The Human Torch ( Jonathan Lowell Spencer " Johnny " Storm ) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character is a founding member of the Fantastic Four . He is writer Stan Lee 's and artist Jack Kirby 's reinvention of a similar, previous character, the android Human Torch of the same name and powers who was created in 1939 by writer-artist Carl Burgos for Marvel Comics' predecessor company, Timely Comics .
190-513: Like the rest of the Fantastic Four, Johnny gained his powers on a spacecraft bombarded by cosmic rays . He can engulf his entire body in flames, fly, absorb fire harmlessly into his own body, and control any nearby fire by sheer force of will. "Flame on!", which the Torch customarily shouts when activating his full-body flame effect, has become his catchphrase . The youngest of the group, he
380-459: A free balloon flight. He found the ionization rate increased to twice the rate at ground level. Hess ruled out the Sun as the radiation's source by making a balloon ascent during a near-total eclipse. With the moon blocking much of the Sun's visible radiation, Hess still measured rising radiation at rising altitudes. He concluded that "The results of the observations seem most likely to be explained by
570-648: A Skrull infiltrates the Baxter Building disguised as Susan and opens a portal into the Negative Zone , forcing the top three floors of the building into the Negative Zone, and in turn trapping herself, Johnny, Ben, and the two Richards children there. The Skrull impersonating her is later revealed to be Johnny's ex-wife Lyja , who once infiltrated the Fantastic Four by impersonating Ben Grimm's love interest Alicia Masters . The real Susan Richards
760-459: A balloon. On 1 April 1935, he took measurements at heights up to 13.6 kilometres using a pair of Geiger counters in an anti-coincidence circuit to avoid counting secondary ray showers. Homi J. Bhabha derived an expression for the probability of scattering positrons by electrons, a process now known as Bhabha scattering . His classic paper, jointly with Walter Heitler , published in 1937 described how primary cosmic rays from space interact with
950-608: A bonfire, he catches fire and scares off Liz Allan. He arranges to meet Liz, but she does not show up. Encouraged by Mary Jane, Spider-Man shows up instead and gives Johnny a heart-to-heart talk about great power and great responsibility. Together, they save people from a burning building when Johnny absorbs the flames. Spider-Man shows Johnny that they will not always be appreciated by the public. Cosmic ray Cosmic rays or astroparticles are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei ) that move through space at nearly
1140-544: A career in Hollywood . It is suggested that he had a short relationship with his Uncanny Avengers /Unity Squad leader Rogue, following which he had a rebound relationship with Medusa (Crystal's sister). At first it seemed as if he and Rogue resumed their relationship, which was considered as an open secret, however this relationship came to an end after his apparent death and when Rogue rekindled her relationship with Gambit. He has also had relationships with civilian women. In
1330-429: A character with such a long history on the page, especially if you just ignore the dye job. Sue can be as hot-headed as her brother, if not more. She is always looking for smoke and absolutely deserves better than what Mr. Stretch can offer. The MCU provides a chance to introduce her in ways that highlight this amazing individual separate from her teammates in Fantastic Four." Laura Kelly of The Mary Sue wrote, "None of
1520-463: A characteristic energy maximum of 2 GeV, indicating their production in a fundamentally different process from cosmic ray protons, which on average have only one-sixth of the energy. There is no evidence of complex antimatter atomic nuclei, such as antihelium nuclei (i.e., anti-alpha particles), in cosmic rays. These are actively being searched for. A prototype of the AMS-02 designated AMS-01 ,
1710-580: A confrontation with that supervillain, who escaped with Cole, Storm remained hopeful of meeting her again. For a time, Storm became the Herald of the powerful cosmic being Galactus , becoming the Invisible Boy after switching powers with his sister and teammate, Susan Richards, the Invisible Woman . During the 2006–2007 " Civil War " company-wide crossover, in which the superpowered community
1900-607: A daughter named Luna and a son named Ray. He is also the leader of the Fantastic Four. He first appeared in Fantastic Four/Fantastic 4 Annual (1998). The Earth-A version of Johnny does not join Reed and Ben in their trip to space. He serves in the Vietnam War, where he is believed to have been killed. However, Johnny is found and saved by Arkon , who gives him superpowers and the new identity of Gaard . In
2090-585: A decay of primary cosmic rays as they impact an atmosphere, include photons, hadrons , and leptons , such as electrons , positrons, muons, and pions . The latter three of these were first detected in cosmic rays. Primary cosmic rays mostly originate from outside the Solar System and sometimes even outside the Milky Way . When they interact with Earth's atmosphere, they are converted to secondary particles. The mass ratio of helium to hydrogen nuclei, 28%,
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#17327725571082280-444: A difference between the intensities of cosmic rays arriving from the east and the west that depends upon the charge of the primary particles—the so-called "east–west effect". Three independent experiments found that the intensity is, in fact, greater from the west, proving that most primaries are positive. During the years from 1930 to 1945, a wide variety of investigations confirmed that the primary cosmic rays are mostly protons, and
2470-506: A few antiprotons in primary cosmic rays, amounting to less than 1% of the particles in primary cosmic rays. These do not appear to be the products of large amounts of antimatter from the Big Bang, or indeed complex antimatter in the universe. Rather, they appear to consist of only these two elementary particles, newly made in energetic processes. Preliminary results from the presently operating Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ( AMS-02 ) on board
2660-515: A few inches from his skin, so as not to ignite nearby objects. Storm refers to his maximum flame output as his "nova flame", which he can release omnidirectionally. Flame of any temperature lower than this cannot burn or harm the Torch. This "nova" effect can occur spontaneously when he absorbs an excessive amount of heat, although he can momentarily suppress the release when necessary, with considerable effort. Storm has demonstrated enough control with fire that he can safely shave another's hair, or hold
2850-465: A fictional Long Island suburban town, Johnny Storm lost his mother due to a car accident from which his father, surgeon Franklin Storm , escaped unharmed. Franklin Storm spiraled into alcoholism and financial ruin, and was imprisoned after killing a loan shark in self-defense. Johnny Storm was then raised by his older sister, Sue Storm . At 16, Storm joined his sister and her fiancé, Reed Richards , in
3040-653: A friendship/friendly rivalry with Bobby Drake due to each other's respective powers. He is present at Reed Richards' test of the N-Zone Teleportation Device in the Nevada Desert. After a malfunction in the device, he wakes up in France in a hospital bed. He uncontrollably bursts into flames until he learns to control his powers by saying "Flame On" and "Flame Off.". When Mole Man 's creatures attacks, Johnny finds out he can fly while on fire. It
3230-545: A gladiatorial arena. Sue and the other defeated heroes are held captive in a lower level. The heroes are outfitted with the same obedience disks that were used to suppress the Hulk's powers and force him to fight his companions on Sakaar. Some time after World War Hulk, but before Secret Invasion, the Richards family has hired a new nanny for their kids, Tabitha Deneuve. At the same time, a mysterious new group, calling themselves
3420-444: A grade of 4 out of 5, stating, "The second issue of Invisible Woman does a better job of making a case for its own existence than the first. The themes are clearer, as Mark Waid shows the assumptions made about Invisible Woman as a wife and mother being incapable of carrying her weight in the field. Waid also does a great job of coming up with scenarios for Sue to use her powers in unconventional ways, and Mattia de Iulis draws it all with
3610-401: A group of Galactus refugees , kidnaps Susan. His intent was to use her powers to hide planets from Galactus. Reed finds a way to fool Zius, by switching Susan and Johnny's powers. Susan assists in an adventure where Johnny becomes a herald of Galactus. Wielding a cosmic version of her powers, Johnny is able to see through people to the very cores of their personality. Both Sue and Johnny gain
