40°43′36″N 74°00′22″W / 40.7268°N 74.0060°W / 40.7268; -74.0060
105-700: Hudson Square is a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan in New York City . It is bounded approximately by Clarkson Street to the north, Canal Street to the south, Varick Street to the east, and the Hudson River to the west. To the north of the neighborhood is Greenwich Village , to the south is TriBeCa , and to the east are the South Village and SoHo . The area, once the site of the colonial property named Richmond Hill , became known in
210-754: A $ 1 billion, 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m) headquarters across three buildings in Hudson Square, supplementing its existing location at 111 Eighth Avenue in Chelsea , by 2020. Google would also purchase 550 Washington Street in 2021, a former freight rail terminal in Hudson Square since converted into an office building. Other companies located in the Hudson Square area include Warby Parker (eyeglasses), Oscar Health (health insurance), and Harry's (razors). The New York City Subway 's Spring Street ( C and E trains) and Houston Street ( 1 train) stations serve
315-498: A 12-story building at 80 Pine Street, a 26-story building at 123 William Street, and a few others were built in 1957. By the end of the decade, Lower Manhattan had become economically depressed, in comparison with Midtown Manhattan , which was booming with the continued march uptown . David Rockefeller spearheaded widespread urban renewal efforts in Lower Manhattan, beginning with constructing One Chase Manhattan Plaza ,
420-478: A Google sign in the lobby has depictions of items such as taxicabs and the Statue of Liberty. Following the project's completion, the building has had nearly 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) of native plants on its roof garden , as well as a rainwater collection system with a capacity of 92,000 U.S. gallons (350,000 L; 77,000 imp gal). There are also solar panels on the roof, in addition to wood salvaged from
525-536: A cheap office location in the 1980s. The cheap office space attracted tenants such as Bloomberg L.P. By 1991, Merrill Lynch occupied 700,000 square feet (65,000 m ) in St. John's Terminal and was negotiating to occupy another 300,000 square feet (28,000 m ) of space. By then, the building was called St. John's Center, and its floors were being marketed at $ 12 per square foot ($ 130/m ). In January 2013, Grant sold his 50.1 percent controlling stake for $ 250 million to
630-621: A higher percentage than in Philadelphia or Boston . The 1735 libel trial of John Peter Zenger in the city was a seminal influence on freedom of the press in North America. It would be a standard for the basic articles of freedom in the United States Declaration of Independence . By the 1740s, with expansion of settlers, 20% of the population of New York were slaves, totaling about 2,500 people. After
735-519: A joint venture of Atlas Capital Group , Fortress Investment Group , and Westbrook Partners . That November, Atlas and the Hudson River Park Trust signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) in which Atlas would buy unused air rights above Pier 40 , directly to the west. Atlas would use the air rights to redevelop the St. John's site over the following ten years, starting with the northern section of St. John's Terminal. The MOU
840-496: A mile north of Manhattan 's southern tip around Chambers Street near the Hudson River east of the entrances and overpass to the Brooklyn Bridge . Two other major arteries to Lower Manhattan are Canal Street , roughly half a mile north of Chambers Street, and 23rd Street , roughly half a mile north of 14th Street. Lower Manhattan's central business district forms the core of the area below Chambers Street and includes
945-435: A mixed-use development on the site, with residences, retail, and offices, using air rights purchased from the adjoining Pier 40 . Though the plans were modified in response to community input, the plans stalled in 2017, and Oxford Properties and Canada Pension Plan bought the southern three-quarters of the site in early 2018. Oxford and CPP hired Cookfox to design an office redevelopment with nine additional stories above
1050-552: A new Independence Plaza, Washington Market Park , and other developments. Lower Manhattan retains the most irregular street grid plans in the borough. Throughout the early decades of the 1900s, the area experienced a construction boom, with major towers such as 40 Wall Street , the American International Building , Woolworth Building , and 20 Exchange Place being erected. Many new water crossings into Lower Manhattan were built at this time, including
1155-621: A residential building with affordable and market-rate units, a residential building entirely composed of market-rate units, and a garden connecting the towers. At the south end of the site would be a 350-unit hotel and a mews. The former railroad loading platforms would be converted into a park similar to the High Line . In total, the development would contain 1,586 units. Some 200,000 square feet (19,000 m ) of air rights from Pier 40, as well as 500,000 square feet (46,000 m ) of additional rights from an "upzoning", would be used to increase
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#17327653989201260-783: A result of Alexander Hamilton 's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury and, later, with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the North American interior. Immigration resumed after being slowed by wars in Europe, and a new street grid system, the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 , expanded to encompass all of Manhattan. Early in
1365-416: A series of fires in 1741, the city became panicked that blacks planned to burn the city in a conspiracy with some poor whites. Historians believe their alarm was mostly fabrication and fear, but officials rounded up 31 blacks and 4 whites, all of whom were convicted of arson and executed. City officials executed 13 blacks by burning them alive and hanged 4 whites and 18 blacks. In 1754, Columbia University
