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111-694: Hudson River Park is a waterfront park on the North River ( Hudson River ) that extends from 59th Street south to Battery Park in the New York City borough of Manhattan . The park, a component of the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway , stretches 4.5 miles (7.2 km) and comprises 550 acres (220 ha), making it the second-largest park in Manhattan after the 843-acre (341 ha) Central Park . Hudson River Park

222-408: A New York City Police Department truck turned onto the bike lane, hitting a cyclist, who later died due to injuries. On December 3, 2006, in the second fatal incident on the bike lane that year, a drunken driver drove on the bike lane south from Chelsea Piers before fatally hitting a cyclist near Clarkson Street, more than a mile away. At the time, it was noted that there were no protective barriers on

333-696: A sports field , a basketball court , a playground with water features during the summer months, and a dog run named "Best of New York" by New York Magazine in May 2005. Pier 84 at West 44th Street is also packed with activities. Free fishing with Big City Fishing is available on the pier as well as free rowing and boat building at the Village Community Boathouse on the south side of Pier 40. Other maritime related activities include outrigger rowing and kayaking at Pier 26. The New York Water Taxi stops at Pier 42 near Christopher Street. Also on

444-554: A cautionary tale about the delicate balance between human activity and biodiversity and highlights the potential consequences of over-hunting and habitat destruction. A second wave of extinctions occurred later with European settlement. This period marked significant ecological disruption, largely due to the introduction of new species and land-use changes. European settlers brought with them animals such as rats, cats, and stoats, which preyed upon native birds and other wildlife. Additionally, deforestation for agriculture significantly altered

555-403: A circle. The memorial honors the victims of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , most of whom were gay. The Pier 54 project, later renamed Little Island , opened in May 2021. Additionally, in early 2020, Cuomo announced that he would expand the park onto Pier 76, which contained a New York City Police Department tow pound that was in the process of closing. Pier 76 opened on June 9, 2021, under

666-486: A concert venue from the former Schaefer Music Festival . Headline acts such as The Clash , Frank Zappa , King Crimson , and Hot Tuna performed on the pier. Opened under Hudson River Park in 2006, it is the largest public pier in the park. The pier also houses a water-themed playground, part of Hudson River Park. In addition, Pier 84 is a stop for New York Water Taxi and has a bicycle rental shop and other businesses serving primarily tourists. Pier 86 at West 46th Street

777-575: A cost of $ 350 million. Pier 97 was until 1975 the home of the Swedish American Line passenger ship terminal. The terminal was demolished some time after 1984 and the pier became to a live event venue, JBL. In 2019, a public park was announced on Pier 97 as part of a $ 38 million renovation; the park was designed by !melk Architects. Parts of the park first opened in early 2024, and the pier was completed in October 2024. On June 23, 2006,

888-410: A fishery starts harvesting fish from a previously unexploited stock, the biomass of the fish stock will decrease, since harvesting means fish are being removed. For sustainability, the rate at which the fish replenish biomass through reproduction must balance the rate at which the fish are being harvested. If the harvest rate is increased, then the stock biomass will further decrease. At a certain point,

999-603: A key role in human societies, comparable to the roles of water and cultivable land. Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses, and wood pulp for paper . In developing countries almost three billion people rely on wood for heating and cooking. Short-term economic gains made by conversion of forest to agriculture, or overexploitation of wood products, typically leads to loss of long-term income and long term biological productivity. West Africa , Madagascar , Southeast Asia and many other regions have experienced lower revenue because of overexploitation and

1110-406: A large scale study of fisheries that used ITQs, and ones that did not, provided strong evidence that ITQs help prevent collapses and restore fisheries that appear to be in decline. Water resources, such as lakes and aquifers , are usually renewable resources which naturally recharge (the term fossil water is sometimes used to describe aquifers which do not recharge). Overexploitation occurs if

1221-479: A major source of aquifer depletion. Depleted aquifers can become polluted with contaminants such as nitrates , or permanently damaged through subsidence or through saline intrusion from the ocean. This turns much of the world's underground water and lakes into finite resources with peak usage debates similar to oil . These debates usually centre around agriculture and suburban water usage but generation of electricity from nuclear energy or coal and tar sands mining

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1332-587: A mere 200 years after the first human settlements, ten species of the giant moa birds were driven to extinction by the Māori . This rapid extinction underscores the significant impact humans can have on native wildlife, especially in isolated ecosystems like New Zealand. The Māori, relying on the moa as a primary food source and for resources such as feathers and bones, hunted these birds extensively. The moa's inability to fly and their size, which made them easier targets, contributed to their rapid decline. This event serves as

1443-589: A pickup truck for a mile through the park's bike path between Houston Street and Chambers Street, killing eight people and injuring at least 11. Most of those who were hit were bike riders. The incident was considered the city's first deadly terrorist attack since the September 11 attacks . According to investigators, Saipov indicated allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant terror group. After