3800-454: A key player in superhero battles but would regularly call out Reed's arrogance and superiority whenever he would insult her for being too "emotional" (which was distressingly often). In many ways, Sue was progressive for the time - many female characters in comics were relegated to love interests and rarely participated in battles at all. But as revolutionary as he was, Stan Lee couldn't help but rely on outdated tropes while writing for Sue. Today,
3990-579: A level of prominence and importance that could prove to be fascinating material for a series. Turn Sue Storm into the Michelle Obama of the Marvel hero community. Make her inspiring and proactive; have her spearhead outreach opportunities to those in need, and have her go on diplomatic missions in hostile territories. Jonathan Hickman played with a lot of these ideas in his "Fantastic Four" run, and it's time someone continued those stories." IGN named
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#17327725571084180-650: A lot of pressure on one person. Delving into that part of Sue's psyche would make her a much more interesting, complex character." According to Diamond Comic Distributors , Captain Universe / Invisible Woman #1 was the 111th best selling comic book in November 2005. According to Diamond Comic Distributors , the Invisible Woman trade paperback was the 72nd best selling graphic novel in January 2020. According to Diamond Comic Distributors , Invisible Woman #1
4370-750: A member of the Fantastic Four and simply humored him. This series introduced what would become the recurring Fantastic Four foes the Wizard and Paste-Pot Pete , later known as the Trapster. In Storm's home life, Mike Snow, a member of the high-school wrestling squad, bullied Storm until an accidental flare-up of the Torch's powers scarred Snow's face. Storm dated fellow student Dorrie Evans, although she eventually grew tired of his constant disappearances and broke off their relationship. After graduating high school, Storm enrolled at New York City's Metro College. There he befriended his roommate Wyatt Wingfoot . He also met
4560-491: A mother figure for her younger brother. While living with her aunt, Susan, at the young age of 17, met her future husband , Reed Richards , a house guest who was attending college . When she graduated from high school as the award-winning captain of her Girls' Varsity Swim Team , she moved to California to attend college, where she pursued an acting career and encountered Richards again. They began to become romantically involved with each other. Reed Richards, working in
4750-541: A new layer forms underneath. Unlike the mainstream Human Torch, Ultimate Johnny's power sometimes have detrimental effects on his health, specifically causing unhealthy levels of weight loss and exhaustion. In issues #68 and 69 of Ultimate Spider-Man , Johnny meets Spider-Man when his sister says he has to finish high school. Johnny picks a school in Queens which happens to be Midtown High. He quickly meets and becomes friends with Peter Parker, Mary Jane and Liz Allan . At
4940-418: A newfound respect for each other and how they deal with their powers. Soon, Reed tries to switch the powers back. The entire FF's powers are granted to four random civilians before being restored to their rightful wielders. This parallels an earlier torture by Doom, where Sue was given an extremely painful version of Johnny's pyrokinetic ability. During the 2006–07 storyline " Civil War ", which takes place in
5130-632: A person while in his flame form without his passenger feeling discomforting heat. His knowledge extends to general information about fire as well, supported by regular visits to fire-safety lectures at various firehouses in New York. In one instance when poisoned, Storm superheated his blood to burn the toxin out. Storm's ability to ignite himself is limited by the quantity of oxygen in his environment, and his personal flame has been extinguished by sufficient quantities of water, flame retardant foam, and vacuum environments. He can reignite instantly once oxygen
5320-539: A psionic force field, it simply ceases to exist. Sue's force fields can also counteract or interact with other forms of psychic energy. For instance, when battling against Psi-Lord, an adult version of her own son , her force fields shielded her mind from his telepathic abilities. Similarly, Jean Grey's psychokinetic abilities could not pass through her shields. Susan is an excellent swimmer and capable unarmed combatant, having been trained in judo by Mister Fantastic and received additional coaching from Iron Fist ,
5510-601: A rampage with the other zombies. Eventually Reed contacts the Ultimate Reed and gets him to come to the infected universe. Johnny travels with the three others to the Ultimate Universe. They attack the Fantastic Four there but are thwarted, and are locked up in a containment cell. Johnny eats live animals and loathes the Ultimate version of himself, remarking that he especially hates his hair. When they escape
5700-510: A rather divisive character. It would undoubtedly help if Marvel hired a female writer to explore her character for a new audience." Joshua Isaak of Screen Rant described the Invisible Woman as "Marvel's first major female superhero", stating, "Marvel's Fantastic Four is undoubtedly the series that defined the company - but unfortunately Stan Lee completely botched writing for Marvel's first major female superhero, Susan Storm. Today,
5890-501: A secondary shower of particles in multiple detectors at the same time is an indication that all of the particles came from that event. Cosmic rays impacting other planetary bodies in the Solar System are detected indirectly by observing high-energy gamma ray emissions by gamma-ray telescope. These are distinguished from radioactive decay processes by their higher energies above about 10 MeV. The flux of incoming cosmic rays at
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6080-548: A significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernova explosions of stars. Based on observations of neutrinos and gamma rays from blazar TXS 0506+056 in 2018, active galactic nuclei also appear to produce cosmic rays. The term ray (as in optical ray ) seems to have arisen from an initial belief, due to their penetrating power, that cosmic rays were mostly electromagnetic radiation . Nevertheless, following wider recognition of cosmic rays as being various high-energy particles with intrinsic mass ,
6270-413: A single power law", suggesting a more complex process of cosmic ray formation. In February 2013, though, research analyzing data from Fermi revealed through an observation of neutral pion decay that supernovae were indeed a source of cosmic rays, with each explosion producing roughly 3 × 10 – 3 × 10 J of cosmic rays. Supernovae do not produce all cosmic rays, however, and
6460-518: A so-called air shower secondary radiation that rains down, including x-rays , protons, alpha particles, pions, muons, electrons, neutrinos, and neutrons . All of the secondary particles produced by the collision continue onward on paths within about one degree of the primary particle's original path. Typical particles produced in such collisions are neutrons and charged mesons such as positive or negative pions and kaons . Some of these subsequently decay into muons and neutrinos, which are able to reach
6650-499: A soft line that fits the stories tone and pace without skimping on some great big action moments. A marked improvement over the debut issue." A number of alternate universes and alternate timelines in Marvel Comics publications allow writers to introduce variations of the Invisible Woman, in which the character's origins, behavior, and morality differ from the mainstream setting. In some stories, someone other than Susan Storm
6840-470: A source of cosmic rays. Subsequently, Sekido et al. (1951) identified the Crab Nebula as a source of cosmic rays. Since then, a wide variety of potential sources for cosmic rays began to surface, including supernovae , active galactic nuclei, quasars , and gamma-ray bursts . Later experiments have helped to identify the sources of cosmic rays with greater certainty. In 2009, a paper presented at
7030-676: A space flight in which cosmic radiation transformed those three and spacecraft pilot Ben Grimm into superpowered beings who would become the celebrated superhero team the Fantastic Four . Storm, with the ability to become a flaming human with the power of flight and the ability to project fire, dubs himself the Human Torch, in tribute to the World War II -era hero known as the Human Torch . In The Fantastic Four #4, it
7220-672: A television series and they are still children. Silk picks up a magazine that says they are entering their fourth season. In the Amazing Spider-man comic's event Spider-Verse , Scarlet Spider (Kaine) and Spider-Man (Ben Reilly) met and fought Johnny Storm (Earth-802) who is the Head of Security of Baxter Building and serving one of the Inheritors, Jennix. In the Ultimate Marvel Universe, Johnny Storm