1470-433: A taller building but instead decided to create a low structure with large floor plates of 100,000 square feet (9,300 m ). The first and second floors would have ceilings of up to 28 feet (8.5 m), while a new glass annex would rise nine stories above the existing third floor, with ceiling heights of 16 feet (4.9 m). According to renderings, the existing fourth story of the terminal would be removed to make way for
1575-452: A three-story building with a projected cost of $ 2.5 million. According to a contemporary New York Times article, the reduction of size was due to cost, as the original structure would have $ 12.5 million. However, a later Times article cited opposition from brokers as a reason for reducing the building's height. The building would serve only the NYCR's own direct purposes as a rail terminal ;
1680-582: A warehouse instead. The building was renovated with 750,000 square feet (70,000 m ) of offices. Eugene M. Grant and Lionel Bauman purchased St. John's Terminal in 1960 or 1962. Among the first tenants of the St. John's Terminal Building was the Oberly & Newell Lithographic Corporation, Other office tenants included McKenzie Service Inc., a bookbinding firm; the Railway Express Agency ; and N. Erlanger Blumgart & Co., one of
1785-736: Is Google's second largest city by number of employees in its offices, behind only its main Mountain View, California , offices in Silicon Valley. At the time, many office employees were continuing to work from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but Google officials expressed optimism that the office space would be filled when the renovation was completed. Google finalized its acquisition of the building in April 2022, and Google formally opened its office on February 21, 2024. As part of
1890-661: Is a building on Washington Street in the Hudson Square neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Designed by Edward A. Doughtery, it was built in 1934 by the New York Central Railroad as a terminus of the High Line , an elevated freight line along Manhattan's West Side used for transporting manufacturing-related goods. The terminal could accommodate 227 train cars. The three floors, measuring 205,000 square feet (19,000 m ) each, were
1995-626: Is the giant Manhattan Municipal Building . North of Chambers Street and the Brooklyn Bridge and south of Canal Street is the Chinatown neighborhood , home to the largest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere . Many court buildings and other government offices are located in this area. The Lower East Side neighborhood straddles Canal Street. North of Canal Street and south of 14th Street are SoHo ,
2100-451: Is three stories high with a kitchen, seating areas, and a coffee bar. The workstations are clustered into 60 groups as part of a "neighborhood seating" layout, in which teams are assigned specific areas. There is also a double-level, 330-seat auditorium with Guastavino -like tile designs. The spaces are decorated with New York City–related details; for example, the conference rooms depict wooden construction walls and assorted objects, while
2205-401: The Brooklyn Bridge in Lower Manhattan. Municipal governments contained within the boroughs were abolished, and the county governmental functions, housed in Lower Manhattan after unification, were absorbed by the city or each borough. Washington Market was located between Barclay and Hubert Streets, and from Greenwich Street to West Street . It was demolished in the 1960s and replaced by
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#17327653989202310-535: The East Village , and Downtown Brooklyn and on par with Downtown Jersey City and Williamsburg . In June 2015, The New York Times wrote that Lower Manhattan's dining scene was experiencing a renaissance. There are over 400 casual dining and more than 100 full-service dining restaurants in the area. The Village Voice , based at 80 Maiden Lane in the Financial District and historically
2415-632: The Financial District in Lower Manhattan, New York City is the leading global center for finance and fintech . The Financial District houses Wall Street, the New York Stock Exchange , the Federal Reserve Bank of New York , and other major financial institutions. A center of culture and tourism , Lower Manhattan is home to many of New York City's most iconic structures, including New York City Hall ,
2520-538: The Financial District , commonly known as Wall Street after the name of its primary artery, and the World Trade Center site . At the island's southern tip is Battery Park , near the Bowling Green ; City Hall is north of the Financial District. South of Chambers Street are Battery Park City and South Street Seaport . TriBeCa straddles Chambers Street on the west side; at the street's east end
2625-632: The Interstate Commerce Commission approved in December 1929. By early 1930, the NYCR was acquiring land for the elevated Spring Street freight terminal, which would replace the old ground-level St. John's Park terminal. Plans for the new terminal were announced that July. The building was to measure 1,250 feet (380 m) long between Clarkson Street to the north and Spring Street to the south, and it would have an average width of 250 feet (76 m) between West Street to
2730-797: The Meatpacking District , the West Village , Greenwich Village , Little Italy , Nolita , and the East Village . Between 14th and 23rd Streets are lower Chelsea , Union Square , the Flatiron District , Gramercy , and Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village . The area that would eventually encompass modern-day New York City was inhabited by the Lenape people. These groups of culturally and linguistically identical Native Americans who spoke an Algonquian language now referred to as Unami . European settlement began with
