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83-439: During the 1990s, a broadband utility seeking to lay fiber optic cable paid the town to pass through the former corridor. The town used part of its payment to pave the route and open it as a public rail trail in 1997. The creation of the trail was supported by a local Rotary club , which built a pavilion along the trail. The pavilion includes a donated antique caboose . While the trail originally ended at Route  44 – 55 , it

166-651: A $ 7,500 grant in 2002 to extend the trail west to the Black Creek Wetlands Complex; the town received an additional grant for $ 20,000 in May ;, 2005 to complete the Black Creek extension. In 2006, a local businessman donated an antique caboose to the trail Association; this was placed beside the pavilion. Built in 1915, it was "one of ... the first cabooses made of steel instead of wood". An October 2007 study of paint chips from

249-545: A blockage under a bridge on U.S. Route 9W , prevented the trail from continuing east to the Poughkeepsie Bridge. Lloyd received a $ 224,000 state and federal grant in the summer of 2000 to create such a connection. Additional funding for the eastern extension was provided in November ;2006, when the state granted $ 1.5 million to construct a bridge and a tunnel, and to complete the path. Lloyd received

332-499: A broadband network can be classified according to three characteristics: Cellular networks utilize various standards for data transmission, including 5G which can support one million separate devices per square kilometer. The types of traffic found in a broadband network (with examples) and their respective requirements are summarised in Table 1. Many computer networks use a simple line code to transmit one type of signal using

415-403: A desire to sell the corridor, at that point a potential liability , to the "first warm body" that would buy it. Conrail immediately sold the Poughkeepsie Bridge and adjoining rights-of-way on November 2, 1984, for one dollar to Gordon Schreiber Miller, a convicted bank fraudster who "seemed uncertain what he wished to do" with the corridor. Miller did not pay taxes, fines or insurance on

498-428: A female householder with no husband present, and 35.50% were non-families. Of all households, 27.90% were made up of individuals, and 10.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.03. 23.50% of the county's population was under age 18, 8.70% was from age 18 to 24, 29.70% was from age 25 to 44, 24.70% was from age 45 to 64, and 13.30%

581-441: A medium's full bandwidth using its baseband (from zero through the highest frequency needed). Most versions of the popular Ethernet family are given names, such as the original 1980s 10BASE5 , to indicate this. Networks that use cable modems on standard cable television infrastructure are called broadband to indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well as traditional television channels on

664-413: A portion of New Paltz Road was closed pending the replacement of a bridge over the trail. The official groundbreaking ceremony took place on May 4, 2010, and the trail was expected to be completed by October. The bridge over Vineyard Avenue was opened to pedestrian traffic on July 16, 2010. The only remaining obstruction was the placement of a bridge carrying Mile Hill Road over the trail, which

747-409: A single channel. The key difference is that what is typically considered a broadband signal in this sense is a signal that occupies multiple (non-masking, orthogonal ) passbands, thus allowing for much higher throughput over a single medium but with additional complexity in the transmitter/receiver circuitry. The term became popularized through the 1990s as a marketing term for Internet access that

830-415: A single-band rather than a multiple-audio-band system design of the compander . Later, with the advent of digital telecommunications , the term was mainly used for transmission over multiple channels . Whereas a passband signal is also modulated so that it occupies higher frequencies (compared to a baseband signal which is bound to the lowest end of the spectrum, see line coding ), it is still occupying

913-579: A stone house in Kerhonkson when it became evident that the British would burn Kingston. In 1797, parts of Otsego and Ulster Counties were split off to create Delaware County. In 1798, Ulster County's southernmost towns were moved into Orange County to compensate Orange for breaking away its southernmost part to form Rockland County . In 1800, portions of Albany and Ulster Counties were split off to create Greene County. In 1809, Sullivan County

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996-472: A synonym for wideband . "Broadband" in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as cable television , where the individual channels are modulated on carriers at fixed frequencies. In this context, baseband is the term's antonym , referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in composite form with separate baseband audio . The act of demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video. Fiber optic allows

1079-475: A wide band of frequencies. "Broadband" is a relative term, understood according to its context. The wider (or broader) the bandwidth of a channel, the greater the data-carrying capacity, given the same channel quality. In radio , for example, a very narrow band will carry Morse code , a broader band will carry speech, and a still broader band will carry music without losing the high audio frequencies required for realistic sound reproduction . This broad band