7410-682: A terrifying scream. After she rejoins her teammates, Susan states that Psycho-Man will never hurt anyone ever again. Susan is profoundly affected by the entire episode, and changes her code name from "Invisible Girl" to "Invisible Woman" . Along with Reed, she briefly leaves the Fantastic Four and joins the Avengers . The two of them rejoin the Fantastic Four before long. During the Infinity War , Susan faces off against Malice, who has reemerged in her subconscious. Susan absorbs Malice into her own consciousness. Subsequently, Susan's personality
7600-412: A true superhero. That's changed so much that she's basically the strongest member of the team today, emotionally, morally and in terms of her superpowers. That says a lot about how cultural perceptions of the role of women have shifted since 1961, and also about how Marvel, as a company, has never been afraid to reexamine its characters when the larger story demands it." Brett White of CBR.com described
7790-473: A variety of effects. For example, Sue can shape her fields into simple invisible constructs or generate a nearly indestructible invisible force field around herself or her target. She can vary the texture and tensile strength of her field to some extent, rendering it rigid as steel or as soft and yielding as foam rubber; softer variants on the field enable her to cushion impacts more gently, and are less likely to result in psionic backlash against Susan herself. She
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7980-587: A variety of offensive and defensive effects, including shields, blasts, explosions, and levitation. Sue plays a central role in the lives of her hot-headed younger brother Johnny Storm , her brilliant husband Reed Richards , her close friend Ben Grimm , and her children ( Franklin and Valeria ). She was also romantically attracted to Namor the Sub-Mariner for a time, and they remain close friends. Invisible Woman has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful female heroes. Invisible Woman
8170-530: Is Storm who discovers an amnesiac hobo whom he helps regain his memory as the antihero Namor the Sub-Mariner , one of the three most popular heroes of Marvel Comics' 1940s forerunner, Timely Comics , returning him to modern continuity. Though a member of a world-famous team, Storm still lived primarily in Glenville and attended Glenville High School. Here he thought he maintained a secret identity , although his fellow townsfolk were well aware of his being
8360-472: Is a renovation of Carl Burgos 's original character, the android Human Torch , created for Timely Comics in 1939. Storm first appeared in The Fantastic Four #1 ( cover-dated Nov. 1961), establishing him as a member of the titular superhero team. In his plot summary for this first issue, Lee passed on to Kirby that the recently formed Comics Code Authority had told him that the Human Torch
8550-686: Is also able to make her shields opaque or translucent like milk glass to effectively block variations of light such as laser -beams, or make them semipermeable to filter oxygen from water though the latter is mentally taxing. She can generate solid force constructs as small as a marble or as large as 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, and her hollow projections such as domes can extend up to several miles in area. By generating additional force behind her psionic constructs, Sue can turn them into offensive weapons, ranging from massive invisible battering rams to small projectiles such as spheres and darts. By forming one of her force fields within an object and expanding
8740-453: Is also responsible for the abundances of scandium , titanium , vanadium , and manganese ions in cosmic rays produced by collisions of iron and nickel nuclei with interstellar matter . At high energies the composition changes and heavier nuclei have larger abundances in some energy ranges. Current experiments aim at more accurate measurements of the composition at high energies. Satellite experiments have found evidence of positrons and
8930-407: Is an area of active research. An active search from Earth orbit for anti-alpha particles as of 2019 had found no unequivocal evidence. Upon striking the atmosphere, cosmic rays violently burst atoms into other bits of matter, producing large amounts of pions and muons (produced from the decay of charged pions , which have a short half-life) as well as neutrinos . The neutron composition of
9120-476: Is brash and impetuous in comparison to his reticent, overprotective and compassionate older sister, Susan Storm , his sensible brother-in-law, Reed Richards , and the grumbling Ben Grimm . In the early 1960s, he starred in a series of solo adventures, published in Strange Tales . The Human Torch is also a friend and frequent ally of the superhero Spider-Man , who is approximately the same age. In film,
9310-672: Is called upon to battle Otto von Doom, he kidnaps Doris and takes her with them, believing this is for her own good. In Marvel 2099 , there are different versions of the Human Torch: In the Marvel Mangaverse comics, the Human Torch is portrayed by two separate characters spanning two very different continuities. The first character is a member of the Megascale Metatalent Response Team Fantastic Four on Earth-2301a and
9500-479: Is caught in the radiation of the Anomaly, turning him into a Human Torch. The Four continue their explorations until they are captured by Otto von Doom prior to the original 1602 miniseries. At the start of the miniseries 1602: Fantastick Four , Jon has rejoined high society, and once more finds himself embroiled in a duel, this time with Lord Wingfoot , who is betrothed to the 1602 version of Doris Evans. When he
9690-447: Is explained by Reed that Johnny's combustion makes him lighter than air. Johnny's body is covered with a microscopically thin film of transparent plates that make him impervious to flame. When he activates his powers, fat cells beneath his skin create clean nuclear fusion and jet out between the plates as plasma which then ignites on contact with air. Periodically, Johnny enters a hibernation where his old layer of skin peels off as ash while
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#17327725571089880-532: Is influenced by Malice, causing her to become more aggressive in battle, even creating invisible razor-like force fields she uses to slice enemies. Her son Franklin, who has traveled forward and back in time, becomes the adult hero Psi-Lord , frees his mother, and absorbs the influence of Malice into himself. He eventually defeats Malice by projecting her into the mind of the Dark Raider , an insane alternate universe counterpart of Reed Richards who later dies in
10070-400: Is invisible since her eyes do not reflect light in that state, though she otherwise seems to possess a full range of vision while she is invisible. She can also sense people or objects made invisible by scientific means, and can restore them to a visible state at will. Sue can also mentally generate a field of invisible psionic force (drawn from hyperspace), which she is able to manipulate for
10260-461: Is more accurate than indirect detection. However the flux of cosmic rays decreases with energy, which hampers direct detection for the energy range above 1 PeV. Both direct and indirect detection are realized by several techniques. Direct detection is possible by all kinds of particle detectors at the ISS , on satellites, or high-altitude balloons. However, there are constraints in weight and size limiting
10450-499: Is quite hotheaded; sometimes riding into battle singing "I am the Goddess of Hellfire." She denies being impulsive, saying she can only be described that way in comparison to her "neurotic" teammates. In New Mangaverse Jonatha is slightly redesigned to look a few years younger than she did in volume one of Mangaverse, and no longer wears her hair in multiple braids, instead sporting two pigtails on each side of her head. After witnessing
10640-475: Is recovered alive from a downed Skrull ship after the final battle of the invasion. Reed started the Future Foundation for the benefit of the world and for science. When the Human Torch died, the Fantastic Four was dissolved and Sue's heroic exploits were moved entirely under the banner of the Future Foundation. It is later revealed that Johnny was revived and is still alive. Sue and the rest of
10830-420: Is restored to a baby again inside Susan's womb . Susan again has a difficult birthing. Due to the help of Doctor Doom, Susan gives birth to a healthy baby girl, which Doom names Valeria, his price for helping Sue. Doom places a spell on the baby, which makes her his familiar spirit , to be used against the Fantastic Four. The Fantastic Four wrestle Valeria free from Doom's control and defeat him. Zius, leader of
11020-481: Is returned, with no ill effects. In early stories he could only remain aflame for up to five minutes at a time, after which he would need five minutes to recharge before igniting himself again. Storm was depicted as transmuting his body itself into living flame in the first two issues of The Fantastic Four . In all subsequent appearances, his power consists in the generation of a flaming aura. The Human Torch has been involved in several romantic relationships throughout
