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75-445: The City Beautiful movement at the turn of the twentieth century was conceived to revitalize industrialized urban communities and to provide them with public space for recreational activities. The concept of a county park system began in the 1880s. The Hudson County Park Commission was created in 1892 to plan a park and boulevard system like those provided in other cities such as Boston and Newark. (There had been discussions of building

150-753: A land dispute . The architects Daniel W. Langton and Charles N. Lowrie were active in the City Beautiful movement of architecture and were founding members of the American Society of Landscape Architects . Lowrie succeeded Langton as Landscape Architect for the Hudson County Park Commission, a position he held for thirty years. The park is in North Hudson ( 40°47′58″N 73°59′46″W  /  40.7995°N 73.9962°W  / 40.7995; -73.9962 );

225-527: A promenade . The Howland Hook Marine Terminal is a container port facility located at the northwestern corner of Staten Island at the entrance to the Arthur Kill. Nearby is Port Ivory , named for the Ivory Soap plant once located there. To the east is the residential neighborhood of Mariners Harbor which overlooks the bay. In the first half of the 20th century, Bethlehem Steel maintained

300-779: A cathedral there in the Beaux-Arts style. Other celebrated architects of the fair's buildings—notably Cass Gilbert who designed the Palace of the Fine Arts, now the Saint Louis Art Museum , applied City Beautiful ideas from the exposition throughout their careers. An early use of the City Beautiful ideal with the intent of creating social order through beautification was the McMillan Plan (1902), named for Michigan Senator James McMillan . The plan emerged from

375-536: A children's room. Monuments and vistas were an essential feature of City Beautiful urban planning: in Denver, Paris-trained American sculptor Frederick MacMonnies was commissioned to design a monument marking the end of the Smoky Hill Trail . The bronze Indian guide he envisaged was vetoed by the committee and replaced with an equestrian Kit Carson . Harrisburg 's movement of beautification and improvement

450-431: A county long road as early as the 1870s.) The first feature the commission initiated was a boulevard that would connect the future parks called Hudson Boulevard (renamed John F. Kennedy Boulevard in the 1960s). It was constructed from 1892 to 1897, under Chief Engineer Edlow W. Harrison, in some places incorporating existing roads and became the county's principal north-south corridor. From Bayonne it wound north 14 miles to

525-482: A covered sewer interceptor along the river. The following February 1901, the population voted in favor of a bond issue that funded $ 1.1 million in new constructions and city planning. These improvements, combined with a new state capitol building in 1906, quickly transformed Harrisburg into a proud modern city by 1915. After the Southern Exposition of 1883–1887, Louisville grew rapidly with the advent of

600-592: A harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life , while critics would complain that the movement was overly concerned with aesthetics at the expense of social reform; Jane Jacobs referred to the movement as an "architectural design cult." The movement began in the United States in response to crowding in tenement districts, a consequence of high birth rates, increased immigration and internal migration of rural populations into cities. The movement flourished for several decades, and in addition to

675-445: A mixed used community adjacent to it along the bay. The western edge of Newark Bay was originally shallow tidal wetlands covering approximately 12 square miles (31 km ). In the 1910s, the city of Newark began excavating an angled shipping channel in the northeastern quadrant of the wetland which formed the basis of Port Newark. Work on the channel and terminal facilities on its north side accelerated during World War I , when

750-673: A part of comprehensive town planning, the Great Depression of the 1930s largely ended this fashion. Newark Bay Newark Bay is a tidal bay at the confluence of the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers in northeastern New Jersey . It is home to the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal , the largest container shipping facility in Port of New York and New Jersey , the second busiest in

825-748: A plan for a Civic Center, disposed along a grand esplanade that led to the Colorado State Capitol . The plan was partly realized, on a reduced scale, with the Greek amphitheater, Voorhies Memorial and the Colonnade of Civic Benefactors, completed in 1919. The Andrew Carnegie Foundation funded the Denver Public Library (1910), which was designed as a three-story Greek Revival temple with a colossal Ionic colonnade across its front; inside it featured open shelves, an art gallery and