1554-468: A public art project commissioned by the Whitney Museum , Day's End , a ghostly exoskeletal architectural outline of a pier by David Hammons , and a public beach. Gansevoort Peninsula opened on October 2, 2023, with a 1,200-short-ton (1,100-long-ton) beach, sports field, sunning lawn, promenades, two dog runs, a picnic area, fitness equipment, and a beachfront landing for non-motorized boats. At

1665-764: A river-ecology research center at Pier 26 in Tribeca, to be run by Clarkson University. In October 2017, as part of a plan to reactivate the Pier 54 project (see § Notable piers ), Andrew Cuomo agreed to complete the remaining 30% of the park. The state's first memorial to the LGBT community was dedicated in June 2018, at Hudson River Park near the Christopher Street Pier. The memorial, an abstract work by Anthony Goicolea , consists of nine boulders arranged in

1776-683: A tide navigation for vessels of eighty tons to Albany and Troy , one hundred and sixty miles above New York . This peculiarity distinguishes the North River from all the other bays and rivers of the United States. The tide in no other ascends higher than the granite ridge or comes within thirty miles of the Blue Ridge or eastern chain of mountains. In the North River it breaks through the Blue Ridge at West Point and ascends above

1887-500: A vital human activity for survival, providing food, clothing, and tools. However, the history of hunting also includes episodes of overexploitation, particularly in the form of overhunting. The overkill hypothesis , which addresses the Quaternary extinction events, explains the relatively rapid extinction of megafauna . This hypothesis suggests that these extinctions were closely linked to human migration and population growth. One of

1998-474: A water resource, such as the Ogallala Aquifer , is mined or extracted at a rate that exceeds the recharge rate, that is, at a rate that exceeds the practical sustained yield. Recharge usually comes from area streams, rivers and lakes. An aquifer which has been overexploited is said to be overdrafted or depleted. Forests enhance the recharge of aquifers in some locales, although generally forests are

2109-575: A year. Pier 94 was formerly also part of the Passenger Ship Terminal before becoming an exhibition hall called the UnConvention Center around 1988. In 2023, Vornado Realty Trust , Blackstone Inc. , and Hudson Pacific Properties announced plans to build the 266,000-square-foot (24,700 m) Sunset Pier 94 Studios soundstage complex on the site, with six soundstages; the complex is planned to be completed by 2025 at

2220-469: Is a joint state and city collaboration, but is organized as a New York State public-benefit corporation . Plans for the park were devised in the late 1980s following the cancellation of the Westway plan, which had proposed an interstate highway to replace the deteriorated West Side Elevated Highway . The park was established in 1998 and was built in several stages in conjunction with the construction of

2331-461: Is a partnership between New York State and New York City charged with the design, construction and operation of the four-mile Hudson River Park. The trust operates on a premise of financial self-sufficiency, supporting the staff as well as the operations and maintenance of the park through revenue generated within the park by rents from commercial tenants, fees, concession revenues, grants and donations. Capital funding has historically come primarily from

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2442-521: Is also used to describe infrastructure on and under the river, including the North River piers, North River Tunnels , and Riverbank State Park . The origin of the name North River is generally attributed to the Dutch. In describing the major rivers in the New Netherland colony, they called the present-day Hudson River the "North River", the present-day Connecticut River the "Fresh River", and

2553-645: Is also water resource intensive. A modified Hubbert curve applies to any resource that can be harvested faster than it can be replaced. Though Hubbert's original analysis did not apply to renewable resources, their overexploitation can result in a Hubbert-like peak . This has led to the concept of peak water . Forests are overexploited when they are logged at a rate faster than reforestation takes place. Reforestation competes with other land uses such as food production, livestock grazing, and living space for further economic growth. Historically utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, have played

2664-631: Is an alternative name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey in the United States. In the early 17th century, the entire watercourse was named the North River (Dutch: Noort Rivier") by the Dutch colonial empire ; by the early 18th century, the term fell out of general use for most of the river's 300+ mile course. The name remains in limited use among local mariners and others and on some nautical charts and maps. The term

2775-501: Is an ever-present threat for species richness . This is more prevalent when looking at island ecology and the species that inhabit them, as islands can be viewed as the world in miniature. Island endemic populations are more prone to extinction from overexploitation, as they often exist at low densities with reduced reproductive rates. A good example of this are island snails, such as the Hawaiian Achatinella and

2886-465: Is appropriately regulated. Hardin's use of "commons" has frequently been misunderstood, leading Hardin to later remark that he should have titled his work "The tragedy of the unregulated commons". In wild fisheries , overexploitation or overfishing occurs when a fish stock has been fished down "below the size that, on average, would support the long-term maximum sustainable yield of the fishery". However, overexploitation can be sustainable. When

2997-399: Is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it", as well as to Hobbes and his Leviathan . The opposite situation to a tragedy of the commons is sometimes referred to as a tragedy of the anticommons : a situation in which rational individuals, acting separately, collectively waste a given resource by underutilizing it. The tragedy of the commons can be avoided if it

3108-488: Is drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are natural products derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources. Marine ecosystems are of particular interest in this regard. However, unregulated and inappropriate bioprospecting could potentially lead to overexploitation, ecosystem degradation and loss of biodiversity . Species from all groups of fauna and flora are affected by overexploitation. This phenomenon