11210-486: Is similar to the primordial elemental abundance ratio of these elements, 24%. The remaining fraction is made up of the other heavier nuclei that are typical nucleosynthesis end products, primarily lithium , beryllium , and boron . These nuclei appear in cosmic rays in greater abundance (≈1%) than in the solar atmosphere, where they are only about 10 as abundant (by number) as helium . Cosmic rays composed of charged nuclei heavier than helium are called HZE ions . Due to
11400-657: Is split over the Superhuman Registration Act , which required them to register with, and become agents of, the US government, Storm and his sister allied with the underground rebels, the Secret Avengers . Shortly afterward, during the " Secret Invasion " company-wide crossover, the shape-shifting extraterrestrial Skrulls intensified their clandestine infiltration of Earth. Storm was briefly reunited with his former Skrull girlfriend, Lyja . Though part of
11590-509: Is the Invisible Woman, and in others, Susan Storm is someone other than the Invisible Woman. In the alternative reality known as the Age of Apocalypse , Susan never became the Invisible Woman, but instead helped her boyfriend Reed Richards in his attempt to evacuate a large group of humans from Manhattan when Apocalypse came into power. Along with Ben Grimm as the pilot and her brother Johnny as crew, they used one of Reed's prototype rockets to fly off
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#173277255710811780-602: Is the most powerful member of the quartet and one of the few beings able to rupture the shell of a Celestial . As the Invisible Woman, Susan can render herself wholly or partially invisible at will by bending light around her. She can also render other people or objects fully or partially invisible too, affecting up to 40,000 cubic feet (1,100 m ) of volume. According to the Women of Marvel: Celebrating Seven Decades Handbook , Sue's retinas don't function conventionally and instead of just registering objects using reflected light,
11970-430: Is the youngest child of Franklin Storm, but is not as intelligent as his sister and father. He spent time at the Baxter Building, but his rebellious nature meant that he learned little from his time spent there. Although he is portrayed as being very vain, narcissistic , and displays some misogynistic tendencies, he is also shown to have a deep devotion to his friends and family. He is good friends with Spider-Man, and has
12160-414: Is to envelop his body in fiery plasma without harm to himself, in which form he is able to fly by providing thrust behind himself with his own flame, and to generate powerful streams and/or balls of flame. He can also manipulate his flame in such a way as to shape it into rings and other forms, such as a fiery duplicate of himself that he can remotely control. Even when not engulfed in flame himself, Storm has
12350-435: Is unique in their own right, especially Sue Storm. She's a character that has been around for almost 60 years, making her first leap onto the silver screen by way of Jessica Alba in the 2005 live-action Fantastic Four . This year marks the 15th anniversary of that early-aughts attempt at the iconic foursome. While it's not a movie that's high on many comic book movie lists, Jessica's Sue does a reasonably strong job encapsulating
12540-546: The House of M : Iron Man limited series, Johnny Storm is a contestant on a reality game show called Sapien Death Match. He has no inherent superpowers, but wears a suit of powered armor that has a "flame on" ability. In the Marvel 1602 universe, Jon Storm is a young hothead who has to leave London following a duel. Along with his sister, who is escaping a man she does not love, he joins Sir Richard Reed on his explorations, and
12730-549: The Reckoning War storyline, Johnny unites various cosmic factions and leads their armies to defend the Watchers . Once the multiverse is saved, Johnny opts to return to Spyre with Sky so that her people can cure him and return him to normal. Johnny Storm gained a number of superhuman powers as a result of the mutagenic effects of the cosmic radiation he was exposed to, all of which are related to fire. His primary ability
12920-438: The Age of Apocalypse , Johnny never becomes the Human Torch. Instead, he is among Reed Richards' crew, along with Ben Grimm as pilot and Johnny's sister Susan. Reed Richards attempts to evacuate a full contingent of refugees in his own experimental tran-ship, but a mutant saboteur interferes with the launch. Johnny and Reed sacrifice themselves to save the others from the forces of Apocalypse . On Counter Earth , counterparts of
13110-660: The Auger Project is currently operated at a site on the Pampas of Argentina by an international consortium of physicists. The project was first led by James Cronin , winner of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics from the University of Chicago , and Alan Watson of the University of Leeds , and later by scientists of the international Pierre Auger Collaboration. Their aim is to explore the properties and arrival directions of
13300-725: The Black Order in Peru, but is restored after Living Lightning wins a high stakes poker game versus Grandmaster . To help the Thing cope with Mister Fantastic and the Invisible Woman's disappearance, the Human Torch takes him on a journey through the Multiverse using the Multisect in order to find them. They have not been able to find Mister Fantastic and the Invisible Woman as they return to Earth-616 empty-handed. The Human Torch and
13490-544: The Heroes Reborn history of the Marvel Universe, created after a battle with Onslaught , Johnny is an owner of a popular casino and part financial backer of Reed Richards' plan to go into space. His handprint is one of two — the other being his sister's — needed for launch. His rivalry with Ben Grimm now extends into much more dangerous areas, such as a potentially deadly game of 'chicken' without thought to
13680-634: The International Cosmic Ray Conference by scientists at the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina showed ultra-high energy cosmic rays originating from a location in the sky very close to the radio galaxy Centaurus A , although the authors specifically stated that further investigation would be required to confirm Centaurus A as a source of cosmic rays. However, no correlation was found between
13870-639: The International Space Station show that positrons in the cosmic rays arrive with no directionality. In September 2014, new results with almost twice as much data were presented in a talk at CERN and published in Physical Review Letters. A new measurement of positron fraction up to 500 GeV was reported, showing that positron fraction peaks at a maximum of about 16% of total electron+positron events, around an energy of 275 ± 32 GeV . At higher energies, up to 500 GeV,
14060-536: The Negative Zone to acquire the Cosmic Control Rod from Annihilus . Effectively utilizing the device, the baby is safely delivered and is named Franklin , in memory of Susan and Johnny's father. Due to the genetically altered structure of his parents, Franklin is a mutant , possessing vast powers. Seeking to use the boy's talents for his own sadistic purposes, Annihilus triggers a premature full release of Franklin's latent abilities, which were already in
14250-686: The Super-Skrull finds a way to kidnap Dr. Storm, mimic his appearance, and then fight the Fantastic Four as the Invincible Man. In the process of defeating the Super-Skrull, Dr. Storm sacrifices his own life to protect the Fantastic Four from a Skrull booby trap . Reed and Sue's relationship progresses, with the two of them deciding to get married. The wedding is the event of the century, with several of New York City 's preeminent superheroes in attendance. Not long after that, Sue and
14440-566: The Thing , and She-Hulk . George Marston of Newsarama referred to the Invisible Woman as one of the "best female superheroes of all time", writing, "Marvel's first superheroine (debuting 60 years ago this year in Fantastic Four #1 may not have the highest profile of the characters on this list, but Sue Storm set the pace for modern female heroes – and still occupies a fairly unique place in comic books. While it's true that early stories didn't exactly serve Sue particularly well, she developed into
14630-544: The centrifugal mechanism of acceleration in active galactic nuclei . At 50 joules [J] (3.1 × 10 GeV ), the highest-energy ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (such as the OMG particle recorded in 1991) have energies comparable to the kinetic energy of a 90- kilometre-per-hour [km/h] (56 mph ) baseball. As a result of these discoveries, there has been interest in investigating cosmic rays of even greater energies. Most cosmic rays, however, do not have such extreme energies;
14820-560: The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation energy density at ≈0.25 eV/cm . There are two main classes of detection methods. First, the direct detection of the primary cosmic rays in space or at high altitude by balloon-borne instruments. Second, the indirect detection of secondary particle, i.e., extensive air showers at higher energies. While there have been proposals and prototypes for space and balloon-borne detection of air showers, currently operating experiments for high-energy cosmic rays are ground based. Generally direct detection