1162-420: A wide range of complexity and quality of audio reproduction. Similarly, full motion video signals may be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 Mbit/s to hundreds of Mbit/s. Thus a network transporting both video and audio signals may have to integrate traffic with a very broad range of bit-rates. Traditionally, different telecommunications services were carried via separate networks: voice on

1245-421: A wide spread of frequencies or several different simultaneous frequencies, and is used in fast Internet access . The transmission medium can be coaxial cable , optical fiber , wireless Internet ( radio ), twisted pair cable, or satellite . Originally used to mean 'using a wide-spread frequency' and for services that were analog at the lowest level, nowadays in the context of Internet access , 'broadband'

1328-503: Is Slide Mountain , at approximately 4,180 feet (1,270 m) above sea level. The lowest point is sea level along the Hudson River. As of the census of 2010, the county had 181,440 people, 67,499 households, and 43,536 families. The population density was 158 inhabitants per square mile (61/km ). There were 77,656 housing units at an average density of 69 units per square mile (27/km ). The county's racial makeup, as of 2008,

1411-462: Is converted to a non-loaded twisted-pair wire (no telephone filters), it becomes hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can carry up to 100 megabits per second using very high-bit rate digital subscriber line ( VDSL or VHDSL) techniques. Modern networks have to carry integrated traffic consisting of voice, video and data. The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) was designed for these needs. The types of traffic supported by

1494-743: Is land and 37 square miles (96 km ) (3.1%) is water. Ulster County is in southeastern New York State, south of Albany , immediately west of the Hudson River . Much of it is within the Catskill Mountains and the Shawangunk Ridge . Ulster County has Minnewaska State Park Preserve , Mohonk Preserve , Sundown State Park, VerNooykill State Forest, Witches Hole State Forest, and Shawangunk Ridge State Forest. The Sam's Point section of Minnewaska includes rare dwarf pine trees and Verkeerder Kill falls . The county's highest point

1577-525: Is often divided into channels or "frequency bins" using passband techniques to allow frequency-division multiplexing instead of sending a higher-quality signal. In data communications, a 56k modem will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits per second (kbit/s) over a 4-kilohertz-wide telephone line (narrowband or voiceband ). In the late 1980s, the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) used

1660-442: Is often used to mean any high-speed Internet access that is seemingly always 'on' and is faster than dial-up access over traditional analog or ISDN PSTN services. The ideal telecommunication network has the following characteristics: broadband , multi-media , multi-point , multi-rate and economical implementation for a diversity of services (multi-services). The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN)

1743-404: Is one of the two "principal streams" to run through Lloyd; it bisects the town as it flows north and pools in a pond. The wetlands complex itself is important for water drainage. Part of New York State Department of Environmental Conservation region 3, the complex contains Plutarch Swamp and one of the region's largest dwarf shrub bogs, hosting a variety of rare species. The complex also includes

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1826-480: Is the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a local area network up to 1 Gigabit/s (which is considered high-speed as of 2014) using existing home business and home wiring (including power lines, but also phone lines and coaxial cables ). In 2014, researchers at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology made developments on the creation of ultra-shallow broadband optical instruments . In

1909-472: The Central New England , Philadelphia and Reading , New Haven , Erie , Ontario and Western , Lehigh and New England and Penn Central railroads. Under the ownership of Penn Central, traffic along the bridge route was discouraged in favor of a northern route through Selkirk ; the use of newer technology at Selkirk Yard to improve efficiency was cited as the primary reason. At one point,

1992-846: The Empire State Trail project, the trail was extended 2 miles (3.2 km) to the west, ending just past the New York State Thruway in New Paltz . The state also constructed an on-road connection between the Hudson Valley Rail Trail and the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail . Prior to this construction, there has never been a direct link between the Poughkeepsie Bridge and the Wallkill Valley corridor. Other plans include

2075-692: The Hudson Valley Rail Trail , Wallkill Valley Rail Trail , and O&W Rail Trail. The Walkway Over the Hudson , the world's longest pedestrian and bicycle bridge which spans the Hudson River, is connected within Ulster County trails. Ulster County has also played a role in some significant moments in U.S. history. The Senate House State Historic Site in Kingston, New York , is where, in early 1777, American colonists met to ratify