2835-582: The New York City Department of Buildings in March 1931. According to a later New York Times article, there were plans for the building to be 17 stories tall. By that November, the site had largely been cleared. The NYCR had hoped to rent out the space on the higher floors for commercial purposes. The structure would have contained 3.6 million square feet (330,000 m ) had it been built to that size. The plans called for tracks on
2940-716: The Port Authority decided to build the World Trade Center on a site along the Hudson River and the West Side Highway , rather than the East River site. When building the World Trade Center , 1.2 million cubic yards (917,000 m ) of material was excavated from the site. Rather than dumping the spoil at sea or in landfills, the fill material was used to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street, creating Battery Park City . The result
3045-600: The Riegelmann Boardwalk on Coney Island . The 1.3 acre site formerly occupied by the portion of St. John's Terminal north of Houston Street is being developed into a two-tower housing complex by Zeckendorf Development, Atlas Capital Group, and The Baupost Group . The developers acquired the site in February 2022. The planned development, at 570 Washington Street, will contain a mix of affordable senior housing and condominiums. Blackstone Inc. provided
3150-608: The September 11 attacks in 2001, two of four hijacked planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center , and the towers collapsed. The 7 World Trade Center was not struck by a plane but uncontrolled fires that were caused by falling debris resulted in the building's collapse; a first in the history of steel framed skyscrapers. The 3, 4, 5, and 6 World Trade Center buildings were damaged beyond repair or destroyed, and soon after demolished. The collapse of
3255-640: The Williamsburg Bridge in 1903 and the Manhattan Bridge in 1909. The Holland Tunnel to New Jersey opened in 1927, while the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel to Brooklyn opened in 1950 and was the last major fixed crossing to be built to Lower Manhattan. Despite these road connections opening, the economic center of New York City began to shift from Lower Manhattan to Midtown with the opening of many commuter rail terminals at
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3360-721: The Woolworth Building , 40 Wall Street (also known as the Trump Building), 26 Wall Street (also known as the Standard Oil Building), and 70 Pine Street (also known as the American International Building ). In 1966, the commercial district of Radio Row on Cortlandt Street was demolished to make way for construction of the former World Trade Center. Downtown in the context of Manhattan, and of New York City generally, has different meanings to different people, especially depending on where in
3465-666: The Woolworth Building , the Stonewall Inn , the Bull of Wall Street , and One World Trade Center , the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere . Lower Manhattan is delineated on the north by 14th Street , on the west by the Hudson River , on the east by the East River , and on the south by New York Harbor . Its northern border is designated by thoroughfares about a mile-and-a-half south of 14th Street and
3570-456: The World Trade Center area and the Financial District . The phrase Lower Manhattan may apply to any of these definitions: the broader ones often if the speaker is discussing the area in relation to the rest of the city; more restrictive ones, again, if the focus is on business matters or on the colonial and early post-colonial history of the island. 550 Washington Street St. John's Terminal , also known as 550 Washington Street ,
3675-569: The floor area ratio from 5 to 8.7. Neighborhood groups, including the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation , expressed concerns that the additional office space would make the development excessively large. A Uniform Land Use Review Procedure meeting was held in June 2016 to discuss the proposed air-rights transfer from Pier 40. At the meeting, residents of West Village and Hudson Square expressed concerns that
3780-671: The 'blight' of many tenement areas, by demolishing slums, factories, and working-class neighborhoods through public works such as the High line , the West Side Highway and FDR Drive , built housing projects, expanded new parks, rebuilt streets, and zoning controls , especially in Lower Manhattan. The zoning changes were intended to displace the industrial workforce by removing zoning protection for industrial space and incentivizing upscale residential and clerical redevelopment. The port of New York, despite its physical suitability for berthing and its close proximity to Europe, began to deteriorate due to
3885-401: The 19th century, the landfill was used to expand Lower Manhattan from the natural Hudson shoreline at Greenwich Street to West Street . In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan and outlying areas. The borough of Brooklyn incorporated the independent City of Brooklyn, recently joined to Manhattan by
3990-507: The 20th century as the Printing District , and into the 21st century it remains a center of media-related activity, including in advertising, design, communications, and the arts. Within the neighborhood is the landmarked Charlton–King–Vandam Historic District , which contains the largest concentration of Federalist and Greek Revival style row houses built during the first half of the 19th century. The most prominent feature within
4095-513: The Americans , wrote of her impressions of Hudson Square at that time (from 1803 to 1866 Hudson Square was a private park to the south of today's Hudson Square, eventually known as Saint John's Park. It was sold to Vanderbilt in 1866 for a freight terminal, and in 1927 became the exit plaza for the Holland tunnel): Hudson Square and its neighbourhood is, I believe, the most fashionable part of