15010-565: The original Human Torch of the 1930s and 1940s. Around this time, Storm met and fell in love with Crystal , a member of the superpowered race the Inhumans . After their relationship ended, Crystal returned to her native city of Attilan and eventually married the superhero Quicksilver , Storm, crushed, attempted to move on, finding that his high-school girlfriend, Dorrie Evans, had married and had two children. Storm dropped out of college but remained friends with Wingfoot, who often participated in
15200-497: The speed of light . They originate from the Sun , from outside of the Solar System in our own galaxy, and from distant galaxies. Upon impact with Earth's atmosphere , cosmic rays produce showers of secondary particles , some of which reach the surface , although the bulk are deflected off into space by the magnetosphere or the heliosphere . Cosmic rays were discovered by Victor Hess in 1912 in balloon experiments, for which he
15390-451: The 2027 film Avengers: Secret Wars . Created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby , the character first appeared in The Fantastic Four #1 (November 1961). Since Stan Lee wanted The Fantastic Four to be driven by familial connections rather than action, the primary impetus for Susan Storm's creation was to not only be a full member of the team, but also the female lead (with Reed Richards a.k.a. Mister Fantastic being
15580-698: The Baxter Building, informing Reed via a note that their children are in his care, as she intends to join Captain America's underground resistance force. Her final injunction to her husband is a heartfelt request: "Please fix this." The Storm siblings narrowly escape a team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents bent on capturing them in Civil War #5. The two further elude detection by operating under fake husband and wife identities provided by Nick Fury, becoming members of Captain America's Secret Avengers. Before storming
15770-566: The Fantastic Four accompanied by Franklin. Susan eventually becomes pregnant for a second time. However, this second child is stillborn due to Susan having been exposed to radiation inside the Negative Zone. A depressed Susan is manipulated by Psycho-Man into becoming Malice . As Malice, Susan attacks her friends and family in the Fantastic Four, utilizing her abilities at power levels she had never displayed previously. Reed saves Susan by forcing her to hate him legitimately. Susan (off-panel) does something to Psycho-Man, causing him to let out
15960-614: The Fantastic Four confront the Hulk . Reed has designed a machine that recreates the Sentry 's aura. The Hulk, only momentarily calmed, discovers the ruse. Sue deploys her force fields to defend Reed against the Hulk, who shatters her protective fields with such force that she collapses, leaving Reed vulnerable. Reed suffers a vicious beating at the hands of the Hulk; Sue telephones the Sentry for help. The Hulk transforms Madison Square Garden into
16150-510: The Fantastic Four create a life raft that will save them from the coming death of the universe. However, right before the final incursion between their universe and the Ultimate Universe , Sue's part of the ship becomes separated. Reed and Black Panther plan to get her ship back, with Sue holding her part together with her force field. However, the death of the universe proves too much, even for her, and she, Ben, and her children die at
16340-568: The Fantastic Four encounter Galactus and the Silver Surfer . Sue later becomes pregnant with her first child. As a result, she takes time off as an active member of the team. Johnny's girlfriend, the Inhuman elementalist Crystal , joins the team, taking over Susan's roster spot. Susan's cosmic ray irradiated blood cells serve as an obstacle for her in carrying the unborn child to term. Knowing this, Reed, Johnny, and Ben journey into
16530-422: The Fantastic Four encounter Valeria von Doom . This new Marvel Girl came from an alternate future, where she was the child of Susan and Doctor Doom . Susan eventually comes to accept the young girl as a friend. During a conflict with Abraxas , Franklin reveals that he used his abilities to save Susan's original stillborn child and place it in another alternate future. After the ordeal involving Abraxas, Marvel Girl
16720-563: The Fantastic Four hijack an experimental spaceship in order to be the first humans in space. Man-Beast negates the effects of the cosmic radiation for all of them except Reed Richards who succumbs to the effects a decade later. Johnny Storm's counterpart is revealed to have been killed by the cosmic radiation. In Ghost-Spider's universe , Susan and Johnny Storm went missing on a trip to Latveria. When they return to New York, they are shown twisted to evil and murderers of their own mother. In Earth-98 universe, Johnny married Crystal and has
16910-407: The Fantastic Four's adventures. Storm eventually began a romance with who he thought was Alicia Masters but was eventually revealed to be an alien from the shapeshifting Skrull race, Lyja , posing as Masters. In the interim, they married. Storm later discovers "Alicia's" true identity, and that Lyja is pregnant with his child. He then witnessed Lyja's apparent death and rescued the real Alicia from
17100-536: The Fantastic Four, an act that alienated the United States government and his own team. This led to team-member Ben Grimm 's apparent death and the Fantastic Four's subsequent dispersal. Storm took to fixing cars for a living. Grimm later was revealed to be alive. Over the Internet, Storm meets a young woman, Cole, whom he learns is the daughter of one of the Fantastic Four's oldest enemies, the Wizard ; after
17290-403: The Fantastic Four. Their relationship is brief however, when Johnny cheats on her with Victorious, a hero from Latveria and fiancé of Doctor Doom. During a conflict at Doctor Doom's wedding, where his infidelity with Victorious is revealed, Johnny Storm becomes permanently stuck in his Human Torch form and his powers are boosted to the point where it is unsafe for him to be around others. During
17480-530: The Griever at the End of All Things. The Invisible Woman received her powers after cosmic radiation had triggered mutagenic changes in her body. Originally only able to turn herself invisible, Sue later discovered she could render other things invisible as well and project an invisible force field. It has been said on numerous occasions, including by the Fantastic Four's greatest opponent, Doctor Doom, that Susan Storm
17670-769: The Human Torch has been portrayed by Jay Underwood in the unreleased 1994 film The Fantastic Four ; Chris Evans in the 2005 film Fantastic Four , its 2007 sequel Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer , and the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Deadpool & Wolverine (2024); Michael B. Jordan in the 2015 film Fantastic Four ; and Joseph Quinn in the MCU films The Fantastic Four: First Steps (2025), Avengers: Doomsday (2026), and Avengers: Secret Wars (2027). Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby , Johnny Storm
17860-473: The Invisible Woman is a powerful and respected member of the Fantastic Four, and the early issues - however stereotypical - led to the Susan Storm known and loved by the Marvel faithful worldwide." Stephanie Williams of Syfy stated, "The core four members of the Fantastic Four are a package deal. It's challenging to think of one of them without the other. However, we're going to do just that. Each member
18050-458: The Invisible Woman one of Marvel's "classic characters worthy of ongoing attention," saying, "Since debuting in 1961, Sue Storm has played a pivotal role in the Marvel Universe without ever having even a single limited series to her name, unlike her brother the Human Torch or the Thing, as both have had a few series, ongoing and mini, between them. As both Marvel Comics' literal first lady and the Marvel Universe's spiritual first lady, Sue Storm enjoys
18240-713: The Invisible Woman one of the "best female superheroes of all time", asserting, "Sue Storm, aka the Invisible Woman, is an icon of the Marvel Universe. She rarely appears as a solo character. As a key member of the Fantastic Four, her superpowers include invisibility and the ability to create force fields. In some ways, her characterization plays into traditional gender roles. As Mr. Fantastic's wife and Johnny Storm's brother, she can be overshadowed by her male teammates. Her powers are often interpreted as passive because they're more attuned to protection than aggressive combat. Several of her storylines involve unwanted romantic attention from characters like Dr. Doom. This all adds up to her being