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900-465: A plant which built military transports during World War I and World War II. Currently, tugboat companies and number of smaller dry docks operate along the shore. The bay is notoriously polluted, and it is now a Superfund site. "One blue crab in Newark Bay has enough dioxin to give somebody cancer," said David Pringle, spokesman for Clean Water Action . Both the tributaries , particularly

975-400: A popular tool for studying population effects of historical and emerging chemicals of concern due to their chronic exposure to complex mixtures of common contaminants, and subsequent effects due to living within a polluted environment. In January 2008, a 117 ft. Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Company dredge in Newark Bay was struck by a 669-ft Liberian-flagged orange juice freighter named

1050-705: Is a partially completed linear park greenway intended to link the string of parks along its banks and that of the Hackensack River from the Bayonne Bridge to the Hackensack Meadowlands in Secaucus and North Bergen . In Bayonne, much of the bay has not seen bulkhead development, and hence has a natural shoreline. The city's largest parks are its shores. At Droyer's Point recreational and residential development have included

1125-534: Is an industrial area along the bay which becomes residential farther inland near Downtown Newark . The Central Railroad of New Jersey first built the Newark and New York Railroad across the rivers and tip of New Barbadoes Neck in 1869. One bridge was taken out of service in 1946 after a ship collided into it. Passenger service on the other bridge, the PD Draw , was discontinued in 1967. The Kearny Point peninsula

1200-565: Is approximately 11 miles (18 km) away and reached by tidal straits dredged to maintain shipping lanes . Newark Bay is connected to Upper New York Bay by the Kill Van Kull and to Raritan Bay by the Arthur Kill . The names of the channels reflect the period of Dutch colonialization . The area around the bay was called Achter Kol , which translates as behind or beyond the ridge and refers to Bergen Hill . The emergence of

1275-456: Is considered one of principal documents of the City Beautiful movement. The plan featured a dynamic new civic center, axial streets, and a lush strip of parkland for recreation alongside the city's lakefront. Of these, only the lakefront park was implemented to any significant degree. In 1913, the City of Chicago appointed a commission with a mandate to "make Chicago Beautiful." As part of the plan,

1350-702: Is credited with resulting in the large-scale adoption of monumentalism for American architecture for the next 15 years. Richmond, Virginia 's Monument Avenue is one expression of this initial phase. The popularization begun by the World Columbian Exposition was increased by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904, held in St. Louis. Its commissioner of architects selected Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray to be Chief of Design. Within three years he designed

1425-696: Is illegal and fishing is limited due to chemicals that remain in the sediment . Pronounced endocrine disruption and reproductive effects have been reported in Newark Bay Mummichog , often used as a sentinel and bioindicator species. Reproductive effects reported are primarily due to a chemical inhibition of vitellogenesis and oogenesis , which are highly conserved processes for oviparous (egg-laying) animals. Killifish within Newark Bay have also been reported to chemically adapt (desensitize) to aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated pollutants (i.e. dioxins). Killifish within Newark Bay have emerged as

1500-572: Is in the Bergen Section of Jersey City, New Jersey . The eastern part of the park has an area of 150.4 acres (60.9 ha). Its main entrance is adorned with Lincoln the Mystic . Lincoln Park West comprises 123 acres. The Skyway Golf Course is the only public golf facility in the county. The nine-hole course is along the Hackensack River west of U.S. Route 1/9 Truck between Communipaw and Duncan Avenues. The 55 acres (22.3 ha) course

1575-724: Is located west of Kennedy Boulevard on Newark Bay in Bayonne . Comprising 97.5 acres, it was originally designed by Charles N. Lowrie , landscape architect for the Hudson County Parks Department. Named for Stephen Raymond Gregg Sr. (September 1, 1914 – February 4, 2005), a Bayonne native and United States Army soldier who received the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor —for his actions in World War II . A statue of Gregg in

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1650-484: Is near Hoboken High School on west side of Clinton Street between 9th and 10th Streets ( 40°44′53″N 74°01′57″W  /  40.74809°N 74.032439°W  / 40.74809; -74.032439 ). It is 2.6 acres Originally designed by Charles N. Lowrie , who was landscape architect for the Hudson County Parks Department. There is a statue of Christopher Columbus in the center of

