49-1277: Hugh Mackay may refer to: Hugh Mackay (general) (c. 1640–1692), Scottish general who served during the Revolution of 1688 Hugh Mackay of Bighouse , 18th century Scottish soldier Hugh Mackay, 14th Lord Reay (1937–2013), member of the British House of Lords Hugh Mackay (Quebec politician) (1832–1890), businessperson and politician in Quebec Hugh Mackay (footballer) (1867–?), English footballer Hugh Mackay (social researcher) (born 1938), Australian social researcher Hugh Mackay (Charlotte County, New Brunswick politician) (died 1848), politician in New Brunswick Hugh Mackay (Kings County, New Brunswick politician) (1887–1957), Canadian politician Hugh MacKay (Nova Scotia politician) , Canadian politician Hugh Colin MacKay , Canadian Surgeon General See also [ edit ] Hugh McKay (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
98-590: A rising in Scotland in his support. Mackay had 1,100 men from the Scottish regiments in Dutch service; recruits increased his numbers to over 3,500 but many were only partially trained. On 16 May, Dundee reached Glen Roy , where he was joined by 1,800 Highlanders recruited by Ewen Cameron of Lochiel . After failing to tempt Mackay into an ambush, Dundee returned to Glenroy on 11 June. Before doing so, he installed
147-665: A French convoy reached Limerick with additional French troops, arms and provisions but lack of transport meant most of it remained in the port. These articles dealt with the treatment of the disbanded Jacobite army. Under the treaty, Jacobite soldiers in formed regiments had the option to leave with their arms and flags for France to continue serving under James II in the Irish Brigade . Some 14,000 Jacobites chose this option and were marched south to Cork where they embarked on ships for France, many of them accompanied by their wives and children. Individual soldiers wanting to join
196-708: A French expeditionary force and Irish Jacobites loyal to the exiled James II . Baron de Ginkell , leader of government forces in Ireland, signed on behalf of William III and his wife Mary II . It allowed Jacobite units to be transported to France , the diaspora known as the Flight of the Wild Geese . The other set out conditions for those who remained, including guarantees of religious freedom for Catholics , and retention of property for those who remained in Ireland. Many were subsequently altered or ignored, establishing
245-760: A Jacobite garrison at Blair Castle , a strategic point controlling access to the Lowlands and home to the Duke of Atholl . In an example of how many balanced the competing sides, Atholl left Edinburgh for Bath in England, claiming ill-health. Meanwhile, his eldest son John Murray 'besieged' his ancestral home, the garrison commander being Patrick Stewart of Ballechin, a trusted Atholl family retainer. When Jacobite reinforcements under Sir Alexander Maclean arrived at Blair on 25 July, Murray withdrew. Mackay left Perth with around 3,500 men and moved north to his support, entering
294-400: A Scottish mercenary unit first formed in 1619, then employed by Louis XIV of France . After the 1660 Restoration , it served as body guard to Charles II , before resuming French service in 1662. During the 1665 to 1667 Second Anglo-Dutch War , it was based at Chatham Dockyard but accused of looting after the 1667 Medway Raid and ordered back to France. In 1669, Mackay volunteered for
343-473: A lack of imagination. In summary, he was a reliable divisional commander who could be trusted to carry out his instructions but not a leader of armies. William allegedly observed; 'He had one very singular quality; in councils of war he delivered his opinion freely, and maintained it with due zeal, but how positive soever he was in it, if the council of war overruled, even though he was not convinced by it, yet to all others he justified it, and executed his part with
392-566: A rich Amsterdam merchant; they had a number of children, including Hugh (1681–1708), Margaret (1683–1748) and Maria (1686-1723?). Many of his descendants served in the Dutch military; this branch ultimately became hereditary Chiefs of Clan Mackay and continue to hold the titles of Lord Reay in the Scottish peerage and Lord of Ophemert and Zennewijnen in the Netherlands. In 1660, Mackay was commissioned ensign in Dumbarton's Regiment ,