3219-900: Is home to the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum , the centerpiece of which is the USS Intrepid , an aircraft carrier that served from World War II to the Vietnam War. This pier once served as the passenger ship terminal for the United States Lines . Piers 88–92 are part of the New York Passenger Ship Terminal , used by numerous modern cruise ships and ocean liners . In 1942, the USS Lafayette (formerly SS Normandie ) caught fire at Pier 88, remaining capsized there for

3330-703: Is home to the New York Knights of the American National Rugby League , and the primary offices of the Hudson River Park Trust. Built as a terminal for the Holland America Line in 1962, it primarily serves youth and amateur sports with various playing fields , and also contains a commercial parking lot with long-term parking spaces. The Trapeze School of New York is also located here. According to

3441-446: Is in each herder's individual interest to graze each new cow that the herder acquires on the common land, even if the carrying capacity of the common is exceeded, which damages the common for all the herders. The self-interested herder receives all of the benefits of having the additional cow, while all the herders share the damage to the common. However, all herders reach the same rational decision to buy additional cows and graze them on

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3552-645: Is located in Hudson River Park between Gansevoort Street and Little West 12th Street, in the Meatpacking District , across from the Whitney Museum of American Art , between Gansevoort and Little West 12th streets, which affords it remarkable views of the Lower Manhattan skyline. In January 2019, it was announced that a 5.5-acre (2.2 ha) park would be designed on the site by James Corner Field Operations . The space now includes

3663-471: Is moored there. Pier 26 was rebuilt from 2008 to 2009. A new park, designed by OLIN and Rafael Viñoly , opened in October 2020. Pier 34 is located at Canal Street and consists of two narrow walkways or "finger piers". At the end of the pier is a ventilation shaft for the Holland Tunnel , a five-story, 122-foot-tall (37 m) building with a trapezoidal footprint. Pier 40 , at Houston Street,

3774-498: Is not bound by taxonomy; it spans across mammals, birds, fish, insects, and plants alike. Animals are hunted for their fur, tusks, or meat, while plants are harvested for medicinal purposes, timber, or ornamental uses. This unsustainable practice disrupts ecosystems, threatening biodiversity and leading to the potential extinction of vulnerable species. All living organisms require resources to survive. Overexploitation of these resources for protracted periods can deplete natural stocks to

3885-455: Is reduced until the stock biomass returns to the optimal biomass. At this point, harvesting can be resumed near the maximum sustainable yield. The tragedy of the commons can be avoided within the context of fisheries if fishing effort and practices are regulated appropriately by fisheries management . One effective approach may be assigning some measure of ownership in the form of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) to fishermen. In 2008,

3996-813: Is the Chelsea Piers Sports and Entertainment Complex, which holds a variety of athletic spaces. Chelsea Piers sports a batting cage, bowling lanes, playing fields, a driving range, an ice skating rink, rock climbing facilities, and gymnastics space, among other exercise and fitness related spaces. Along with these indoor recreational facilities, Chelsea Piers offers boating activities and several restaurants on premises. Hudson River Park offers opportunities for outrigger canoeing on Pier 66 at West 26th Street, rowing and sailing on Piers 40 and 66, and free kayaking on Piers 96, 84, and 40. The free kayaking attraction, run by New York City-based nonprofit organizations and volunteers, allows visitors to kayak along

4107-708: Is the West Midtown Ferry Terminal used by NY Waterway , while Pier 83 is used by Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises . The two companies played a prominent role in the rescue of passengers from US Airways Flight 1549 , which made an emergency water landing on the Hudson in January 2009. Pier 79 connects to an Art Deco style ventilation shaft for the Lincoln Tunnel . Pier 84 is on 12th Avenue and 44th Street . From 1981 until 1988, it served as

4218-433: Is the sea urchin . When hunters caused sea otter populations to decline, an ecological release of sea urchin populations occurred. The sea urchins then overexploited their main food source, kelp , creating urchin barrens, areas of seabed denuded of kelp, but carpeted with urchins. No longer having food to eat, the sea urchin became locally extinct as well. Also, since kelp forest ecosystems are homes to many other species,

4329-654: Is the five-mile (8.0 km) bike and running path that runs the park's length, connecting northward to Riverside South north of 59th Street and southward to Battery Park . Constructed by the State Department of Transportation , it is "the busiest bikeway in America" according to the Park Trust. Scattered throughout the park are numerous fields and courts, such as Chelsea Waterside Park bounded by 24th Street, 11th Avenue, and 12th Avenue. The park contains

4440-587: The 2004 Republican National Convention protests , the New York City Police Department used Pier 57 as a makeshift jail to hold people arrested during protests related to the convention. The holding pens were dubbed "Guantanamo on the Hudson" by activists and in the media. Various lawsuits were filed against the city related to conditions at the site and allegedly illegal arrests, including those of bystanders. Plans created in 2009 call for an improved pier design for commercial use, dubbed