1725-543: Is part of the New Jersey Meadowlands . Visible from the eastern spur of the New Jersey Turnpike , the rock rises 150 feet (46 m) from the surrounding Meadowlands. It comprises 104.5 acres with potential 100 adjacent acres for expansion. Lincoln Park ( 40°43′29″N 74°04′51″W  /  40.724640°N 74.080939°W  / 40.724640; -74.080939 ), started in 1905,

1800-494: Is roughly bounded by 79th Street to the south, Bergenline Avenue on the west, and Boulevard East to the east and north. The park was created in 1910 and encompasses an area of 167 acres (67.6 ha). including Woodcliff Lake, the 16 acres (6.5 ha) body of water that is the largest lake in the county. The North Hudson Park UFO sightings occurred on January 12, 1975. The presence of a North Bergen temporary school building has led to controversy and referendums. Columbus Park

1875-548: Is site of the River Terminal, a massive distribution facility. It comprises the former Western Electric Kearny Works and Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company , the shipyards of which operated from 1917 to 1949, and played a prominent role in both World War I and World War II . While there was some maritime development on the eastern banks of the bay closer Bergen Point most of the eastern shore abuts residential and recreational areas. The Hackensack RiverWalk

1950-672: The American Coatings Association headquartered in Washington, D.C. In 1978, the Commission was reorganized, eliminating the field inspectors. In February 1989, the Commission moved to its present location at The Massey House in Victorian Village, Memphis . According to the author Even Bacon in his book “Orlando: A Centennial History,” Orange County sent a group of agricultural exhibitors to

2025-635: The Bergen County line. It was finished a few years later when it turned east in a loop and went south again as (Hudson) Boulevard East along the top edge of the Bergen Hill cliff to end at King's Bluff in Weehawken. In 1908 the State of New Jersey reconstructed the road to "improve and beautify it". In 1908, the Commission was sued by Philip Daab (Daab v. Hudson County Park Commission) due to

2100-649: The Hudson Palisades begins on Bergen Neck , the peninsula between the bay and the Hudson River . Kill in Dutch means stream or channel. During the British colonial era the bay was known as Cull bay . Kill van Kull literally translates as channel from the ridge . Arthur Kill is an anglicization of achter kill meaning back channel , which would speak to its location behind Staten Island. Many of

2175-619: The Industrial Revolution . Specifically, the Old Louisville neighborhood, that was planned and designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in the image of the City Beautiful movement, became the largest Victorian neighborhood in the United States. Central Park sits in the middle of Old Louisville and is home to an annual free public Shakespeare festival. Adjacent to the park is the St. James–Belgravia Historic District which hosts

2250-916: The National Docks Secondary rail line. It was named after General Hugh Mercer , a famous American Revolution figure. It was developed during the Works Progress Administration (WPA) era under the New Deal. The park lost much of its land to the city's largest housing authority project in 1959, except a small tract in Bayonne of 6.4 acres. Washington Park ( 40°45′10″N 74°02′41″W  /  40.752811°N 74.044714°W  / 40.752811; -74.044714 ) straddles Jersey City Heights and Union City along their border on Paterson Plank Road . It comprises 21 acres (8.5 ha) west of Palisade Avenue . Into

2325-610: The Orange Sun . Newark Bay had to be closed for five hours by the U.S. Coast Guard until damages to the GLD&;D dredge were mitigated. The dredge had begun to take on water and a diving crew was sent in order to make repairs. In December 2009, the National Transportation Safety Board issued a report that blamed the Orange Sun for the accident. The Orange Sun ' s master had not informed

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2400-844: The Philadelphia Museum of Art ), Pittsburgh (the Schenley Farms district in the Oakland neighborhood of parks, museums, and universities), San Antonio ( San Antonio River development), San Francisco (manifested by its Civic Center ), and the Washington State Capitol Campus in Olympia , and the University of Washington's Rainier Vista in Seattle . In Wilmington, Delaware , it inspired