18430-473: The Invisible Woman one of the "greatest Avengers of all time", asserting, "Invisible Woman is much more closely associated with the Fantastic Four than the Avengers, but that's not to say she won't answer the call alongside the rest of Earth's Mightiest Heroes when necessary. Sue often tends to serve as the heart and soul of any team she serves on. Her power to manipulate invisible force fields arguably makes her
18620-494: The Marvel Universe and the hearts of its fans," stating, "Of the original team, Sue Storm has grown the most, by far, since Fantastic Four #1. Not only was her official superhero name the Invisible Girl, even after getting married and having a child, but she was basically written like the typical early Marvel love interest, despite having powers. She was too demure, too squeamish and not always competent enough to feel like
18810-488: The Marvel Universe's first love triangle . Initially, her powers are limited to making herself invisible. However, before long Sue discovers she can make other things invisible as well as create force fields of invisible energy. After Susan is injured in battle with the Mole Man, her father escapes from prison and operates on her to save her life. Franklin makes amends with his children before returning to prison; however,
19000-413: The Negative Zone prison, Sue visits Namor to plead for assistance. He refuses and indicates she is still attracted to him, an accusation she does not deny. During the final battle depicted in Civil War #7, as Susan is nearly shot by Taskmaster , but Reed Richards jumps in front of her and takes the brunt of the attack, sustaining a major injury. Outraged, Susan beats Taskmaster into the ground. Following
19190-440: The Negative Zone. After the apparent death of Reed, Susan becomes a capable leader. Susan keeps searching for Reed, feeling he is still alive, despite romantic advances from her old flame, Namor the Sub-Mariner. The Fantastic Four eventually rescue the time-displaced Reed, who finds himself temporarily losing confidence in his leadership skills, since Susan is also a capable leader. Following their return to their Earth of origin,
19380-639: The Netherlands, Jacob Clay found evidence, later confirmed in many experiments, that cosmic ray intensity increases from the tropics to mid-latitudes, which indicated that the primary cosmic rays are deflected by the geomagnetic field and must therefore be charged particles, not photons. In 1929, Bothe and Kolhörster discovered charged cosmic-ray particles that could penetrate 4.1 cm of gold. Charged particles of such high energy could not possibly be produced by photons from Millikan's proposed interstellar fusion process. In 1930, Bruno Rossi predicted
19570-520: The New Defenders, commits robberies, and one of their members, Psionics, starts a relationship with Johnny. After a bad break-up, Johnny is kidnapped by the Defenders, along with Doctor Doom and Galactus, to power a massive machine that is designed to apparently save the people of the future 500 years from now, a plan orchestrated by Tabitha, who is revealed to be Susan Richards from 500 years in
19760-502: The Pierre Auger Observatory is undergoing an upgrade to improve its accuracy and find evidence for the yet unconfirmed origin of the most energetic cosmic rays. High-energy gamma rays (>50 MeV photons) were finally discovered in the primary cosmic radiation by an MIT experiment carried on the OSO-3 satellite in 1967. Components of both galactic and extra-galactic origins were separately identified at intensities much less than 1% of
19950-757: The Rossi Cosmic Ray Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The experiment employed eleven scintillation detectors arranged within a circle 460 metres in diameter on the grounds of the Agassiz Station of the Harvard College Observatory . From that work, and from many other experiments carried out all over the world, the energy spectrum of the primary cosmic rays is now known to extend beyond 10 eV. A huge air shower experiment called
20140-622: The Skrulls. Storm briefly joined his nephew Franklin Richards ' Fantastic Force team, where he battled his otherdimensional counterpart, Vangaard (formerly Gaard). Lyja posed as student Laura Green and dated Storm to stay close to him; Storm recognized her when they kissed, though he did not reveal this to her until later. Seeking an acting career, Storm was cast as the Old West hero the Rawhide Kid , but producers reconsidered and gave
20330-403: The Thing reveals to them that he proposed to Alicia and they are about to get married soon. Although the Baxter Building is now owned by a new superhero team Fantastix, the Thing allows his teammates to use his hometown Yancy Street as their current operation base. He later becomes engaged to an Unparalleled superhero named Sky from the planet Spyre, who then travels back to Earth with him and joins
20520-442: The Thing were reunited with Mister Fantastic and the Invisible Woman to help alongside other superheroes who were part of the Fantastic Four (including surprisingly X-Men 's Iceman ) fight the Griever at the End of All Things after Mister Fantastic persuaded the Griever to let him summon the Thing and the Human Torch. As the Thing and his teammates finally return to 616, while Future Foundation stays behind to keep learning multiverse,
20710-437: The ability to control any fire within his immediate range of vision, causing it to increase or decrease in intensity or to move in a pattern directed by his thoughts. Additionally, he is able to absorb fire/plasma into his body with no detrimental effects. The plasma field immediately surrounding his body is hot enough to vaporize projectiles that approach him, including bullets. He does not generally extend this flame-aura beyond
20900-598: The aftermath of an explosion in a residential neighborhood in Stamford, Connecticut , and prompting calls for the government to register people with superhuman abilities, Sue's brother Johnny is beaten up by locals angered by his celebrity superhero status. Although Sue is initially part of the pro-registration side supporting the Superhuman Registration Act , she defects after the Thor clone, created by her husband Mister Fantastic and Tony Stark , kills Bill Foster . Sue leaves
21090-409: The air, immobilize enemies, or administer long-range attacks. Susan changed her nom de guerre to Invisible Woman. In April 2019, Marvel Comics announced that it will publish Sue Storm's first solo miniseries, Invisible Woman. It was written by Mark Waid , drawn by Mattia De Iulis with covers by Adam Hughes . It was later confirmed by Tom Brevoort , editor at Marvel Comics, that the miniseries
21280-535: The arrival directions of the highest energy cosmic rays. Since the Galactic Center is in the deficit region, this anisotropy can be interpreted as evidence for the extragalactic origin of cosmic rays at the highest energies. This implies that there must be a transition energy from galactic to extragalactic sources, and there may be different types of cosmic-ray sources contributing to different energy ranges. Cosmic rays can be divided into two types: However,
21470-458: The assumption that radiation of very high penetrating power enters from above into our atmosphere." In 1913–1914, Werner Kolhörster confirmed Victor Hess's earlier results by measuring the increased ionization enthalpy rate at an altitude of 9 km. Hess received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936 for his discovery. Bruno Rossi wrote in 1964: In the late 1920s and early 1930s
21660-543: The bare nuclei of common atoms (stripped of their electron shells), and about 1% are solitary electrons (that is, one type of beta particle ). Of the nuclei, about 90% are simple protons (i.e., hydrogen nuclei); 9% are alpha particles , identical to helium nuclei; and 1% are the nuclei of heavier elements, called HZE ions . These fractions vary highly over the energy range of cosmic rays. A very small fraction are stable particles of antimatter , such as positrons or antiprotons . The precise nature of this remaining fraction
21850-462: The book's real standout element. Invisible Woman has a painterly aesthetic that makes it look unlike anything else Marvel is publishing. Whether this is truly the best look for an espionage-focused superhero comic is another question. As eye-catching as the art is, it also tends to be a little too clean and pretty to reflect the grungy surroundings in which Sue and friends are operating. Invisible Woman seems like an easy sell at first glance. It features
22040-664: The character first appeared in The Fantastic Four #1 (November 1961). Susan Storm is a founding member of the Fantastic Four and was the first female superhero created by Marvel during the Silver Age of Comic Books . Sue Storm received her powers by being exposed to a cosmic storm, and was known as Invisible Girl . She possesses two powers: invisibility and force fields . Her invisibility power deals with bending light waves and allows her to render herself and other objects invisible . She can also project powerful fields of invisible psionic, hyperspace-based energy that she uses for