4551-522: The Congo and Rwanda , firearms have become common and the breakdown of food distribution networks in such countries leaves the resources of the natural environment vulnerable. Animals are even killed as target practice, or simply to spite the government. Populations of large primates, such as gorillas and chimpanzees , ungulates and other mammals, may be reduced by 80% or more by hunting, and certain species may be eliminated. This decline has been called

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4662-587: The Delaware River the "South River". Another theory is that the North River and East River were so named for the direction of travel they permitted once having entered the Upper New York Bay . At various times, North River has referred to: The river's history is strongly connected to the shipping industry in the Port of New York and New Jersey , which shifted primarily to Port Newark in

4773-435: The Holland Tunnel ( I-78 ), and the Lincoln Tunnel (then I-495 ). The right-of-way of the new six-lane highway would have demolished the then-existing West Side piers and replaced them with 220 acres (89 ha) of landfill, through which the new highway would have tunneled. In addition to 100 acres (40 ha) of development, the plan also had provisions for 98 acres (40 ha) of continuous parkland to be laid on top of

4884-459: The Hudson River striped bass habitat. Much of the estimated $ 2 billion in federal funds allocated for the Westway was diverted to mass transit. Plans for the park still persisted, with $ 265 million of the park's proposed $ 500 million cost having been secured by 1990. The park would be built on all of the land not occupied by the future West Side Highway , as well as the remaining piers. During

4995-549: The Hudson River Park which stretches from 59th Street to the Battery . The park, a joint project between New York City and New York State commenced in 1998, consists of several non-contiguous parcels of land and piers totaling 125 acres (0.51 km ), plus another 400 acres (1.6 km ) of the river itself. Several piers were rebuilt for adaptive re-use as part of the park project, with approximately 70% of

5106-806: The Hudson Waterfront in New Jersey, the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway runs for about 18 miles. In Manhattan, the Hudson River Park runs from Battery Park to 59th Street . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's current charts call the lower river the "Hudson", and the United States Geological Survey lists "North River" as an alternative name of the Hudson River without qualifying it as any particular portion of

5217-463: The IAC Building and a redevelopment of St. John's Terminal . Hudson River Park is a 550-acre waterfront public park located along over miles on the west side of Manhattan. Recreational facilities of many kinds are located throughout Hudson River Park, catering to organized and individual sports, leisure activities, and activities for children. A defining physical feature of Hudson River Park

5328-545: The bushmeat crisis . Overexploitation threatens one-third of endangered vertebrates , as well as other groups. Excluding edible fish, the illegal trade in wildlife is valued at $ 10 billion per year. Industries responsible for this include the trade in bushmeat , the trade in Chinese medicine , and the fur trade . The Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, or CITES

5439-496: The exploitation of many species beyond sustainable levels. In practical terms, if continued, it reduces valuable resources to such low levels that their exploitation is no longer sustainable and can lead to the extinction of a species, in addition to having dramatic, unforeseen effects , on the ecosystem . Overexploitation often occurs rapidly as markets open, utilising previously untapped resources, or locally used species. Today, overexploitation and misuse of natural resources

5550-589: The sinking of the Titanic rescued by the Carpathia in 1912, as well as being the departure point for the ill-fated Lusitania , which was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915. By the late 19th century, the Slaughterhouse District was created along the Hudson River shoreline in present-day Hell's Kitchen . A stretch of 39th Street between 11th and 12th Avenues was called Abattoir Place until

5661-541: The 14th Street Park, and Pier 45 are all wide unobstructed green spaces for sunbathing, and are popular locations. Points of interest along the park's route include: Pier 25 is a sports and docking facility at the foot of North Moore Street and part of Hudson River Park featuring the Mauro Memorial mini golf course. The museum ship USCGC Lilac , the last steam-powered vessel in the Coast Guard fleet,

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5772-444: The 1970s and 1980s, leading to their abrupt collapse in 1992. Even though fishing has ceased, the cod stocks have failed to recover. The absence of cod as the apex predator in many areas has led to trophic cascades . About 25% of world fisheries are now overexploited to the point where their current biomass is less than the level that maximizes their sustainable yield. These depleted fisheries can often recover if fishing pressure

5883-579: The 1980s and 1990s, there were plans to redevelop many of the old piers as parkland. A new plan for development was announced in 1992 by then-Governor Mario Cuomo and then-Mayor David Dinkins , targeting Pier 76 opposite the Javits Center , Chelsea Piers , and Pier 40 as key locations for commercial development that would support the park. The 1992 memorandum also created the Hudson River Park Corporation, quickly renamed

5994-535: The Commons". It was based on a parable that William Forster Lloyd published in 1833 to explain how individuals innocently acting in their own self-interest can overexploit, and destroy, a resource that they all share. Lloyd described a simplified hypothetical situation based on medieval land tenure in Europe. Herders share common land on which they are each entitled to graze their cows. In Hardin's article, it

6105-479: The French Polynesian Partula . Achatinelline snails have 15 species listed as extinct and 24 critically endangered while 60 species of partulidae are considered extinct with 14 listed as critically endangered. The WCMC have attributed over-collecting and very low lifetime fecundity for the extreme vulnerability exhibited among these species. As another example, when the humble hedgehog