2475-489: The U.S. Senate Park Commission's redesigning of the monumental core of Washington, D.C. , to commemorate the city's centennial and to fulfill unrealized aspects of the city plan of Pierre Charles L'Enfant a century earlier. The Washington, D.C., planners, which included Burnham, Saint-Gaudens, Charles McKim of McKim, Mead, and White , and Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. , visited many of the great cities of Europe . They hoped to make Washington, D.C., monumental and green like

2550-465: The 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. This greatly influenced city officials and planners at the turn of the century in incorporating diverse trees (such as oak trees, Palm trees, and azaleas) and other natural fixtures into the city's design. With the arrival of the middle-aged couple William S. and Jessie Branch from Parker, South Dakota, in 1903, led to the creation of brochures extolling

2625-571: The 1900s the land was owned by the Stuckleys, a wealthy New York family who operated it as carnival or campground and held fairs, circuses, and Wild West shows. Much of the park was laid-out during the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s. West Hudson Park ( 40°45′35″N 74°08′43″W  /  40.7597°N 74.1454°W  / 40.7597; -74.1454 ) is located in the West Hudson communities of Harrison and Kearny . It

2700-433: The 1920s, Palos Verdes Estates, California , was established as a master planned community by noted American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. The community was designed as a "City Beautiful." Among its early structures were the buildings comprising Malaga Cove Plaza, designed in a Mediterranean Revival style popular with the City Beautiful movement. Both European and North American cities provided models for

2775-714: The Australian City Beautiful movement. A combination of elements about 1900 also influenced the movement: However, City Beautiful was not solely concerned with aesthetics. The term ‘beautility’ derived from the American city beautiful philosophy, which meant that the beautification of a city must also be functional. Beautility, including the proven economic value of improvements, influenced Australian town planning. There were no formal city beautiful organisations that led this movement in Australia; rather it

2850-614: The City Beautiful Commission was officially established by a city ordinance on July 1, 1930, making it the first and oldest beautification commission in the nation. It was the brainchild of the mayor, E. H. Crump . The first Commission was appointed and had operating expenses of $ 1,500. A small office was set up in The Nineteenth Century Club . Mrs. E. G. Willingham was chosen as chairman and Mrs. William B. Fowler served as vice chairman. In 1935,

2925-546: The City of Newark started construction of Newark Liberty International Airport on the northwest quadrant of the wetlands which lay between Port Newark and the edge of the developed city. Port Authority took over the operations of Port Newark and the Newark Airport in 1948 and began modernizing and expanding both facilities southward. In 1958, the Port Authority dredged another shipping channel which straightened

3000-661: The European capitals of the era; they believed that state-organized beautification could lend legitimacy to government during a time of social disturbance in the United States. The essence of the plan surrounded the United States Capitol with monumental government buildings to replace "notorious slum communities". At the heart of the design was the creation of the National Mall and eventually included Burnham's Washington Union Station . The implementation of

3075-905: The Ohio State Capitol building east to the Metropolitan Library and west to the Scioto River), Des Moines , Denver , Detroit (the Cultural Center , Belle Isle and Outer Drive ), Madison (with the axis from the capitol building through State Street and to the University of Wisconsin campus), Montreal , New York City (notably the Manhattan Municipal Building ), Philadelphia (the Benjamin Franklin Parkway museum district between Philadelphia City Hall and

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3150-511: The Passaic River, have sections which are lined with heavy industry. Some industrial facilities discharged wastes into the tributaries during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, prior to passage of the 1972 Clean Water Act . High levels of PCBs and dioxin have been detected in the bay. It also has high levels of mercury , copper and other toxic chemicals. While illegal discharges of chemical waste have been stopped, crabbing

3225-676: The Pennsylvania Union Railroad Depot was to be moved to the west side of the city and replaced with a new modern depot. The West Side Property Owner’s Association was among those that objected. As reported by the Chicago Tribune , the association’s attorney Sidney Adler of Loeb & Adler said, "As I saw the beautiful picture of the city beautiful we will have fountains in West Madison Street, with poets and poetesses walking along Clinton, and