4200-586: The British in North America for the remainder of the war and a haven for Loyalist refugees. Continental Army officer Nathan Hale was hanged in Manhattan for espionage. In addition, the British began to hold the majority of captured American prisoners of war aboard prison ships in Wallabout Bay , across the East River in Brooklyn . More Americans died from neglect aboard these ships than died in all
4305-566: The Downtown Lower Manhattan Association contributed to a city plan calling for the revitalization of Lower Manhattan. The plan included recommended zoning changes, tax incentives to encourage new tenants, and the conversion of commercial buildings into apartments. It also called for the creation of a business improvement district, called The Alliance for Downtown New York, to help spur the area's renewal. Between 1995 and 2014, 15.8 million square feet of office space
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4410-705: The Dutch. The Dutch Republic sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans and a peace treaty on August 29, 1645. On May 27, 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival. The colony was granted self-government in 1652, and New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2, 1653. The first mayors ( burgemeesters ) of New Amsterdam, Arent van Hattem and Martin Cregier , were appointed in that year. In 1664,
4515-583: The English conquered the area and renamed it " New York " after the Duke of York and the city of York in Yorkshire. At that time, people of African descent made up 20% of the population of the city, with European settlers numbering approximately 1,500, and people of African descent numbering 375 (with 300 of that 375 enslaved and 75 free). While it has been claimed that African slaves comprised 40% of
4620-503: The Google redevelopment, prefabricated, modular slabs of precast concrete were constructed using bridge-construction methods. Two mechanical cores of 14 stories, each with emergency staircases and 14 elevator shafts connecting the roof to the basement, were also built. The precast structure contains a steel framing to stabilize the original terminal building, allowing the newer stories to be built without bracing. The prefabricated slabs and
4725-759: The High Line, the West Side Line terminated at a ground-level structure at St. John's Park . By the early 20th century, there were frequent collisions along the street-level route, leading the New York Transit Commission to order in January 1929 that all grade crossings on the West Side Line be removed. The street-level route was to be replaced with a viaduct as part of the West Side Improvement Project, which
4830-467: The St. John's Terminal site in November 2014. The northern end of the site would contain the largest residential building, a 430-foot-tall (130 m) tower with market-rate residences. There would also be 175 senior-housing units, 40,000 square feet (3,700 m ) of retail, and 105,000 square feet (9,800 m ) in the basement that could be used for big-box retail. The center of the site would contain
4935-638: The Twin Towers also caused extensive damage to surrounding buildings and skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan. A total of 2,753 people, including those on the planes, were killed in New York. About 400,000 people, including rescue workers and residents of the area were exposed to toxic dust and debris; many developed serious respiratory illnesses, cancers, and other harms arising from the attack, and 3,496 died. Following September 11, Lower Manhattan lost much of its economy and office space but has since rebounded significantly. Private sector employment reached 233,000 at
5040-747: The World Trade Center, brought many new residents to the area. Gateway Plaza, the first Battery Park City development, was finished in 1983. The project's centerpiece, the World Financial Center , consists of four luxury highrise towers. By the turn of the century, Battery Park City was mostly completed, with the exception of some ongoing construction on West Street. Around this time, Lower Manhattan reached its highest population of business tenants and full-time residents. These developments struggled to become fully occupied at desirable rents, with relatively high vacancy rates. In 1993,
5145-493: The addition of between 150 and 200 affordable housing units facing away from the river. The project would also include condominiums and retail. The redevelopment would proceed in two phases because Bloomberg LP still occupied part of the terminal site. In August 2015, Westbrook Partners bought a $ 200 million ownership stake, giving it majority control of the building. The Hudson River Park Trust agreed that October to sell air rights above Pier 40. Cookfox announced plans for
5250-460: The addition. The overpass over Houston Street would be eliminated. Three outdoor decks would be created on the redeveloped structure. Google began redeveloping the buildings at 345 and 315 Hudson Street to create a "Google Hudson Square" campus in 2018, along with the redevelopment of 550 Washington Street. The redeveloped building would be 12 stories tall and contain 120,000 square feet (11,000 m ) on each floor. Work began in 2019 when
5355-480: The air-rights transfer could set a precedent for excessively large transfers for future projects. These concerns were repeated at a meeting that August. Residents said the redevelopment could exacerbate traffic congestion and discussed whether St. John's Terminal needed a planned 772-space parking lot. The developers altered the plans in October 2016, eliminating the elevated park and big-box retail space. Following
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#17327653989205460-556: The area of Manhattan south of Canal Street. Within business-related contexts, many people use the term Downtown Manhattan to refer only to the Financial District and the corporate offices in the immediate vicinity. For instance, the Business Improvement District managed by the Alliance for Downtown New York defines Downtown as south of Murray Street (essentially South of New York City Hall ), which includes