6216-658: The Hudson River Park Conservancy, a government agency composed of members appointed by the governor and mayor. Construction of the Chelsea Piers complex began in July 1994, opening in stages beginning in May 1995. Legislation creating the park was signed in September 1998 by Governor George Pataki , combining land owned by New York State (the southern half, from Battery Park to 35th Street) and

6327-504: The Hudson River Park Trust, the facility generates $ 6 million in operating revenue and 40% of the entire park's annual operating budget. The term " Christopher Street Pier " usually refers specifically to Pier 45 opposite West 10th Street in Greenwich Village . However, it refers to three other piers as well, between Piers 42–51. Pier 51 houses a water-themed playground, part of Hudson River Park. Gansevoort Peninsula

6438-405: The Hudson River shore, within several North River piers . Because of their quantity, they were often sold at cheap prices, and many immigrants to New York City relied on eating oysters. These oyster barges closed when the oysters died due to overfarming and to water pollution resulting from the shore's industrialization . In 1807, the first steamboat in passenger operation, Clermont ,

6549-590: The Hudson River to Pier 63. A restaurant was opened on the pier. The lightship Frying Pan and the fire vessel John J. Harvey were also originally moored to Pier 63, with both listed on the National Register of Historic Places . In 2007, the barge was moved to Pier 66 on 26th Street. Pier 66 is located at 26th Street and is used for sailing and paddle sports. Pier 76 has four temporary pickleball courts, which opened in November 2023. Pier 79

6660-427: The Hudson River. The kayaking attraction, which are open five days a week including Saturdays and Sundays, serve as an affordable activity for tourists and resident New Yorkers alike, provided that the kayakers sign waivers and wear life vests . Abundant open grassy areas in the park permit non-athletic leisure activity. Suntanning is a popular pastime in many areas. Clinton Cove (55th Street), Pier 84 (44th Street),

6771-422: The Hudson shore of Manhattan were formerly used for shipping and berthing ocean-going ships. In shipping notices, they were designated as, for example, "Pier 14, North River". As with the river, the name "North River piers" has largely been supplanted by "Hudson River piers", or just by a pier and number, e.g., "Pier 54". Pier 40 is located at Houston Street, and the numbering of the piers to the north correspond to

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6882-629: The SuperPier, which was slated to be completed in 2019. Piers 59–62 are used as Chelsea Piers , which were originally a passenger ship terminal in the early 1900s that was used by the RMS Lusitania and was the destination of the RMS Titanic . The Chelsea Piers Sports & Entertainment Complex opened at the site in 1995. Pier 63 was originally located near 23rd Street , adjacent to Chelsea Piers and Hudson River Park. The site

6993-495: The annals of modern environmental awareness, traces back to ancient practices embedded in human history. Contrary to the notion that overexploitation is an exclusively contemporary issue, the phenomenon has been documented for millennia and is not limited to human activities alone. Historical evidence reveals that various cultures and societies have engaged in practices leading to the overuse of natural resources, sometimes with drastic consequences. One poignant example can be found in

7104-552: The attack, several media sources wrote about how easy it was to drive down the bike lane, either by accident or on purpose, referencing the lack of bollards and the previous fatalities caused by drivers on the bike path. City and state officials also worked on ways to improve the bike lane's safety measures, and two days after the attack, the city started placing temporary concrete barriers on the path. Permanent safety bollards were installed starting in July 2018. North River (Hudson River) North River ( Dutch : Noort Rivier )

7215-579: The best route toward western and northern lands; similar routes were chosen for the Erie Canal and other early canals built by the New York state . Gallatin noted the following in reference to the North and Hudson Rivers , writing: What is called the North River is a narrow and long bay, which in its northwardly course from the harbor of New York breaks through or turns all the mountains, affording

7326-656: The budget had gone over $ 200 million by then. The project was revived in October 2017 as part of an agreement to finish the park. Pier 57 , at 15th Street and 11th Avenue, formerly served as a terminal for shipping and storage of cargo for the Grace Line . Between 1969 and 2003, Pier 57 housed the Hudson Pier Bus Depot for the New York City Transit Authority . Since then, it has been designated for commercial development. During

7437-406: The ceremonial cloaks of Hawaiian kings , which were adorned with the feathers of the now-extinct mamo bird. Crafting a single cloak required the feathers of approximately 70,000 adult mamo birds, illustrating a staggering scale of resource extraction that ultimately contributed to its extinction. This instance underscores how cultural traditions and their associated demands can sometimes precipitate

7548-412: The city (the northern half, from 35th Street to 59th). Both halves were leased to the joint entity now known as the Hudson River Park Trust. The plan also guaranteed that half of two commercial locations, Piers 40 and 76, and all of pier 84, would be reserved for parkland. The park was initially expected to be completed by 2003, with construction costs estimated at $ 300 million. The first complete section of

7659-435: The common, which eventually destroys the common. Hardin concludes: Therein is the tragedy. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit—in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all. In the course of his essay, Hardin develops