2158-490: The New Netherland colony, Dutch traders first called the area of present-day Ulster County "Esopus", a name borrowed for convenience from a locality on the opposite side of the Hudson. "Esopus" meant "land of flowing water and high banks," or "small brook." There is also a town named Esopus located within Ulster County. The local Lenape indigenous people called themselves Waranawanka, but soon came to be known to

2241-957: The New York Constitution . The Ulster County Fair has been held in New Paltz for many years and is promoted as "The Best Six Days of Summer". County run recreation areas include the Ulster County Pool in New Paltz and the Ulster Landing Park in Saugerties. Since 2016, Kingston Stockade FC , a semi-professional soccer team that plays in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), has been based in Kingston and plays its home matches at Dietz Stadium . Also since 2015,

2324-533: The 2022 election to replace Ryan. For the election, 14-year-old Hudson Rowan designed the Ulster County "I Voted" sticker , which went viral for its weird design. Metzger took office in 2023. Legislative authority is vested in the County Legislature, which consists of 23 members elected from individual districts, as directed by a county charter reapportionment mandate starting in late 2010. Of

2407-655: The Dutch as the "Esopus Indians" because they were encountered around the settlement known as Esopus. In 1652, Thomas Chambers, a freeholder from the Manor of Rensselaerswyck , purchased land at Esopus. He and several others actually settled and began farming by June 1653. The settlements grew into the village of Wiltwijck, which the English later named Kingston . In 1683, the Duke of York created 12 counties in his province, one of which

2490-695: The FCC in December 2017. A number of national and international regulators categorize broadband connections according to upload and download speeds, stated in Mbit/s ( megabits per second ). In Australia, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission also requires Internet Service Providers to quote speed during night time and busy hours Bandwidth has historically been very unequally distributed worldwide with increasing concentration in

2573-405: The Poughkeepsie Bridge to a bridge over Mile Hill Road, then another 0.1 miles (0.16 km) to a crossing at US 9W. At the 1-mile (1.6 km) mark, the trail reaches a bridge over Vineyard Avenue. About 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the bridge, the trail crosses under New Paltz Road. Almost 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from this road, the trail reaches the Black Creek Wetlands Complex. Black Creek

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2656-668: The Poughkeepsie corridor had been the primary thoroughfare for freight being shipped to New England , and the New Haven yard at nearby Maybrook was once "the largest railroad yard east of the Mississippi River ". Rail traffic over the Poughkeepsie Bridge stopped entirely after the bridge was damaged in a May 8, 1974 tie fire. After Penn Central went bankrupt, Conrail assumed control of the corridor, but opposed renovating it due to budgetary concerns. Rail traffic up to

2739-647: The Saugerties Stallions, a collegiate summer baseball league team that plays in the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League (PGCBL), have been based in Saugerties and play their home games at Cantine Field. The Stallions won the 2021 PGCBL Championship. Public transportation in Ulster County is provided by Trailways of New York to and from New York City and Albany, and along Routes 28 and 32, by Ulster County Area Transit on major state and U.S. road corridors in

2822-486: The Swarte Kill, Lloyd's second major waterway. The trail continues an additional 0.5-mile (0.80 km) past the beginning of the complex to Tony Williams Park. The trail was extended about 2 miles (3.2 km) west as part of the Empire State Trail project. This section parallels New York State Route 299 , ending just west of the New York State Thruway in New Paltz . On-road connections are available connecting

2905-607: The Ulster County legislature before moving to the 19th Congressional District to run for Congress. Ulster County has continued to be a popular vacation destination for many decades. The county is home to many outdoor landscapes, including the Catskill Mountains , the Hudson River , Minnewaska State Park , Catskill Park , Shawangunk Mountains and the Shawangunk Ridge . Each offers various recreation opportunities, including hiking, bicycling, skiing, horseback riding, kayaking, rock climbing, hunting and fishing. The county also includes more than 40 miles (64 km) of rail trails along

2988-584: The bridge continued until March 1982, when Conrail received permission from the Interstate Commerce Commission to completely cease using the corridor; the tracks were removed the following year. Donald L. Pevsner, a transportation lawyer from Florida , secured a first-refusal option for purchasing the corridor to create restaurants and tourist attractions, but allowed it to expire on November 1, 1984, because he could not secure financial backing; he claims that Conrail expressed