5565-602: The battles of the war. British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783. George Washington triumphantly returned to the city that day, as the last British forces left the city . Starting in 1785, the Congress met in New York City under the Articles of Confederation . In 1789, New York City became the first national capital of the United States under the new United States Constitution . The Constitution also created
5670-468: The city they reside. Residents of the island or of The Bronx generally speak of going "downtown" to refer to any southbound excursion to any Manhattan destination. A declaration that one is going to be "downtown" may indicate a plan to be anywhere south of 14th Street —the definition of downtown according to the city's official tourism marketing organization —or even 23rd Street . The full phrase Downtown Manhattan may also refer more specifically to
5775-552: The city's unwillingness to invest or modernise the port and the deindustrialization zoning policy. However a large number of small scale, dynamic, and highly specialized industries persisted despite the city's efforts such as the garment industry which was closely tied to the fashion industry in Midtown, or the printing industry; linked with the publishing industry. In the 1950s, a few new buildings were constructed in Lower Manhattan, including an 11-story building at 156 William Street in 1955. A 27-story office building at 20 Broad Street,
5880-402: The colonies. After the major defeat of the Continental Army in the Battle of Long Island , General George Washington withdrew to Manhattan Island , but with the subsequent defeat at the Battle of Fort Washington the island was effectively left to the British. The city became a haven for loyalist refugees, becoming a British stronghold for the entire war. Consequently, the area also became
5985-466: The company did not immediately move in due to the COVID-19 pandemic . In September 2021, Google announced it was purchasing the 550 Washington Street building outright for approximately US$ 2.1 billion, using it as an additional corporate office. This was comparable to the price of Google's $ 1.9 billion purchase of the Port Authority Building at 111 Eighth Avenue in Chelsea in 2010 and Google's $ 2.4 billion purchase of Chelsea Market in 2018. New York
6090-428: The current Congress of the United States , and its first sitting was at Federal Hall on Wall Street. The first United States Supreme Court sat there. The United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified there. George Washington was inaugurated at Federal Hall. New York City remained the capital of the U.S. until 1790, when the role was transferred to Philadelphia. New York grew as an economic center, first as
6195-447: The discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of Manhattan and the New York City metropolitan region to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future. Lower Manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom , well above the overall birth rate in Manhattan, with the area south of Canal Street witnessing 1,086 births in 2010, 12% greater than 2009 and over twice
6300-592: The end of 2016, the highest levels since the end of 2001. This was largely due to growth and diversification in the local workforce with gains in employment sectors like Technology, Advertising, Media and Information, as well as Hotel, Restaurants, Retailing, and Health care. As of 2016, Lower Manhattan's business district is home to approximately 700 retail stores and 500 bars and restaurants. The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation has consummated plans to rebuild downtown Manhattan by adding new streets, buildings, and office space. The National September 11 Memorial at
6405-487: The first half of the 20th century, New York became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication . Interborough Rapid Transit , the first New York City Subway company, began operating in 1904. The area's demographics stabilized, labor unionization brought new protections and affluence to the working class, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under Fiorello La Guardia , and his controversial parks commissioner, Robert Moses , ended
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#17327653989206510-420: The focal point for Washington's espionage and intelligence-gathering throughout the war. In 1771, Bear Market was established along the Hudson River shoreline on land donated by Trinity Church , and replaced by Washington Market in 1813. New York City was greatly damaged twice by fires of suspicious origin during British military rule. The city became the political and military center of operations for
6615-499: The formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland renamed the settlement back to New York. As the colony grew and prospered, sentiment also grew for greater autonomy. In the context of the Glorious Revolution in England, Jacob Leisler led Leisler's Rebellion and effectively controlled the city and surrounding areas from 1689 to 1691, before being arrested and executed. By 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200. By 1703, 42% of households in New York had slaves,
6720-412: The founding of a Dutch fur trading post in Lower Manhattan, later called New Amsterdam ( Dutch : Nieuw-Amsterdam ) in 1626. The first fort was built at The Battery to protect New Netherland . In approximately 1626, construction of Fort Amsterdam began. The Dutch West Indies Company subsequently imported African slaves to serve as laborers; they helped to build the wall that defended