441-528: A rout as the army disintegrated; he lost nearly 2,000 men, including his younger brother James, who was killed, while his nephew Robert was seriously wounded. However, Dundee was shot dead in the final moments, while the Jacobites stopped to loot the baggage train, allowing Mackay and 500 survivors to reach the safety of Stirling Castle . Despite this defeat, Mackay quickly assembled a new force of around 3,000 cavalry, and refused to panic. The Jacobites lacked
490-630: A secure base and in November, he relinquished command to Livingstone. Louis XIV viewed the campaign in Ireland as a low-cost way of diverting William's resources from Flanders. Despite their defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, French general Marquis de St Ruth landed at Limerick in February 1691 to launch a new campaign. Mackay was sent to Ireland as second in command to General Ginkell ; at
539-671: A small detachment was engaged in the Wincanton Skirmish on 20 November 1688, one of the few actions of a largely bloodless campaign. On 4 January 1689, Mackay was appointed commander in Scotland; he was delayed by illness, arriving in Leith on 25 March 1689. His original mission was to protect the Scottish Convention in Edinburgh; but on 12 March James landed in Ireland and John Graham, Viscount Dundee launched
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#1732793951403588-592: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hugh Mackay (general) Hugh Mackay (c. 1640 – 24 July 1692) was a professional soldier from Sutherlandshire in Scotland , who spent most of his career in the service of William of Orange and later settled in the Dutch Republic . He was killed at the Battle of Steenkerque in July 1692. In 1660, Mackay
637-632: The Battle of Aughrim on 12 July, he directed his infantry in a series of bloody frontal assaults on the Jacobite positions on Kilcommadan Hill. When the Irish infantry finally ran out of ammunition, a fourth attempt by Mackay turned their flank and the Jacobite army collapsed when St Ruth was killed. The war ended with the Treaty of Limerick in October 1691. The Treaty of Limerick on 3 October 1691 ended
686-606: The Nine Years War commanded the British Division serving with the Allied army. He was killed at Steenkerque on 24 July 1692. Hugh Mackay was born around 1640, third son of Hugh Mackay of Scourie , a junior branch of Clan Mackay , and his wife Anne. By this time, much of the family estates were mortgaged, a situation compounded by his father's support for the defeated Royalists during the 1642 to 1654 Wars of
735-590: The Protestant Ascendancy that dominated Ireland until the Catholic emancipation in the first half of the 19th century. William's victory at the Battle of Boyne in July 1690 was less decisive than appeared at the time, Jacobite losses being around 2,000 out of a force of 25,000. That assumption formed the basis of the Declaration of Finglas , largely dictated by Irish Protestants; it offered
784-631: The 1570s, the Brigade normally consisted of three Scots and three English regiments, but by 1674, it had lost much of its national character. When William of Orange complained about its low morale, Mackay suggested recruiting as much as possible from England and Scotland. This revitalised the Brigade; Mackay's Regiment was largely composed of his own family or clan members. Units like the Scots Brigade or Tangier Garrison were an important source of professional soldiers, who could be used to expand
833-648: The English army when needed. Although Charles II and his brother James formally controlled officer appointments, many were political and religious exiles, particularly after the 1679–81 Exclusion Crisis . When Charles tried to appoint the Catholic Earl of Dumbarton as Brigade commander, William refused. In 1685, William sent the Brigade to England to help James suppress the Monmouth Rebellion , with Mackay as 'temporary' commander. He returned to
882-547: The English army, and the Lieutenant-Generals D'Usson and de Tessé , Commanders-in-Chief of the Irish army. The articles were signed by D'Usson, Le Chevalier de Tesse, Latour Montfort, Patrick Sarsfield (Earl of Lucan), Colonel Nicholas Purcell of Loughmoe , Mark Talbot , and Piers, Viscount Galmoy . These articles protected the rights of the defeated Jacobite landed gentry and merchants who chose to remain in Ireland, most of whom were Catholics. Their property
931-452: The French, Mackay asked William for permission to withdraw and reorganise. Ordered to continue the assault, he allegedly said 'The Lord's will be done' and taking his place at the head of his regiment was killed with many of his division. Over 8,000 of the 15,000 Allied troops engaged became casualties, with five British regiments almost wiped out. Mackay's assessment by Victorian biographers