3300-532: The Riverside Drive project was dedicated. Costing nearly $ 1,000,000 (largely WPA funds) the City Beautiful Commission landscaped the bluffs with crape myrtle, redbuds, magnolias, dogwoods and Paul Scarlet roses. White roses were planted at each guardrail post. In 1936, Mrs. William B. Fowler became chairman of the City Beautiful Commission and served for many years. City Beautiful grew under her leadership and soon had to relocate to larger headquarters. Through

3375-448: The United States. An estuary , it is periodically dredged to accommodate seafaring ships. Newark Bay is rectangular, approximately 5.5 miles (8.9 km) long, varying in width from 0.6 to 1.2 miles (0.97 to 1.93 km). It is enclosed on the west by the cities of Newark and Elizabeth , and on the east by Jersey City and Bayonne . At the south is Staten Island , New York and at the north Kearny Point and Droyer's Point mark

3450-399: The annual St. James Court Art Show every October. South of St. James Court is the University of Louisville's Belknap Campus which is home to Grawemeyer Hall and the University of Louisville Brandeis School of Law. Each of these areas of Louisville display the features of beautification and monumental grandeur that typified the City Beautiful movement of the 1890s. In Memphis, Tennessee ,

3525-465: The bay from 1864 to connect its Communipaw Terminal . Last used in 1978, it was determined to be a hazard to maritime navigation and demolished in the 1980s. Elizabeth is the site of the first English speaking European settlement (1675) in New Jersey , its port at the southern end of the bay a major maritime hub during the colonial era. Jersey Gardens , an outlet mall, has been located north of Elizabethport since 1999. There are plans to construct

3600-466: The city. Today, Coral Gables is one of Miami's most expensive suburban communities, long known for its strict zoning regulations which preserve the City Beautiful elements along with its Mediterranean Revival architecture style, which is prevalent throughout the city. Coral Gables has many parks and a heavy tree canopy with an urban forest planted largely in the 1920s. In Denver, Colorado , Mayor Robert W. Speer endorsed City Beautiful planning, with

3675-416: The collection of municipalities in the northern part of the county; specifically the Woodcliff Section of North Bergen . Its name refers to its location and to honor of James J. Braddock , World Heavy Weight Boxing Champion from 1935 to 1937 and inducted in hall of fame in 2001. who was a lifelong resident of North Bergen . It is also known colloquially as “80th Street Park” or “El Parque de La Ochenta”. It

3750-422: The construction of monuments, it also achieved great influence in urban planning that endured throughout the 20th century, particularly in regard to United States public housing projects. The " Garden City " movement in Britain influenced the contemporary planning of some newer suburbs of London , and there was cross-influence between the two aesthetics, one based in formal garden plans and urbanization schemes and

3825-488: The course of Bound Brook, the tidal inlet forming the boundary between Newark and Elizabeth. Dredged materials was used to create new upland south of the new Elizabeth Channel, where the Port Authority constructed the Elizabeth Marine Terminal. The first shipping facility to open upon the Elizabeth Channel was the new 90-acre (36 ha) Sea-Land Container Terminal , which was the prototype for virtually every other container terminal constructed thereafter. The Ironbound

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3900-529: The creation of Rodney Square and the surrounding civic buildings. In New Haven, Connecticut , John Russell Pope developed a plan for Yale University that eliminated substandard housing and relocated the urban poor to the peripheries. Kansas City, Missouri , and Dallas undertook the installation of parkways and parks under the influence of the movement. The City Beautiful philosophy was also heavily incorporated into Florida cities, such as in Coral Gables and Orlando . Daniel Burnham's 1909 Plan of Chicago

3975-508: The efforts of City Beautiful, Memphis gained the title of cleanest city in Tennessee in 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945 and 1946. Memphis also received the Ernest T. Trigg "Nation’s Cleanest City" award in 1948, 1949, 1950 and 1951. During this time, volunteers were organized into Wards and Block Clubs with Ward Chairmen and Block Captains. The City Beautiful staff grew to include 30 inspectors by 1954 who worked through these organizations to identify and improve eyesores. Memphis participated with