7770-431: The consequent declining timber harvests. Overexploitation is one of the main threats to global biodiversity . Other threats include pollution , introduced and invasive species, habitat fragmentation , habitat destruction , uncontrolled hybridization , climate change , ocean acidification and the driver behind many of these, human overpopulation . One of the key health issues associated with biodiversity

7881-471: The context of fishing, the term overfishing can be used instead of overexploitation, as can overgrazing in stock management , overlogging in forest management , overdrafting in aquifer management, and endangered species in species monitoring. Overexploitation is not an activity limited to humans. Introduced predators and herbivores, for example, can overexploit native flora and fauna . The concern about overexploitation, while relatively recent in

7992-432: The debt, the bill provided for the trust to make passengers pay to board sightseeing cruise ships in the park. Finally, the bill allowed the park to sell air rights across the street from the park, specifically St. John's Terminal across from Pier 40 . In addition, Pier 40, which would have garnered large profits for the park, would cost more than $ 100 million to renovate. In 2014, the Hudson River Park Trust planned

8103-512: The destruction of the resource, nor is it necessarily unsustainable. However, depleting the numbers or amount of the resource can change its quality. For example, footstool palm is a wild palm tree found in Southeast Asia. Its leaves are used for thatching and food wrapping, and overharvesting has resulted in its leaf size becoming smaller. In 1968, the journal Science published an article by Garrett Hardin entitled "The Tragedy of

8214-471: The early 20th century. In the 1870s, tunnels to herd cattle under 12th Avenue were created at 34th and 38th Streets. The cattle industry in this area continued through the 1960s. What is now Hudson River Park emerged from the failed 1970s and 1980s Westway proposal to replace the dilapidated West Side Highway with an interstate highway connecting the Brooklyn–;Battery Tunnel ( I-478 ),

8325-652: The eastern termination of the Catskill or great western chain. A few miles above Troy, and the head of the tide, the Hudson from the north and the Mohawk from the west unite their waters and form the North River. The Hudson in its course upwards approaches the waters of Lake Champlain , and the Mohawk those of Lake Ontario . In 1909, two tunnels were under construction: one was called the North River Tunnels ,

8436-596: The existing canopy of the former tow pound. In 2022, Manhattan borough president Mark Levine proposed converting one lane of the West Side Highway into a bike path due to heavy traffic on Hudson River Park's bike lane. Gansevoort Peninsula opened in the West Village in late 2023. By then, the park attracted 17 million annual visitors and had spurred commercial development along the West Side, including

8547-425: The five main activities threatening global biodiversity . Ecologists use the term to describe populations that are harvested at an unsustainable rate, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction. This can result in extinction at the population level and even extinction of whole species. In conservation biology , the term is usually used in the context of human economic activity that involves

8658-602: The habitats of many endemic species. These combined factors accelerated the decline of New Zealand's unique biodiversity, leading to the extinction of several more species. The European settlement period serves as a poignant example of how human activities can drastically impact natural ecosystems. In more recent times, overexploitation has resulted in the gradual emergence of the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development , which has built on other concepts, such as sustainable yield , eco-development , and deep ecology . Overexploitation does not necessarily lead to

8769-460: The highway, including four waterside parks and a three-mile-long (4.8 km) tree-lined promenade and bike path on the waterfront. Around 90% of the funds for the project were to come from federal aid. The project was abandoned on September 19, 1985, due to political as well as environmental objections, particularly concerns in Congress over excessive cost as well as concerns by federal courts over

8880-462: The location of the North River piers, was labeled "North River", with the label "Hudson River" used above Midtown Manhattan . On a 2000 map of "Northern Approaches to New York City" included in Hagstrom's New York [State] Road Map , the entire river adjacent to Manhattan was labeled "Hudson River (North River)" with the river further north at Tappan Zee labeled the "Hudson River". Piers along

8991-467: The loss of the kelp caused other cascade effects of secondary extinctions. In 1911, when only one small group of 32 sea otters survived in a remote cove, an international treaty was signed to prevent further exploitation of the sea otters. Under heavy protection, the otters multiplied and repopulated the depleted areas, which slowly recovered. More recently, with declining numbers of fish stocks, again due to overexploitation, killer whales have experienced

9102-409: The maximum harvest yield that can be sustained will be reached, and further attempts to increase the harvest rate will result in the collapse of the fishery. This point is called the maximum sustainable yield , and in practice, usually occurs when the fishery has been fished down to about 30% of the biomass it had before harvesting started. It is possible to fish the stock down further to, say, 15% of

9213-496: The mid 20th century was home to expansive facilities operated by competing railroads. Most are now gone, allowing for public access to the waterfront at piers , parks , promenades and marinas along the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway . New ferry slips and terminals exclusively for pedestrian use have been built. The last crossing to be built was the south tube of the Lincoln Tunnel in 1957, but in 1962, another deck

9324-630: The mid-20th century due to the construction of the Holland Tunnel and other river crossings and the advent of containerization . Throughout this multi-century history, the name for the lower portion of the river has remained interchangeable with both North River and Hudson River used to describe it. In 1808, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin issued a report of proposed locations for transportation and communication internal improvements of national importance. The North River figured prominently among his proposals as