980-496: The French, Spanish or Austrian armies also emigrated in what became known as the Flight of the Wild Geese . The Jacobite soldiers also had the option of joining the Williamite army. 1,000 soldiers chose this option. The Jacobite soldiers thirdly had the option of returning home which some 2,000 soldiers chose. This treaty had twenty-nine articles, which were agreed upon between Lieutenant-General Ginkle , Commander-in-Chief of
1029-578: The Jacobite rank and file amnesty, but by excluding senior officers, threatened another round of land confiscations. The war continued, with French victories in the Low Countries briefly increasing hopes of a Stuart restoration. The Jacobites established a defensive line along the Shannon , and repulsed attempts to capture Limerick and Athlone . However, Connacht and County Kerry could not feed an additional 20,000 soldiers, plus refugees, while
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#17327939514031078-517: The Netherlands in August without seeing action, although James appointed him as a Privy Councillor of Scotland in an attempt to gain his loyalty. In early 1688, James demanded the repatriation of the entire Brigade; William refused to comply but used the opportunity to remove officers viewed as unreliable. When William landed in Torbay on 5 November 1688, the Brigade formed part of the invasion force;
1127-463: The Pass of Killiecrankie on the morning of 27th. Finding Dundee's forces positioned on the lower slopes of Creag Eallich to the north, he faced his troops uphill, their line only three men deep to maximise firepower. The Jacobites began their assault shortly after sunset at eight pm; volleys from Mackay's left flank killed nearly 600 but the effectiveness of their fire was masked by a shallow terrace, while
1176-460: The Scots Brigade, including his two younger brothers, his nephews Aeneas and Robert and his eldest son. Mackays were still with the Brigade when it was finally dissolved in 1782. Mackay blamed his defeat at Killiecrankie on the failure of his troops to fit the plug bayonet in time to stop the rush of the Highlanders, and suggested it be replaced with the ring or socket bayonet . The concept
1225-566: The Three Kingdoms . The last of their Scottish estates were sold in 1829. In 1668, his elder brothers William and Hector were both murdered in separate incidents. This meant when his father died shortly after, Hugh inherited Scourie, although he never lived there. He also had two younger brothers; James was killed at Killiecrankie in 1689 and Roderick died on service in the East Indies. In 1673, he married Clara de Bie, daughter of
1274-552: The Treaty of Limerick. The Galway garrison had been organised by the mostly-Catholic landed gentry of counties Galway and Mayo, who benefited from their property guarantees in the following century. The Limerick treaty marked the end of the war. In the following 8 years further confiscations were made from the continuing adherents to the Jacobite cause, and also further pardons were granted. The Commissioners of Forfeitures reported to
1323-608: The Venetian forces fighting in Crete ; he rejoined the regiment and took part in the 1672 invasion of the Dutch Republic . Many Scots and English officers opposed supporting an attack by Catholic France against Dutch fellow Protestants. After his marriage in 1673, Mackay transferred to the Anglo-Scots Brigade , part of the Dutch military; he took part in the 1674 Battle of Seneffe and siege of Grave . First formed in
1372-531: The Williamite side, by the Lords Justices of Ireland — Sir Charles Porter and Thomas Coningsby, 1st Earl Coningsby — and the Commander-in-Chief, Baron de Ginkel; and on the Jacobite side by Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan ; Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount Galmoye ; Colonels Nicholas Purcell of Loughmoe , Nicholas Cusack , Garrett Dillon , and John Brown; and Sir Toby Butler , who was
1421-478: The actual draftsman. The treaty was signed by Porter, Coningsby, and de Ginkel, and witnessed by Scavenmoer, H. Mackay, and T. Talmash. It has been said that "the ink was not dry on the Treaty" before the English broke it—the civil articles were not honoured by the victorious Williamite government. The few Catholic landowners who took the oath in 1691-93 remained protected, including their descendants. Those who did not were known as " non-jurors ", and their loyalty to