4050-414: The exposition was directed by architect Daniel Burnham , who hired architects from the eastern United States, as well as the sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens , to build large-scale Beaux-Arts monuments that were vaguely classical with uniform cornice height. The exposition displayed a model city of grand scale, known as the "White City", with modern transport systems and no poverty visible. The exposition

4125-415: The federal government took control of Port Newark. During the war there were close to 25,000 troops stationed at the Newark Bay Shipyard. The city decided to expand the port at the end of the war. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was formed in 1921 and the Newark Bay Channels were authorized by the Rivers and Harbors Acts in 1922. Shipping operations languished after the war, and in 1927,

4200-443: The following fair buildings in the prevailing Beaux Arts: the Palace of Agriculture; the cascades and colonnades; the Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game; the Palace of Horticulture; and the Palace of Transportation. All these were widely emulated in civic projects across the United States. Shortly after the fair opened in 1904, Masqueray resigned, having accepted an invitation from Archbishop John Ireland in St. Paul, Minnesota to design

4275-490: The horrific conditions in Harrisburg, and she set out to gain public sentiment in support of changing them. Dock’s speech was titled "The City Beautiful" or "Improvement Work at Home and Abroad", and this was the starting point for Harrisburg’s city improvements. Dock’s contemporary and closest ally in her drive for urban beautification was J. Horace McFarland , who was the president of the American Civic Association. With McFarland and Dock working together, they were able to push

4350-449: The lack of good filtration systems that could filter the sewage dumped by populations further up the Susquehanna River. A disastrous fire that consumed the state capitol in 1897 had spawned new conversation about the suitability of Harrisburg as a state capital. The improvement campaign was sparked by a riveting speech of conservationist Mira Lloyd Dock to the Harrisburg Board of Trade on December 20, 1900. Dock wanted to publicly challenge

4425-435: The leadership of the upper-middle class , which was concerned with poor living conditions in all major cities. The movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago , Cleveland , Detroit , Kansas City and Washington, D.C. , promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations. Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could promote

4500-482: The maritime and distribution facilities along the bay are part of Foreign Trade Zone 49 . The bay is spanned by the Vincent R. Casciano Memorial Bridge which carries the Newark Bay Extension (Interstate 78) of the New Jersey Turnpike . The Upper Bay Bridge is a vertical-lift bridge north of the Casciano that is now used by CSX Transportation for freight shipment, including the notable Juice Train . Central Railroad of New Jersey 's Newark Bay Bridge crossed

4575-446: The mouth of the Hackensack. Shooters Island is a bird sanctuary where the borders of Staten Island, Bayonne and Elizabeth meet at one point. The southern tip of Bergen Neck , known as Bergen Point , juts into the bay and lent its name to the former Bergen Point Lighthouse. Built offshore in 1849 it was demolished and replaced with a skeletal tower in the mid 20th century. The Atlantic Ocean at Sandy Hook and Rockaway Point

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4650-420: The other, with its " semi-detached villas " evoking a more rural atmosphere. The particular architectural style of the movement borrowed mainly from the contemporary Beaux-Arts and neoclassical architectures, which emphasized the necessity of order, dignity, and harmony. The first large-scale elaboration of the City Beautiful occurred in Chicago at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition . The planning of

4725-460: The park was unveiled in 2021 It is a component of the Hackensack RiverWalk . In June 2022 landascaped gardens were dedicated to the memory of Bayonne residents who had died of Covid-19. Laurel Hill ( 40°45′33″N 74°05′13″W  /  40.759204°N 74.086819°W  / 40.759204; -74.086819 ), better known as Snake Hill , is the newest county park, along the Hackensack River southwest of Secaucus Junction in Secaucus and

4800-439: The park. There is also a memorial dedicated to John A. Sacci, a beloved high school history teacher, who was tragically shot on February 12, 1998. The monument was facilitated by students and to this day, the word "remembrance" is misspelled on the marble monument. Stephen R. Gregg Park ( 40°39′45″N 74°06′37″W  /  40.662411°N 74.110228°W  / 40.662411; -74.110228 ), also known as Bayonne Park,