9435-441: The months after Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, due to damaged electrical cables. As a result, the Hudson River Park temporarily limited hours after nightfall in the park. Before Hurricane Sandy, the park's paths alongside the river remained open until 1 am EDT . After Hurricane Sandy, the park worked to return to normal operating hours once they restored power to affected areas. Full power was restored in June 2014, 20 months after

9546-633: The most compelling pieces of evidence supporting this theory is that approximately 80% of North American large mammal species disappeared within just approximately a thousand years of humans arriving in the Western Hemisphere . This rapid disappearance indicates a significant impact of human activity on these species, underscoring the profound influence humans have had on their environment throughout history. The fastest-ever recorded extinction of megafauna occurred in New Zealand . By 1500 AD,

9657-428: The nearest numbered street plus 40 – thus, for example, North River Pier 86 is at West 46th Street. Most of the piers that once existed in lower Manhattan fell into disuse or were destroyed in the last half of the 20th century. The remaining piers are Pier A at the Battery and piers ranging from Pier 25 at North Moore Street to Pier 99 at 59th Street . Many of these piers and the waterfront between them are part of

9768-415: The north and The Battery to the south. Bicycle and pedestrian paths, spanning the park north to south, open up the waterfront for recreational use. The park includes tennis and soccer fields, batting cages , children's playground, dog run, and many other features. The parkland also incorporates several rebuilt North River piers along its length, formerly used for shipping. The Hudson River Park Trust

9879-696: The other, the Hudson Tubes . That year the Hudson–Fulton Celebration was held, commemorating Henry Hudson , the first European to record navigating the river, and Robert Fulton , the first man to use a paddle steamer in America, named the North River Steamboat , to sail up it, leading to controversy over what the waterway should be called. Much of the shoreline previously used for maritime, rail, and industrial activities has given way to recreational promenades and piers. On

9990-652: The overexploitation of a species to the brink of extinction. Similarly, the story of the dodo bird from Mauritius provides another clear example of overexploitation. The dodo, a flightless bird, exhibited a lack of fear toward predators, including humans, making it exceptionally vulnerable to hunting. The dodo's naivety and the absence of natural defenses against human hunters and introduced species led to its rapid extinction. This case offers insight into how certain species, particularly those isolated on islands, can be disproportionately affected by human activities due to their evolutionary adaptations. Hunting has long been

10101-423: The park started construction in 1998 and opened in 2003 in Greenwich Village . Afterward, construction stalled, and much of the park remained incomplete. Clinton Cove opened in 2005, and Piers 66 and 84 opened the next year. Half of the park was complete by 2009, and as of 2015, seventy percent of the park has been finished, at a cost of nearly $ 500 million. Parts of the Hudson River Park remained without power in

10212-471: The path, only three-inch-thick flexible bollards . The bike path was also criticized for generally bad design after several other deadly incidents, including a drunk-driving fatality at Chambers Street . After these deaths, Transportation Alternatives pushed for stronger bollards for several years, but the only fixes made to the path were clearer road markings. On October 31, 2017, 29-year-old Uzbek immigrant Sayfullo Habibullaevich Saipov intentionally drove

10323-405: The pier are a dog run and playground, and the casual restaurant PD O'Hurleys. Other sporting facilities include basketball courts at Canal Street and at Harrison Street, tennis courts south of Pier 40 between Houston and Canal Streets, pickleball courts near Pier 76, beach volleyball , and a California -style skate park at West 30th Street. The largest sporting complex in Hudson River Park

10434-464: The planned work complete by 2011. Prior to the opening of the North River Tunnels and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad tubes in the early 1900s, passengers and freight were required to cross the river for travel to points east. This led to an extensive network of intermodal terminals , railyards , ferry slips , docks , barges , and carfloats . The west shore of the river from the mid 19th to

10545-491: The point of extinction. A classic example of cascade effects occurred with sea otters . Starting before the 17th century and not phased out until 1911, sea otters were hunted aggressively for their exceptionally warm and valuable pelts, which could fetch up to $ 2500 US. This caused cascade effects through the kelp forest ecosystems along the Pacific Coast of North America. One of the sea otters’ primary food sources

10656-413: The point where they are unable to recover within a short time frame. Humans have always harvested food and other resources they need to survive. Human populations, historically, were small, and methods of collection were limited to small quantities. With an exponential increase in human population , expanding markets and increasing demand, combined with improved access and techniques for capture, are causing

10767-443: The pre-harvest biomass, and then adjust the harvest rate so the biomass remains at that level. In this case, the fishery is sustainable, but is now overexploited, because the stock has been run down to the point where the sustainable yield is less than it could be. Fish stocks are said to "collapse" if their biomass declines by more than 95 percent of their maximum historical biomass. Atlantic cod stocks were severely overexploited in