1470-434: The element of surprise, they captured the first three lines of trenches and came very close to achieving a stunning victory, but the French quickly recovered. Confusion and the poor state of the roads prevented William from reinforcing his frontline, which meant fewer than 15,000 of the 80,000 Grand Army were engaged at any point during the battle. With his troops spread out over the fortifications and under huge pressure from
1519-442: The equipment to capture a port, making resupply almost impossible, while lack of cavalry made them vulnerable in the open. Keeping Highland troops in the field for long periods was a challenge even for experienced commanders like Dundee; this meant time was on Mackay's side, so long as he avoided another ambush. Alexander Cannon replaced Dundee, but his options were limited and his campaign ended after an assault on Dunkeld in August
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1568-494: The loss of the south-western ports of Kinsale and Cork made resupply from France extremely difficult. By the spring of 1691, both soldiers and civilians were starving. Although the English Parliament was divided politically, all parties broadly agreed on the need to re-establishing the pre-1685 settlement. In fact, Parliament wanted more resources dedicated to Ireland than William , who viewed it as secondary to
1617-407: The musket (hence 'plug'), preventing further reloading or firing and so fixing them was delayed until the last possible moment. Inexperience and the speed of the Jacobite charge meant Mackay's troops were effectively defenceless and the battle lasted under 30 minutes. Mackay and a small cavalry escort charged through the Highlanders, ending up on the high ground above. An orderly retreat turned into
1666-597: The new regime was automatically suspect. Some managed to have outlawry specifically reversed, such as the 8th Viscount Dillon in 1694, or the Earl of Clanricarde in 1701. The Papacy again recognized James II as the lawful king of Ireland from 1693. From 1695 this provoked a series of harsh penal laws to be enacted by the Parliament of Ireland , to make it difficult for the Irish Catholic gentry who had not taken
1715-666: The oath by 1695 to remain Catholic. The laws were extended for political reasons by the Dublin administration during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14), and reforms did not start until the 1770s. It is often thought that Limerick was the only treaty between the Jacobites and the Williamites. A similar treaty had been signed on the surrender of Galway on 22 July 1691, but without the strict loyalty oath required under
1764-636: The pressure through the winter of 1689/90. Close coordination with Livingstone led to victory at Cromdale in May 1690 and his subsequent pursuit prevented Buchan reigniting the Rising. Logistics and communication were considerably more complex in the late 17th century and were key skills of the Duke of Marlborough , a contemporary and much better known military figure. Mackay was a far less effective battlefield commander; in addition to Killiecrankie, his repeated and bloody frontal assaults at Steinkirk and Aughrim show
1813-620: The rest of his career. Mackay led the Brigade during the Glorious Revolution and was military commander in Scotland during the Jacobite rising of 1689 . Despite defeat at Killiecrankie in July 1689, the Highlands had largely been brought under control by the end of 1690 and Mackay then served in the Williamite War in Ireland . He returned to the Netherlands in October 1691 after the Treaty of Limerick and during
1862-424: The result would have been very different if his right wing had not fled without firing a shot. Mackay recognised defeat did not change the strategic position and focused on denying the Jacobites access to a port or forcing them to fight on unfavourable terms. He succeeded in both these aims; the Jacobites suffered disproportionate casualties at Dunkeld because they had been left no useful objective while he kept up
1911-411: The right flank fled without firing a shot. Highlander tactics consisted of firing a single volley at close range, then using axes and swords in hand-to-hand fighting. Killiecrankie is the first recorded use of the plug bayonet by British troops in battle; this increased firepower by eliminating the need for pikemen but required training and confidence in its use. The bayonet fitted into the barrel of