6825-421: The freewheeling iconoclasm, pioneering spirit, and do-it-yourself mentality that characterized the pre-gentrification era, still draw patrons from throughout the city and the surrounding region. In the early 21st century, the Meatpacking District , once the sparsely populated province of after-hours BDSM clubs and transgender prostitutes, gained a reputation as New York City's trendiest neighborhood. During
6930-407: The largest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture . On October 31, 2017, a man drove a pickup truck into the Hudson River Park 's bike path between Houston Street and Chambers Street , killing eight people and injuring at least 15. Most of those who were hit were bicyclists. It
7035-414: The largest in New York City at the time of their construction. The building was used as a freight terminal until 1960, when the freight line was decommissioned. Afterward, the building was acquired by Eugene M. Grant and Lionel Bauman, who turned the structure into a warehouse and office building. The space was used by tenants such as banks Merrill Lynch & Co. and Manufacturers Hanover Corporation ,
7140-405: The latter of which constructed a fourth story in 1966. The terminal was largely used by Merrill Lynch by the early 1990s. Afterward, St. John's Terminal was used for corporate real estate and offices. Eugene Grant sold a majority ownership stake in the building to a joint venture of Atlas Capital Group , Fortress Investment Group , and Westbrook Partners in 2013. The developers initially planned
7245-444: The mid-1970s largely at two Lower Manhattan venues, CBGB on Bowery in the western edge of the East Village, and Max's Kansas City on Park Avenue South . At the same time, the area's surfeit of appropriated industrial lofts, played an integral role in the development and sustenance of the minimalist composition, free jazz , disco , and electronic dance music subcultures. The area's many nightclubs and bars, though mostly shorn of
7350-406: The neighborhood is the Manhattan entrance to the Holland Tunnel . The current tallest structure in the neighborhood is the Dominick condo hotel. When George Washington led the defense of New York against the British in 1776, his headquarters were located at Abraham Mortier's estate, Richmond Hill , on a rise southwest of what is now Charlton and Varick Streets. One of the earliest known uses of
7455-470: The neighborhood was re-zoned to allow taller buildings. In July 2018, The Walt Disney Company announced plans to move its New York headquarters and operations to Four Hudson Square in a 99-year development deal, on land owned by Trinity, with construction scheduled to begin in 2020. The complex – consisting of two 320-foot (98 m) towers with – is expected to open in 2024. Subsequently, in December 2018, Google announced that it would construct
7560-446: The neighborhood, as do the M20 , M21 and M55 buses. Lower Manhattan Lower Manhattan , also known as Downtown Manhattan or Downtown New York City , is the southernmost part of the New York City borough of Manhattan . The neighborhood is the historical birthplace of New York City and for its first 225 years was the entirety of the city. Lower Manhattan serves as
7665-534: The new headquarters for his bank. He established the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association (DLMA) which drew up plans for broader revitalization of Lower Manhattan, with the development of a world trade center at the heart of these plans. The original DLMA plans called for the "world trade center" to be built along the East River , between Old Slip and Fulton Street . After negotiations with New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes ,
7770-434: The number born in 2001. The Financial District alone has witnessed growth in its population to approximately 43,000 as of 2014, nearly double the 23,000 recorded at the 2000 Census. There are currently 61,000 residents in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan south of Chambers Street and more than 62 percent of the population is between 18 and 44. Lower Manhattan is home to more young professionals than Greenpoint ,
7875-431: The old terminal had been so well known. The building was noted for its unusually large floor areas compared to other Manhattan buildings, where properties are usually subdivided more narrowly. The floors, measuring 205,000 square feet (19,000 m ) each, were the largest in New York City at the time of their construction. Each story could accommodate a load of 300 pounds per square foot (14 kPa). The terminal itself
7980-424: The oldest textile companies in New York City. City Specialty Stores, a specialty store, occupied a warehouse facility on the entire third floor, renovating that story with a cafeteria, clinic, restrooms, and air-conditioning. Additionally, a tennis club took up some space on the roof. The tennis club's lease was arranged after broker William J. Hirschman, who was using a helicopter to look for suitable space, spotted
8085-588: The original Five Points neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, was born in the 1850s and continues to be the epicenter of culture for the Chinese diaspora . Lower Manhattan contains many more historical buildings and sites, including Castle Clinton , Bowling Green , the old United States Customs House (now the National Museum of the American Indian ), Federal Hall National Memorial commemorating
8190-473: The original three floors. The building was purchased in 2021 by Google , which plans to occupy the building as part of a Hudson Square campus. The redevelopment was completed in February 2024. St. John's Terminal was built by the New York Central Railroad as the southern terminus to the High Line , an elevated segment of the West Side Line on the west side of Manhattan. Prior to the development of
8295-530: The revisions to the plans, Atlas and Westfield anticipated that the redevelopment could be delayed, leading to concerns that the Hudson River Park Trust might not receive money to repair Pier 40. The New York City Council approved the transfer of air rights from Pier 40 in December 2016, and Atlas and Westfield purchased the air rights for $ 100 million in May 2017. In the meantime, the building