22230-439: The character is famous for being a scientific genius, astronaut, and the strongest member of the team (with her ability to use her powerful invisible force fields in a variety of offensive and defensive ways). But for the first few years of the Fantastic Four, Sue was little more than a collection of 1960s stereotypes - the worst the decade had to offer. [...] Stan Lee found it necessary to constantly remind readers that Susan Storm
22420-466: The choices of detectors. An example for the direct detection technique is a method based on nuclear tracks developed by Robert Fleischer, P. Buford Price , and Robert M. Walker for use in high-altitude balloons. In this method, sheets of clear plastic, like 0.25 mm Lexan polycarbonate, are stacked together and exposed directly to cosmic rays in space or high altitude. The nuclear charge causes chemical bond breaking or ionization in
22610-531: The code name Invisible Girl . As the Fantastic Four, the team set up their first headquarters in the Baxter Building in Manhattan . The Fantastic Four encounter many villains in the early part of their career, but none of them contend for Susan's affections more than Namor the Sub-Mariner. Sue feels an amount of attraction to Namor, but her heart belongs with Reed, a situation that has been called
22800-427: The comics, Sue is the glue that keeps the team together. Without her, the team would have fallen apart long ago. And that's not an easy job. Sue has had to deal with Reed's absent-mindedness (and dickishness), Johnny's recklessness, and Ben's temper, not to mention all the various infighting (physical and otherwise) that regularly breaks out. She's had to be practical and grounded, but also sensitive and empathetic. That's
22990-614: The creators found this format too restrictive. He co-starred in two one-shot comics, Spider-Man & the Human Torch in... Bahia De Los Muertos! #1 (May 2009), by writer Tom Beland and artist Juan Doe, and Incredible Hulk & the Human Torch: From the Marvel Vault #1, a previously unpublished story from 1984, intended for Marvel Team-Up by plotter Jack C. Harris , scriptwriter and artist Kesel, and breakdown artist Steve Ditko . Growing up in Glenville, New York,
23180-584: The damage they inflict on microelectronics and life outside the protection of an atmosphere and magnetic field, and scientifically, because the energies of the most energetic ultra-high-energy cosmic rays have been observed to approach 3 × 10 eV (This is slightly greater than 21 million times the design energy of particles accelerated by the Large Hadron Collider , 14 teraelectronvolts [TeV] (1.4 × 10 eV ). ) One can show that such enormous energies might be achieved by means of
23370-428: The dangerous space mission. In space, the quartet was exposed to massive amounts of cosmic radiation . As a result, they had to abort the mission and return to Earth. After the crash landing, they realized that they gained superhuman powers; hers was the ability to become invisible at will. Realizing the potential use of their abilities, the four of them became the Fantastic Four, for the benefit of mankind. Susan adopted
23560-481: The disguise of the Thing 's former girlfriend Alicia Masters, carried on a long-term relationship including marriage with the Torch, until it was revealed that her true nature was as a Skrull double agent. Although the two attempted reconciliation after it was learned that their "child" was actually an implanted weapon to be used against the Fantastic Four, they ultimately parted on less than favorable terms. Torch's brief relationship with Namorita lasted until he pursued
23750-467: The end of the war, Susan helps with the clean-up of New York City . She and the other Secret Avengers are granted amnesty, and she returns home to Reed. Seeking to repair the damage done to their marriage as a result of the war, Sue and Reed take time off from the Fantastic Four, but ask Storm and the Black Panther to take their places in the meantime. In the second issue of World War Hulk ,
23940-460: The energy distribution of cosmic rays peaks at 300 megaelectronvolts [MeV] (4.8 × 10 J ). After the discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896, it was generally believed that atmospheric electricity, ionization of the air , was caused only by radiation from radioactive elements in the ground or the radioactive gases or isotopes of radon they produce. Measurements of increasing ionization rates at increasing heights above
24130-417: The energy of cosmic ray flux in interstellar space is very comparable to that of other deep space energies: cosmic ray energy density averages about one electron-volt per cubic centimetre of interstellar space, or ≈1 eV/cm , which is comparable to the energy density of visible starlight at 0.3 eV/cm , the galactic magnetic field energy density (assumed 3 microgauss) which is ≈0.25 eV/cm , or
24320-431: The field of aerospace engineering , was designing a spacecraft for interstellar travel. Everything was going well until the government stopped the funding of his project. Richards, wanting to see his project through, decided to make an unscheduled test flight. It was only going to be Reed and his best friend, Ben Grimm , involved, but Susan was instrumental in persuading Reed in letting her brother and herself join them on
24510-460: The field, Sue can cause her target to explode. She can also travel atop her animated constructs, enabling her to simulate a limited approximation of levitation or flight. She can manipulate the energy of her force fields around other objects to simulate telekinetic abilities as well. She is capable of generating and manipulating multiple psionic force fields simultaneously. This power is only limited by her concentration; once she stops concentrating on
24700-403: The fine experiments of Professor Millikan and the even more far-reaching experiments of Professor Regener, we have now got for the first time, a curve of absorption of these radiations in water which we may safely rely upon". In the 1920s, the term cosmic ray was coined by Robert Millikan who made measurements of ionization due to cosmic rays from deep under water to high altitudes and around
24890-507: The first issue of The Fantastic Four , reprinted in the Marvel Masterworks and Marvel Epic Collection editions of the first ten issues, handled Susan's powers similarly to The Invisible Man , which required her to take off her clothes, but noting concern that that might be "too sexy" for a comic book. It also noted that she could not turn visible again, and would wear a mask recreating her face when she wanted to be seen. By
25080-435: The flux of cosmic rays at Earth's surface. The following table of participial frequencies reach the planet and are inferred from lower-energy radiation reaching the ground. In the past, it was believed that the cosmic ray flux remained fairly constant over time. However, recent research suggests one-and-a-half- to two-fold millennium-timescale changes in the cosmic ray flux in the past forty thousand years. The magnitude of
25270-743: The four attack the Baxter Building, Ultimate Reed switches bodies with Ultimate Doom and takes on all four zombies. Johnny is last seen being torn apart and extinguished by Reed in Dr. Doom's body. In the MC2 alternative future Johnny leads the Fantastic Five . He is married to Lyja and they have a son Torus Storm (who calls himself "Super-Storm" when role-playing as a hero). Torus has inherited both his father's flame powers and his mother's stretching / shapeshifting powers. In this universe starring Gwen Stacy as Spider-Woman, Johnny and Susan's family are stars of
25460-441: The four, Sue has ultimately gone through the most growth and has come out on the other side as probably the most powerful member of the team. [...] For an MCU remake, Sue Storm absolutely should be a scientist, but she needs to be a human being, too. First, Sue should not only be an active participant, but she should be Reed's scientific equal. They should be working together on experiments and research and be actual contemporaries. In
25650-628: The future. Eventually, the present Fantastic Four are able to save both the present Earth and the future Earth by sending the future inhabitants to the Earth Trust's private duplicate Nu-Earth, but after freeing Doctor Doom, the future Sue goes to apologize to him and is electrocuted by Doom. While Susan is on a lecture tour in Vancouver, British Columbia, a Skrull posing as Mister Fantastic ambushes her, applying pressure to her skull with an invisible force field and knocking her unconscious. Then,
25840-413: The globe. Millikan believed that his measurements proved that the primary cosmic rays were gamma rays; i.e., energetic photons. And he proposed a theory that they were produced in interstellar space as by-products of the fusion of hydrogen atoms into the heavier elements, and that secondary electrons were produced in the atmosphere by Compton scattering of gamma rays. In 1927, while sailing from Java to
26030-575: The ground during the decade from 1900 to 1910 could be explained as due to absorption of the ionizing radiation by the intervening air. In 1909, Theodor Wulf developed an electrometer , a device to measure the rate of ion production inside a hermetically sealed container, and used it to show higher levels of radiation at the top of the Eiffel Tower than at its base. However, his paper published in Physikalische Zeitschrift