3071-578: The caboose found the paint contained lead . The study was released less than a week before a town supervisor election in Lloyd; one of the candidates, Ray Costantino, was president of the Hudson Valley Rail Trail Association, and one of the early proponents of the trail. He claimed that the timing of the study was politically-motivated. Costantino subsequently became town supervisor, and the caboose had its paint replaced and

3154-582: The connection and media requests of a multipoint, multimedia communication call. A multirate service network is one which flexibly allocates transmission capacity to connections. A multimedia network has to support a broad range of bit-rates demanded by connections, not only because there are many communication media, but also because a communication medium may be encoded by algorithms with different bit-rates. For example, audio signals can be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 kbit/s to hundreds of kbit/s, using different encoding algorithms with

3237-471: The context of Internet access , the term "broadband" is used loosely to mean "access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access". A range of more precise definitions of speed have been prescribed at times, including: Broadband Internet service in the United States was effectively treated or managed as a public utility by net neutrality rules until being overturned by

3320-418: The corridor, or maintain it. He went bankrupt in 1990 and sold the corridor for one dollar to his friend Vito Moreno, who also did not pay taxes on it. In 1991, Ulster County seized the right-of-way west of the Poughkeepsie Bridge and gave over 5 miles (8.0 km) of the abandoned corridor to the town of Lloyd. Parcels of the right-of-way between Lloyd and the neighboring town of New Paltz were sold-off by

3403-475: The county is in New York's 18th congressional district , represented by Democrat Pat Ryan . Some of the west and north of the county is in New York's 19th congressional district , represented by Republican Marc Molinaro . It had no U.S. representative after Antonio Delgado resigned on May 25, 2022, to become lieutenant governor of New York . Ryan won a special election on August 23 against Molinaro, and

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3486-432: The county legislature hiring a county administrator to handle executive functions. The chair of the legislature had a great deal of power and was accountable only to the voters of their district. The only countywide elected officials were the county clerk , district attorney , and sheriff . In 2006, voters approved the first-ever county charter , changing to an elected executive branch. Two years later, Michael P. Hein ,

3569-434: The county shortly before ownership of the remaining corridor was transferred to Lloyd and converted to a rail-trail . Roughly $ 400,000 in funding to convert the corridor to a trail was acquired through an easement from the town of Lloyd to a broadband utility for the laying of fiber optic cable, though only $ 70,000 was needed to pave the trail. The trail remains a right-of-way for the fiber optic line. The development of

3652-635: The development of commercial zones along the trail, and a project to connect the trail to Illinois Mountain . The east–west trail begins at the Poughkeepsie Bridge, by Haviland Road. The 1.28-mile (2.06 km) Poughkeepsie Bridge was opened as a pedestrian walkway in 2009. The bridge is a National Recreation Trail , and connects to the Dutchess Rail Trail to the east, creating a contiguous 18.2-mile (29.3 km) rail trail system that spans both Ulster and Dutchess counties. The Hudson Valley trail continues 0.5 miles (0.80 km) west from

3735-518: The digital age. Historically only 10 countries have hosted 70–75% of the global telecommunication capacity (see pie-chart Figure on the right). In 2014, only three countries (China, the US, and Japan) host 50% of the globally installed telecommunication bandwidth potential. The U.S. lost its global leadership in terms of installed bandwidth in 2011, being replaced by China, which hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential in 2014 (29% versus 13% of

3818-779: The economy of sharing. This economy motivates the general idea of an integrated services network. Integration avoids the need for many overlaying networks, which complicates network management and reduces flexibility in the introduction and evolution of services. This integration was made possible with advances in broadband technologies and high-speed information processing of the 1990s. While multiple network structures were capable of supporting broadband services, an ever-increasing percentage of broadband and MSO providers opted for fibre-optic network structures to support both present and future bandwidth requirements. CATV (cable television), HDTV (high definition television), VoIP (voice over internet protocol), and broadband internet are some of

3901-420: The fact that the 10PASS-TS standard for Ethernet ratified in 2008 used DSL technology, and both cable and DSL modems often have Ethernet connectors on them. A television antenna may be described as "broadband" because it is capable of receiving a wide range of channels, while e.g. a low-VHF antenna is "narrowband" since it receives only 1 to 5 channels. The U.S. federal standard FS-1037C defines "broadband" as