8400-447: The roof of St. John's Terminal. The Manufacturers Hanover Corporation , a bank that also occupied space in the building, added a fourth story in 1966 to consolidate its investment operations. The additional floor spanned 135,000 square feet (12,500 m ). During 1968, investment bank Merrill Lynch & Co. leased 125,000 square feet (11,600 m ) across the terminal. Grant and Bauman started to advertise St. John's Terminal as
8505-555: The seat of government of both Manhattan and the entire City of New York. Because there are no municipally defined boundaries for the neighborhood, a precise population cannot be quoted, but several sources have suggested that it was one of the fastest-growing locations in New York City between 2010 and 2020, related to the influx of young adults and significant development of new housing units. Despite various definitions of Lower Manhattan, they generally include all of Manhattan Island south of 14th Street . Anchored by Wall Street and
8610-541: The second floor, capable of accommodating 190 railcars, as well as loading docks at ground level. The work entailed closing off King, Charlton, and Spring Streets and a bridge over Houston Street . In February 1932, the NYCR requested a $ 7.5 million loan to fund the West Side Improvement, including the new freight depot. Initially, $ 10 million would be spent to build a portion of the terminal to meet "current needs". That November, revised plans were filed for
8715-592: The site was opened to the public on September 11, 2011, while the National September 11 Museum was officially inaugurated by President Barack Obama on May 15, 2014. As of the time of its opening in November 2014, the new One World Trade Center , formerly known as the Freedom Tower , is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the sixth-tallest in the world , at 1,776 feet (541 m); while other skyscrapers are under construction at
8820-634: The site where George Washington was inaugurated as the first U.S. President, Fraunces Tavern , New York City Hall , the Museum of American Finance , the New York Stock Exchange Building , South Street Seaport , the Brooklyn Bridge , South Ferry (the embarkation point for the Staten Island Ferry ), and Trinity Church . Lower Manhattan is home to some of New York City's most spectacular skyscrapers, including
8925-746: The site. The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park , formerly known as Liberty Plaza Park, began in the Financial District on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide. On October 29 and 30, 2012, Hurricane Sandy ravaged portions of Lower Manhattan with record-high storm surge from New York Harbor, severe flooding, and high winds, causing power outages for hundreds of thousands of Manhattanites and leading to gasoline shortages and disruption of mass transit systems. The storm and its effects have prompted
9030-490: The skyline of Lower Manhattan. The 9/11 Memorial & Museum at the former World Trade Center site has become a popular draw for visitors. New York City has been described as the gay capital of the world, and the epicenter of LGBT culture and its catalyst as a continuing cultural force in modern society has been the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village . Similarly, Chinatown , which was spawned just east of
9135-437: The small population of the city at that time, this claim has not been substantiated. During the mid-1600s, farms of free blacks covered 130 acres (53 ha) where Washington Square Park later developed. The Dutch briefly regained the city in 1673 , renaming the city " New Orange ", before permanently ceding the colony of New Netherland to the English for what is now Suriname in November 1674. The new English rulers of
9240-413: The steel frame were built using the same two cranes. Following the expansion, the building rises 232 feet (71 m) high, with 12 stories. On the northern elevation of the building (facing Houston Street), where the old terminal has been cut away, the track beds of the old terminal are visible, overhanging the main entrance. The interiors of the Google offices, designed by Gensler . The entry hall
9345-506: The structure had pilings capable of handling a larger building should the situation change. The Spring Street Terminal and the elevated rail viaduct were dedicated on June 29, 1934, with ceremonies at the terminal building. With the opening of the new terminal, the NYCR filed plans to abandon the nearby Franklin Street station, which was being used to make local deliveries. The terminal quickly became known as St. John's Park Terminal because
9450-404: The structure over Houston Street was demolished, as was the section of the terminal north of Houston Street. By early 2020, the floor slabs of the expanded building were being constructed. Oxford received a $ 973 million loan from Wells Fargo in February 2020, and the new addition topped out that November. Google began leasing space in the completed parts of the campus in 2020–2021, although
9555-457: The term "New Yorker" in a published work is found in a letter that he wrote from Lower Manhattan. Previously, it had been the headquarters of Lord Jeffrey Amherst during the French and Indian War. Later it was the residence of Sir John Temple, the first British ambassador to the United States, Vice President John Adams, Aaron Burr, who set off from Richmond Hill for the duel with Alexander Hamilton,
9660-565: The town against English and native attacks. Early directors included Willem Verhulst and Peter Minuit . Willem Kieft became a director in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in Kieft's War against the Native Americans. The Pavonia Massacre , across the Hudson River in present-day Jersey City , New Jersey resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, Algonquian tribes joined forces and nearly defeated
