15 stripes of lashings and a fine of 100 rupees under tazir . Her rapist
4950-687: The processes of brewing beer, fermenting wine and distilling spirits . Common drinking styles include moderate drinking, social drinking, and binge drinking . In today's society, there is a growing awareness of this, reflected in the variety of approaches to alcohol use, each emphasizing responsible choices. Sober curious describes a mindset or approach where someone is consciously choosing to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption, not drinking and driving, being aware of your surroundings, not pressuring others to drink, and being able to quit anytime. However, they are not necessarily committed to complete sobriety. Binge drinking, or heavy episodic drinking,
5025-547: The rape. The ordinances follow the classical mainly Hanafi jurisprudence doctrine. One non-classical feature is that Hadd punishments can only be carried out after an appeal to the Federal Shariat Court has failed. The Federal Shariat Court, which has "exclusive jurisdiction" to examine whether or not a law is in accordance with the injunctions of Islam, was created along with the Ordinances. Under
5100-470: The risks of alcohol consumption for pregnant women, particularly due to FASDs , as well as for individuals under the legal drinking age . Additionally, this social change also reflects the temperance movement 's opposition to alcohol consumption and is supported by national public health agencies, which increasingly recommend abstinence in their alcohol consumption recommendations while noting that any alcohol intake raises risk levels. Spiritus fortis
5175-491: The statement of the female survivor of rape or sexual harassment shall be done by an Investigating Officer, in the presence of a female police officer, or a female family member of the survivor. Survivors of rape shall be provided legal aid (if needed) by the Provincial Bar Council. The new law also declares that trials for offences such as rape and related crimes shall be conducted in-camera and also allows for
5250-589: The symptoms of anxiety or depression worse. This is believed to occur as a result of the changes in brain chemistry from long-term use. A 2023 systematic review highlights the non-addictive use of alcohol for managing developmental issues , personality traits, and psychiatric symptoms , emphasizing the need for informed, harm-controlled approaches to alcohol consumption within a personalized health policy framework. A 2023 study suggests that people who drink for both recreational enjoyment and therapeutic reasons, like relieving pain and anxiety/depression/stress, have
5325-601: The trial is not completed within three months then the case shall be brought to the notice of the Chief Justice of the High Court for appropriate directions. The new bill also ensures that sex workers are also included in the law's protection. UN Women Executive Director, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka , hailed the Government of Pakistan's decision to pass the anti-rape and anti-honour killing bills. Chief of
5400-406: The use of technology such as video links to record statements of the victim and witnesses, to spare them the humiliation or risk entailed by court appearances. The media will also be restricted from publishing or publicising the names or any information that would reveal the identity of a victim, except when publishing court judgements. The trial for rape shall conclude within three months. However, if
5475-443: The vast majority of accused women were found guilty by the trial court only to be acquitted on appeal to the Federal Shariat Court. By then they had spent many years in jail, were ostracized by their families, and had become social outcasts. A woman alleging rape was Initially required to provide eyewitnesses of good standing and moral character (Tazkiyah-al-shuhood) and the witnesses would have to witness "the act of penetration" for
5550-484: Was acquitted. The judge ruled that there insufficient evidence to link him with rape. The evidence of guilt was there for all to see: a newborn baby in the arms of its mother, a village woman named Zafran Bibi. Her crime: she had been raped. Her sentence: death by stoning. Now Ms. Zafran Bibi, who is about 26, is in solitary confinement in a death-row cell. Thumping a fat red statute book, the white-bearded judge who convicted her, Anwar Ali Khan, said he had simply followed
5625-490: Was heard unless they were granted bail. The study that found the ordinance was used to file "nuisance or harassment suits against disobedient daughters or estranged wives." Three common patterns in the cases were: Kennedy states that "clearly the perception that Zia's program significantly discriminated against women's rights is fundamentally flawed". 84% of those convicted in district and sessions courts under Hudood law were men, and 90% of those whose convictions were upheld by
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