3984-524: The global total). Nation specific: Ulster County, New York Ulster County is a county in the U.S. state of New York . It is situated along the Hudson River . As of the 2020 census , the population was 181,851. The county seat is Kingston . The county is named after the Irish province of Ulster . The county is part of the Hudson Valley region of the state. When part of

4067-402: The information generated by other media. For example, voice could be transcribed into data via voice recognition, and data commands may control the way voice and video are presented. These interactions most often occur at the communication terminals, but may also occur within the network. Traditional voice calls are predominantly two party calls, requiring a point-to-point connection using only

4150-549: The information into the system. However, "broadband video" in the context of streaming Internet video has come to mean video files that have bit-rates high enough to require broadband Internet access for viewing. "Broadband video" is also sometimes used to describe IPTV Video on demand . Power lines have also been used for various types of data communication. Although some systems for remote control are based on narrowband signaling, modern high-speed systems use broadband signaling to achieve very high data rates. One example

4233-470: The last appointed county administrator, became Ulster's first elected county executive . In early 2019, Hein resigned to accept Governor Andrew Cuomo 's appointment as commissioner of the state Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance. Deputy County Executive Adele Reiter succeeded him as acting county executive until a special election was held in April 2019. On April 30, 2019, Democrat Patrick K. Ryan

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4316-804: The members of the County Legislature, 15 are part of the Democratic Caucus (all 15 are affiliated with the Democratic Party), and 8 are part of the Republican Caucus (all 8 are affiliated with the Republican Party). Ulster County contains a large part of Catskill Park and the Catskill Forest Preserve . The former Delaware and Hudson Canal brought Pennsylvania coal to Kingston on the Hudson. Former Orleans band member John Hall served in

4399-412: The most common applications now being supported by fibre optic networks, in some cases directly to the home (FTTh – Fibre To The Home). These types of fibre optic networks incorporate a wide variety of products to support and distribute the signal from the central office to an optic node, and ultimately to the subscriber (end-user). In telecommunications , a broadband signalling method is one that handles

4482-461: The other hand, data networks which store and forward messages using computers had limited connectivity, usually did not have sufficient bandwidth for digitised voice and video signals, and suffer from unacceptable delays for the real-time signals. Television networks using radio or cables were largely broadcast networks with minimum switching facilities. It was desirable to have a single network for providing all these communication services to achieve

4565-427: The party won a plurality, due to strong showings from third parties. In 2004 , John Kerry defeated George W. Bush , 54%–43%; in 2008 , Barack Obama defeated John McCain , 61%–37%; in 2012 , Obama defeated Mitt Romney , 60%–37%; in 2016 , Hillary Clinton defeated Donald Trump , 52%–41%; in 2020 , Joe Biden defeated Trump, 60%–39%; and in 2024 , Kamala Harris defeated Trump, 59%–41%. As of 2023, most of

4648-752: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race For most of the 20th century, Ulster County voted for the Republican nominees for president. Republicans regularly got over 60% of the vote, the high point coming when Dwight D. Eisenhower won 76% in 1956 . The Democratic nominee won only in 1912 , when Theodore Roosevelt and his Progressive Party split the Republican vote and gave a plurality to Woodrow Wilson , and in 1964 , when Lyndon B. Johnson won every county in New York and carried Ulster County by 19.8 percentage points. More recently, Ulster County has voted Democratic. In 1992 , 1996 , and 2000 ,

4731-490: The population were below the poverty line , including 13.00% of those under age 18 and 8.70% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2020 census the population of Ulster County is 181,851. The population density was 158 inhabitants per square mile (61/km ). The county's racial makeup, as of 2020, was 75.16% non-Hispanic white , 5.8% black or African American , 0.2% Native American , 2.1% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 5.4% from other races or from two or more races. 11.61% of

4814-580: The present overcrowded radio spectrum. A modern telecommunications network (such as the broadband network) must provide all these different services ( multi-services ) to the user. Conventional telephony communication used: Modern services can be: These aspects are examined individually in the following three sub-sections. A multimedia call may communicate audio, data, still images, or full-motion video , or any combination of these media. Each medium has different demands for communication quality, such as: The information content of each medium may affect

4897-593: The proposed route of the Hudson Valley Rail Trail, and how it links the Walkill Valley Rail Trail and River-to-Ridge-Trail with the Dutchess County Rail Trail. 41°43′24″N 73°58′11″W  /  41.72342°N 73.96983°W  / 41.72342; -73.96983 Broadband Internet access In telecommunications , broadband or high speed is the wide- bandwidth data transmission that exploits signals at