9765-661: The town; the square is beautiful, excellently well planted with a great variety of trees, and only wanting our frequent and careful mowing to make it equal to any square in London. The iron railing which surrounds this enclosure is as high and as handsome as that of the Tuilleries , and it will give some idea of the care bestowed on its decoration, to know that the gravel for the walks was conveyed by barges from Boston, not as ballast, but as freight. Trinity Wall Street owns substantial commercial real estate in Hudson Square. In 2013,
9870-609: The turn of the 20th century. The original Penn Station opened in 1910, the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (now PATH) extension to 33rd Street was completed in 1910, and Grand Central Terminal opened in 1913. On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village took the lives of 146 garment workers, which would eventually lead to great advancements in the city's fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations. Throughout
9975-411: The west and Washington Street to the east. The terminal would replace eighty-eight existing tenements, which were already being demolished. Though plans for the above-ground section of the terminal had not been finalized, it was expected to be either four or seven stories tall based on subsurface conditions. Preliminary designs for a 12-story structure, designed by Edward A. Doughtery , were filed with
10080-469: Was a 700-foot (210-m) extension into the river, running six blocks or 1,484 feet (452 m), covering 92 acres (37 ha), providing a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) riverfront esplanade and over 30 acres (12 ha) of parks. Through much of its history, the area south of Chambers Street was mainly a commercial district, with a small population of residents—in 1960, it was home to about 4,000. Construction of Battery Park City , on landfill from construction of
10185-659: Was also one of the primary bases of the American folk music revival of the 1960s. Many art galleries were located in SoHo between the 1970s and early 1990s; today, the downtown Manhattan gallery scene is centered in Chelsea. From the 1960s onward, Lower Manhattan has been home to many alternative theater companies, constituting the heart of the Off-Off-Broadway community. Punk rock and its musical derivatives emerged in
10290-504: Was converted to residential or hotel use. As a result, Lower Manhattan's residential population rose from 14,000 to 60,000. Since the early-20th century, Lower Manhattan has been an important center for the arts and leisure activities. Greenwich Village was a locus of bohemian culture from the first decade of the century through the 1980s. Several of the city's leading jazz clubs are still located in Greenwich Village, which
10395-450: Was first publicized in May 2014. News of the MOU generated much public and political opposition, especially from Manhattan elected officials, who objected that the MOU had been made secretly. This led to the cancellation of the MOU the next month. In September 2014, Atlas proposed purchasing 250,000 square feet (23,000 m ) of air rights from Pier 40. The air rights transfer would enable
10500-570: Was foreclosed on by the bank Burr had founded, and sold to John Jacob Astor who broke it up into parcels. The neighborhood was home to the first African-American newspaper in the United States, called Freedom's Journal , edited by John Russwurm and Samuel Cornish from March 16, 1827 to March 28, 1829. The newspaper provided international, national, and regional information on current events and contained editorials declaiming against slavery, lynching, and other injustices. An English visitor, Fanny Trollope , in her 1832 book Domestic Manners of
10605-486: Was founded under charter by George II of Great Britain as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act and other British measures fomented dissent, particularly among the Sons of Liberty , who maintained a long-running skirmish with locally stationed British troops over Liberty Poles from 1766 to 1776. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York City in 1765 in the first organized resistance to British authority across
10710-557: Was large enough to accommodate 227 train cars. The third floor was leased in 1937 to the Borden Company, which used that space as a warehouse for refrigeration equipment. Rail freight declined after World War II, affecting traffic on the West Side elevated freight line. In 1960, the southernmost section of the line ceased operations and was demolished. St. John's Terminal was decommissioned for rail activity and changed into
10815-474: Was the first deadly terrorist attack in Manhattan since 9/11. Since 2010, a Lower Manhattan community known as Little Australia has emerged and is growing in the Nolita neighborhood. Before the September 11 attacks , the Twin Towers were iconic of Lower Manhattan's global significance as a financial center . The new office towers built since the attack (including One World Trade Center ) have transformed
10920-404: Was the junior partner in the project, with a 40 percent stake in the development. Deutsche Bank provided $ 400 million of financing for the acquisition. That October, Cookfox Architects announced their designs for the redevelopment of the St. John's Terminal site, which called for a wholly commercial development. According to Oxford's U.S. development executive Dean Shapiro, the firm had planned
11025-485: Was used as an event space, Skylight Clarkson Square and Skylight Clarkson North. By late 2017, Brookfield Properties was discussing whether to join Atlas and Westfield in the project. Oxford Properties entered the joint venture for the project in October 2017. The following January, Oxford paid Westfield and Atlas $ 700 million for the portion of the St. John's Terminal site south of Houston Street. Canada Pension Plan
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