4875-404: The plan was interrupted by World War I , but resumed after the war, culminating in the construction of the Lincoln Memorial in 1922. The success of the City Beautiful philosophy in Washington, D.C. , is credited with influencing subsequent plans for beautification of many other cities, including Chicago , Baltimore , Cleveland ( The Mall ), Columbus (with the axis along State Street from

4950-406: The process of municipal improvement in Harrisburg by convincing prominent community leaders to donate money, and by gathering the support of the majority of citizens. In April 1901, the Harrisburg Telegraph, a city newspaper, published a front-page article on the city’s problems, which stressed Dock’s message of beautification and recreation, paved streets, clean water, a city hall, land for parks, and

5025-467: The simple minded residents of the west side, after work is done, will take their gondolas and row on the limpid bosom of the Chicago River idlely strumming guitars." Planned out as a suburb of Miami in the early 1920s by George Edgar Merrick during the Florida land boom of the 1920s , Coral Gables was developed entirely upon the City Beautiful movement, with obelisks, fountains, and monuments seen in street roundabouts, parks, city buildings and around

5100-510: The virtues of Florida and its climate, highlighting from the Orlando area. Five years later, the city sponsored a contest to replace Orlando’s nickname which was previously “Phenomenal City”, in response to the city's beautifications efforts. Out of the many suggestions, the proposed nickname “The City Beautiful” was chosen and adopted. The city has since continued in their preservation and revitalization of its natural habitat in its city design, notably at Lake Eola Park and at Leu Gardens . In

5175-450: Was Australia's "leading proponent" of the City Beautiful movement and, in 1921, wrote the book An Introduction to Australian City Planning . Both the City Beautiful and the Garden City philosophies were represented by Sulman’s "geometric or contour controlled" designs of the circulatory road systems in Canberra. The widths of pavements were also reduced and vegetated areas were increased, such as planted road verges. Melbourne’s grid plan

5250-413: Was considered a way to increase the city’s popularity as a tourist destination. Walter Burley Griffin incorporated City Beautiful principles for his design for Canberra . Griffin was influenced by Washington, D.C., "with grand axes and vistas and a strong central focal point: with specialised centres and, being a landscape architect, used the landscape to complement this layout. John Sulman, however,

5325-520: Was considered dull and monotonous by some people, and so the architect William Campbell designed a blueprint for the city. The main principle behind this were diagonal streets, providing sites for new and comprehensive architecture and for special buildings. The designs of Paris and Washington were major inspirations for this plan. World War I prolonged the City Beautiful movement in Australia , where more memorials were erected than in any other country. Although City Beautiful, or artistic planning, became

5400-567: Was created on a larger site and raised the about 1.2 million cubic yards of soil to an average 25 feet with hills as high as 45 feet. It opened in June 2015. Its name is inspired by the Pulaski Skyway . Mercer Park ( 40°41′21″N 74°05′44″W  /  40.689028°N 74.095556°W  / 40.689028; -74.095556 ) was created from the remnants of Curries Woods at the border of Greenville, Jersey City and Bayonne north of

5475-428: Was influenced by communications among professionals and bureaucrats, in particular architect-planners and local government reformers. In the early Federation era some influential Australians were determined that their cities be progressive and competitive. Adelaide was used as an Australian example of the "benefits of comprehensive civic design" with its ring of parklands. Beautification of the city of Hobart, for example,

5550-545: Was one of the early and more successful urban reform movements in the U.S. It began when local minded residents became convinced that their city was unattractive, unhealthy, and filthy, and lacked the appearance and facilities appropriate to its status as Pennsylvania's state capital. The causes of the city's defects were well known: industrialization in the previous half century had left the city poorly planned with unpaved streets and undeveloped water management systems. Residents of Harrisburg suffered disease and illnesses caused by

5625-486: Was originally designed by Charles N. Lowrie . It comprises 43.4 acres. City Beautiful movement The City Beautiful movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. It was a part of the progressive social reform movement in North America under

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