1960-405: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Mackay&oldid=1218129578 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2009-638: The same zeal as if his own opinion had prevailed.' Mackay was the author of Rules of War for the Infantry, ordered to be observed by their Majesties, Subjects encountering with the Enemy upon the day of Battell, written by Lieutenant-General Mackay, and Recommended to All (as well officers as soldiers) of the Scots and English army. In xxiii articles. Published by his Excellencies Secretary. Reprinted at Edinburgh by John Reid in 1693. Many family members served in
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2058-507: The war in Europe. In 1691, French preparations for an offensive in the Low Countries led William to authorise De Ginkell to offer whatever terms were necessary to make peace. This caused much conflict later on. Jacobite strategy was impacted by internal divisions. James II saw Ireland as a distraction, a perspective shared by many of the English and Scots exiles. For the French, it was a way to divert Williamite resources, and their approach
2107-632: The war in Ireland; Mackay returned to the Netherlands and was made commander of the British division of the Allied army for the 1692 campaign in Flanders. After the French captured Namur in June 1692, their commander the Duc de Luxembourg established a defensive position he assumed was too strong to attack. However, at the Battle of Steinkirk on 24 July William launched an assault led by Mackay's division; with
2156-676: Was commissioned into Dumbarton's Regiment , spending the next few years in England and France, then volunteered to fight for the Republic of Venice in the Fifth Ottoman-Venetian War . He rejoined Dumbarton's in 1672 on the outbreak of the Third Anglo-Dutch War , before transferring to the Scots Brigade in 1673. A long established mercenary unit of the Dutch army, Mackay served with the Brigade for
2205-532: Was first demonstrated in 1678 but rejected since the bayonet had a tendency to fall off; sources vary but Mackay either designed or suggested the adoption of a ring system for attaching it to the musket. Treaty of Limerick The Treaty of Limerick ( Irish : Conradh Luimnigh ), signed on 3 October 1691, ended the 1689 to 1691 Williamite War in Ireland , a conflict related to the 1688 to 1697 Nine Years' War . It consisted of two separate agreements, one with military terms of surrender, signed by commanders of
2254-483: Was largely a function of defeat at Killiecrankie and a tendency to overstate the abilities of Dundee in comparison to his contemporaries. Warfare in this period emphasised the defence and assault of fortified places, avoiding battle unless on extremely favourable terms and denying opportunities to opponents. Based on these criteria, Mackay was a competent and reliable commander who kept his head under pressure. At Killiecrankie, he may have been better advised to withdraw, but
2303-655: Was not to be confiscated so long as they swore allegiance to William III and Mary II , and Catholic noblemen were to be allowed to bear arms . Four were included by name: Colonel Lutterel , Captain Rowland White, Maurice Eustace of Yeomanstown , and Chievers of Maystown commonly called Mount Leinster . William required peace in Ireland and was allied to the Papacy in 1691 within the League of Augsburg . This Treaty contained thirteen articles which were agreed upon, on
2352-512: Was purely military. After the Boyne, they recommended Dublin be destroyed, and argued Limerick should not be defended; they withdrew to Galway in September 1690, and many of their troops returned to France. The Irish Jacobites were broadly divided into a pro-war faction, headed by Sarsfield , who argued military victory was still possible, and those led by Tyrconnell , who advocated negotiating peace while they still retained an army. In May,
2401-426: Was repulsed with heavy losses. Mackay spent the winter reducing Jacobite strongholds and constructing a new base at Fort William , while harsh weather conditions led to severe food shortages. Thomas Buchan replaced Cannon in February 1690, but could only mobilise some 800 men; he was taken by surprise at Cromdale in May and his forces scattered. Mackay pursued him into Aberdeenshire, preventing him from establishing
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