4980-493: The same cable. Broadband systems usually use a different radio frequency modulated by the data signal for each band. The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel. The 10BROAD36 broadband variant of Ethernet was standardized by 1985, but was not commercially successful. The DOCSIS standard became available to consumers in the late 1990s, to provide Internet access to cable television residential customers. Matters were further confused by

5063-413: The signal to be transmitted farther without being repeated. Cable companies use a hybrid system using fiber to transmit the signal to neighborhoods and then changes the signal from light to radio frequency to be transmitted over coaxial cable to homes. Doing so reduces the use of having multiple head ends. A head end gathers all the information from the local cable networks and movie channels and then feeds

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5146-410: The telephone network, data on computer networks such as local area networks , video teleconferencing on private corporate networks, and television on broadcast radio or cable networks. These networks were largely engineered for a specific application and are not suited to other applications. For example, the traditional telephone network is too noisy and inefficient for bursty data communication. On

5229-438: The term to refer to a broad range of bit rates , independent of physical modulation details. The various forms of digital subscriber line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense that digital information is sent over multiple channels. Each channel is at a higher frequency than the baseband voice channel, so it can support plain old telephone service on a single pair of wires at the same time. However, when that same line

5312-532: The trail between Lloyd and the Poughkeepsie Bridge. Some funding for the architectural and engineering aspects of the project came from the reserve fund created after the town's fiber optic deal. The Rail Trail Association also received a $ 1,500 grant from a public-benefit corporation , the Hudson River Valley Greenway, to print brochures. Construction for the 1.28-mile (2.06 km) section was underway by that September. In March 2010,

5395-477: The trail for longer periods of time, and that it could also be used to patrol other areas of the town. Seven officers were expected to use the Segway, which contains an automated external defibrillator , and can go as fast as 12 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles per hour (20.1 km/h). In March 2009, Ulster County received almost $ 21 million in stimulus funds . The funding included a $ 3.16 million project to complete

5478-668: The trail is carried by several bridges, connects to four parking areas, and traverses a wetlands complex . The trail forms part of the Empire State Trail . The Hudson Valley Rail Trail is part of the former rail corridor that comprised the Poughkeepsie Bridge Route . It ran east through the hamlet of Highland , in the town of Lloyd , over the Hudson River via the Poughkeepsie Bridge . Highland has historically been Lloyd's largest population center. The corridor was, throughout its history, operated by

5561-399: The trail was supported by Highland's Rotary club , which has since built several utilities for trail users, including a pavilion, garden and parking lot. The corridor was officially opened as a trail in 1997. Initially 2.5 to 3 miles (4.0 to 4.8 km) long, it stretched from Riverside Road in the west to Vineyard Avenue in the east; the removal of an overpass on Vineyard Avenue, as well as

5644-415: The trail were spray-painted with "dozens of [...] words and images". Volunteers who removed some of the graffiti believed that different types of paint were used. Lloyd's highway superintendent noted similar vandalism elsewhere in the town, and Town Supervisor Ray Costantino stated that the incident would cause Lloyd residents to feel a personal connection to the trail and become outraged. As part of

5727-412: The use of high-resolution graphics terminals provided a more natural and informative mode of human interaction than do voice and data alone. Video teleconferencing enhances group interaction at a distance. High-definition entertainment video improves the quality of pictures, but requires much higher transmission rates. These new data transmission requirements may require new transmission means other than

5810-556: The voice medium. To access pictorial information in a remote database would require a point-to-point connection that sends low bit-rate queries to the database and high bit-rate video from the database. Entertainment video applications are largely point-to-multi-point connections, requiring one way communication of full motion video and audio from the program source to the viewers. Video teleconferencing involves connections among many parties, communicating voice, video, as well as data. Offering future services thus requires flexible management of

5893-574: The western terminus to the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail . There are five parking areas along the trail, by Haviland Road, Commercial Avenue, the Rotary pavilion, at Tony Williams Park, and along Route 299 in Lloyd. The trail is 12 feet (3.7 m) wide and 4 miles (6.4 km) long; it is paved with asphalt and suitable for hiking, bicycling, horseback riding, roller blading, and cross country skiing. In 2018, Hudson Valley law firm Mainetti & Mainetti, P.C. published an updated bicycle map that showed