10878-457: The river. Hagstrom Maps , formerly the leading mapmaker in the New York metropolitan area and known for occasional quirky and anachronistic names, features, and artifacts on their maps, has labeled all or part of the Hudson adjacent to Manhattan as "North River" on several of its products. For instance, on a 1997 Hagstrom Map of Manhattan , the stretch of river between Hudson County, New Jersey , and Lower Manhattan , roughly corresponding to

10989-467: The shore of the southernmost portion of the Hudson River —where the park now is—seasonally, in a place called Sapohanikan . It was near the present-day intersection of Gansevoort Street and Washington Street . It was probably a hunting and fishing site, and Native Americans probably used the oyster reefs on the shore as well; the newly settled Europeans also began using these reefs. Later, oyster barges , selling high volumes of oysters, opened along

11100-454: The site of Pier 54 (shut down in 2011), plans arose in November 2014 for Little Island , a new park designed by Heatherwick Studio and costing between $ 130 million and $ 160 million. The park, a partnership between Barry Diller and Diane von Fürstenberg 's foundation, the city and state, and Hudson River Park Trust, would float completely above the water. Plans for the pier were scrapped in September 2017 due to cost overruns and lawsuits, as

11211-459: The state, the city, and Federal budget appropriations. The trust is guided by a thirteen-member Board of Directors. There is also a fifty-member Advisory Council which plays an integral role in the park planning process. The management team is headed by Noreen Doyle, President and CEO. In 2017, the trust had operating expenses of $ 31.38 million and a level of staffing of 117 people. Prior to colonization of New Netherland , Native Americans lived on

11322-470: The storm, with total damages accumulating to $ 32 million. By June 2013, the Hudson River Park trust was in debt. A bill passed in June 2013 ended maintenance of a section of the park in Battery Park City , as well as the purchase of liability insurance , which would give $ 750,000 in savings to the park. However, the park was to run a $ 8.5 million deficit for fiscal year 2014. To further ameliorate

11433-610: The surface-level West Side Highway . Additional phases were completed between the 2000s and the 2020s. Hudson River Park connects many other recreational sites and landmarks. It runs through the Manhattan neighborhoods of Lower Manhattan (including Battery Park City , World Trade Center , and Tribeca ), Greenwich Village (including the West Village and Meatpacking District ), Chelsea , and Midtown West (which includes Hudson Yards and Hell's Kitchen /Clinton). The park connects two other waterfront parks: Riverside Park to

11544-424: The taking of biological resources, or organisms, in larger numbers than their populations can withstand. The term is also used and defined somewhat differently in fisheries , hydrology and natural resource management . Overexploitation can lead to resource destruction, including extinctions . However, it is also possible for overexploitation to be sustainable, as discussed below in the section on fisheries. In

11655-511: The theme, drawing in many examples of latter day commons, such as national parks , the atmosphere, oceans, rivers and fish stocks . The example of fish stocks had led some to call this the "tragedy of the fishers". A major theme running through the essay is the growth of human populations , with the Earth 's finite resources being the general common. The tragedy of the commons has intellectual roots tracing back to Aristotle , who noted that "what

11766-449: The total) have been subject to overexploitation, including: Overexploitation of species can result in knock-on or cascade effects . This can particularly apply if, through overexploitation, a habitat loses its apex predator . Because of the loss of the top predator, a dramatic increase in their prey species can occur. In turn, the unchecked prey can then overexploit their own food resources until population numbers dwindle, possibly to

11877-576: Was added to the George Washington Bridge. Since 2003, various proposals have been made to add a new train line. This includes an extension of the completed 7 Subway Extension , the canceled Access to the Region's Core , and the proposed Gateway Project . 40°47′12″N 73°59′31″W  /  40.78667°N 73.99194°W  / 40.78667; -73.99194 Overfarming In ecology , overexploitation describes one of

11988-445: Was formerly the location of a Pavonia Ferry terminal that opened in 1869. The ferries traveled to Jersey City , located opposite Manhattan. By the beginning of the 20th century ferries were already aging and deteriorating under heavy use, and in 1942 the terminal itself was demolished. The pier then housed a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad transfer barge . In the late 1980s, boat enthusiast John Krevey converted an old railroad barge on

12099-471: Was introduced to the Scottish island of Uist , the population greatly expanded and took to consuming and overexploiting shorebird eggs, with drastic consequences for their breeding success. Twelve species of avifauna are affected, with some species numbers being reduced by 39%. Where there is substantial human migration, civil unrest, or war, controls may no longer exist. With civil unrest, for example in

12210-533: Was launched from present-day Pier 45, in the West Village . The first successful boat of its kind in the United States, it helped give Robert Fulton control over all steamboat operations on the rest of the Hudson River . The English White Star Line , including the Olympic , and the Titanic , had a terminal at Pier 59 . The competing Cunard Line was located at Pier 54, and this location received survivors of

12321-413: Was set up in order to control and regulate the trade in endangered animals. It currently protects, to a varying degree, some 33,000 species of animals and plants. It is estimated that a quarter of the endangered vertebrates in the United States of America and half of the endangered mammals is attributed to overexploitation. Overall, 50 bird species that have become extinct since 1500 (approximately 40% of

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