5976-618: Was 83.2% white , 6.50% black or African American , 0.3% Native American , 1.7% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 2.15% from other races , and 1.70% from two or more races. 7.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.2% were of Italian , 16.8% Irish , 15.5% German , 6.8% English , and 4.7% American ancestry according to Census 2000 . 90.3% spoke English , 4.5% Spanish , 1.2% Italian , and 1.0% German as their first language. There were 67,499 households, of which 30.70% had children under age 18 living with them, 49.20% were married couples living together, 10.90% had

6059-445: Was Ulster County, named after Prince James, Duke of York (later King James II of England ) whose subsidiary titles included Earl of Ulster . Its boundaries at that time included the present Sullivan County and parts of the present Delaware , Orange , and Greene counties. In 1777, the first state capital of the independent New York State was established at Kingston. The official records of Ulster County were removed to safety to

6142-408: Was age 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.60 males. The county's median household income was $ 42,551, and the median family income was $ 51,708. Males had a median income of $ 36,808 versus $ 27,086 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 20,846. About 7.20% of families and 11.40% of

6225-500: Was elected in a special election by a margin of 74%-26%. He was sworn in as Ulster County's second County Executive on June 7, 2019. On September 9, 2022, Ryan stepped down as county executive after winning election to the United States House of Representatives , and Johanna Contreras was sworn in as an acting county executive. Democrat Jen Metzger , a former New York State Senator, defeated Republican Jim Quigley in

6308-611: Was expected to be completed in August. The crossing at US 9W had been remedied; the new section let "users to cross either over or under" the highway. To celebrate the opening of the Vineyard Avenue bridge, Route  44 – 55 throughout Highland (which includes Vineyard Avenue) was shut down for the day. The eastern expansion does not deviate from the original route of the corridor, and officially opened on October 2, 2010. Between June 23 and 24, 2011, parts of

6391-488: Was extended eastward between 2009 and 2010, intersecting Route 9W and continuing to the Poughkeepsie Bridge. The extension was paid for by stimulus funding . The bridge, now a pedestrian walkway called Walkway Over the Hudson, connects the trail with the Dutchess Rail Trail to the east, creating a 30-mile (48 km) rail trail system that spans the Hudson. The trail is expected to be extended west, where it will border Route 299 . As it passes through Highland,

6474-569: Was faster than dial-up access (dial-up being typically limited to a maximum of 56 kbit/s). This meaning is only distantly related to its original technical meaning. Since 1999, broadband Internet access has been a factor in public policy . In that year, at the World Trade Organization Biannual Conference called “ Financial Solutions to Digital Divide ” in Seattle, the term “Meaningful Broadband”

6557-412: Was introduced to the world leaders, leading to the activation of a movement to close the digital divide . Fundamental aspects of this movement are to suggest that the equitable distribution of broadband is a fundamental human right. Personal computing facilitated easy access, manipulation, storage, and exchange of information, and required reliable data transmission. Communicating documents by images and

6640-454: Was planned to provide these characteristics. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) was promoted as a target technology for meeting these requirements. Different criteria for "broad" have been applied in different contexts and at different times. Its origin is in physics, acoustics , and radio systems engineering, where it had been used with a meaning similar to " wideband ", or in the context of audio noise reduction systems , where it indicated

6723-410: Was repaired at a total cost of $ 4,500. A second caboose, dating from 1926, is located at the trail's parking lot on Haviland Road. Lloyd's police department became the first in the county to purchase a Segway , in 2007, for the express purpose of patrolling the rail trail. The trail had , been occasionally vandalized. Lloyd's Police Chief felt that use of such a vehicle would enable officers to patrol

6806-615: Was split off from Ulster County. During the American Civil War , volunteers were recruited from the county and formed the majority of the following regiments: Other regiments with at least one company from the county included: The Lake Mohonk Mountain House on Shawangunk Ridge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has an area of 1,161 square miles (3,010 km ), of which 1,124 square miles (2,910 km )

6889-480: Was sworn in on September 13. Ryan ran in the 18th congressional district in the 2022 general election after redistricting put most of Ulster County in that district. Ryan was narrowly reelected against New York Assembly member Colin Schmitt . Molinaro ran in the 19th district and narrowly defeated Democrat Josh Riley. For a long time, Ulster County had a county-scale version of a council-manager government , with

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