26220-539: The group, and she also served as the center of a love triangle with Reed and the Fantastic Four's sometime ally, sometime enemy Namor . Sue was initially presented as the sole reason for Ben Grimm, a bad guy, remaining on the group, which was significantly toned down in the published series. Lee did not want Sue to have super strength, "to be Wonder Woman and punch people", so eventually he came to invisibility , inspired by works such as Universal Pictures ' The Invisible Man . His original two-page plot summary for
26410-449: The hands of Oblivion, with Reed screaming in agony at the death of his wife and children. Captain Marvel tells him they need to go, and they leave Sue's destroyed part of the ship behind. When Molecule Man transfers his power to Reed, Reed used it to resurrect his family including Sue, and they began to rebuild the entire Multiverse. Invisible Woman was later with Mister Fantastic and the Future Foundation when they were confronted by
26600-424: The hands of a seasoned writer and an artist who's really coming into his own. Invisible Woman #1 gets a BUY from me with no hesitation." Jesse Schedeen of IGN gave Invisible Woman #1 a grade of 6.5 out of 10, saying, "De Iulis' art packs a unique punch, at least. De Iulis' lines are sleek and sharply rendered, with expressive facial work helping to heighten the emotion in any given scene. The vibrant colors are
26790-505: The heart and soul of the Fantastic Four, serving as Marvel's first family's de facto – and literal – mother. And that may be one of the most crucial aspects of her character. While Sue Storm is powerful in her own right – many writers have said she's got the most raw power of anyone on the FF – she also represents an important aspect of womanhood that many female heroes have sacrificed or had used against them – motherhood. That Sue can serve as one of
26980-410: The high charge and heavy nature of HZE ions, their contribution to an astronaut's radiation dose in space is significant even though they are relatively scarce. This abundance difference is a result of the way in which secondary cosmic rays are formed. Carbon and oxygen nuclei collide with interstellar matter to form lithium , beryllium , and boron , an example of cosmic ray spallation . Spallation
27170-619: The incidence of gamma-ray bursts and cosmic rays, causing the authors to set upper limits as low as 3.4 × 10 × erg ·cm on the flux of 1 GeV – 1 TeV cosmic rays from gamma-ray bursts. In 2009, supernovae were said to have been "pinned down" as a source of cosmic rays, a discovery made by a group using data from the Very Large Telescope . This analysis, however, was disputed in 2011 with data from PAMELA , which revealed that "spectral shapes of [hydrogen and helium nuclei] are different and cannot be described well by
27360-567: The invading force, she finds she still has some feelings for him, and does not carry out her mission of sabotage. She returns to her people, unsure of herself and of any future relationship. In the conclusion of the 2011 "Three" storyline, in Fantastic Four #587 (March 2011), the Human Torch appears to die fighting a horde of aliens from the Negative Zone . The series ended with the following issue, #588, and relaunched in March 2011 as simply FF . Spider-Man , one of Storm's friends, took his place on
27550-505: The life of the woman in his passenger seat. After being attacked by agents of Doctor Doom , Johnny ends up going up into space on Reed's spacecraft prototype as he really had nowhere else to go. The entire launch base had been overtaken by enemy forces and it was miles to civilization. It is during the flight a cosmic anomaly imbues him and the others with their powers. After the crash of the prototype, Johnny would prove more reliable, recovering Reed Richards and rescuing his own sister. In
27740-469: The magnetic field of the solar wind through which cosmic rays propagate to Earth. This results in a modulation of the arriving fluxes at lower energies, as detected indirectly by the globally distributed neutron monitor network. Early speculation on the sources of cosmic rays included a 1934 proposal by Baade and Zwicky suggesting cosmic rays originated from supernovae. A 1948 proposal by Horace W. Babcock suggested that magnetic variable stars could be
27930-411: The male lead) of the series. He eventually emphasized this to readers explicitly, with a story in which the Fantastic Four read fan mail denigrating the Invisible Girl's value to the team, and respond by enumerating some of the occasions on which she played a key role in their victories. Teammate Johnny Storm a.k.a. the Human Torch being Sue's little brother became one of several sources of tension within
28120-440: The mirror opposite of Earth-616's Johnny Storm in terms of personality. The team uses power-packs to boost their talents to manifest at mecha -sized levels in order to combat Godzilla -sized monsters that seem to constantly attack Earth. In volume two of Mangaverse, which takes place on Earth-2301b, the character of Johnny Storm has been replaced with a young woman named Jonatha Storm, who is the half-sister of Sioux Storm . Jonatha
28310-406: The most respected heroes in the Marvel Universe (and its first female hero) while simultaneously raising two children and shepherding the growth of many more through the Future Foundation can't be understated. Plus, it takes a pretty amazing woman to stand up to a blowhard like Reed Richards." Garrett Martin of Paste called the Invisible Woman one of the characters who "hold a special place within
28500-484: The movies we've gotten could ever figure out what to do with Sue. Too many times, the focus would land on Reed Richards and his science experiments, or the comic relief of the Thing and the Human Torch. Sue was usually reduced to one character trait: girl. Admittedly, this was also a major problem in Sue Storm's early comic book portrayal, and it was an uphill slog for her to get some real character development. And out of
28690-407: The murder of the other Fantastic 4 members by supernatural assassins, she joins Spider-Man , Spider-Woman ( Mary Jane Watson ), Black Cat , Wolverine , and Iron Man , in hopes of getting revenge . In this alternative universe crazed Reed Richards recently infects Johnny Storm, Sue Storm , and Ben Grimm with the zombie virus. The three then turn Reed into a zombie and the four of them go on
28880-410: The original android Human Torch. Later years also saw a 12-issue series, Human Torch (June 2003 - June 2004) by writer Karl Kesel and penciler Skottie Young , and the five-issue team-up miniseries Spider-Man / Human Torch (March–July 2005) by writer Dan Slott and penciler Ty Templeton . The Human Torch was the permanent co-star of Marvel Team-Up , but was dropped after three issues because
29070-418: The particle cascade increases at lower elevations, reaching between 40% and 80% of the radiation at aircraft altitudes. Of secondary cosmic rays, the charged pions produced by primary cosmic rays in the atmosphere swiftly decay, emitting muons. Unlike pions, these muons do not interact strongly with matter, and can travel through the atmosphere to penetrate even below ground level. The rate of muons arriving at
29260-559: The plastic at a faster rate along the path of the ionized plastic. The net result is a conical etch pit in the plastic. The etch pits are measured under a high-power microscope (typically 1600× oil-immersion), and the etch rate is plotted as a function of the depth in the stacked plastic. Invisible Woman The Invisible Woman ( Dr. Susan " Sue " Storm-Richards ) is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby ,
29450-414: The plastic. At the top of the plastic stack the ionization is less, due to the high cosmic ray speed. As the cosmic ray speed decreases due to deceleration in the stack, the ionization increases along the path. The resulting plastic sheets are "etched" or slowly dissolved in warm caustic sodium hydroxide solution, that removes the surface material at a slow, known rate. The caustic sodium hydroxide dissolves
29640-479: The primary charged particles. Since then, numerous satellite gamma-ray observatories have mapped the gamma-ray sky. The most recent is the Fermi Observatory, which has produced a map showing a narrow band of gamma ray intensity produced in discrete and diffuse sources in our galaxy, and numerous point-like extra-galactic sources distributed over the celestial sphere. The solar cycle causes variations in
29830-457: The process of gradual emergence. Fearing that his son could release enough psionic energy to eliminate all life on Earth, Reed shuts down Franklin's mind. Angry with Reed for not seeking her input in the matter, Susan leaves the Fantastic Four and has a marital separation from Reed. Medusa of the Inhumans takes her roster spot. With the help of Namor, Susan reconciles with Reed and returns to
30020-494: The proportion of cosmic rays that they do produce is a question which cannot be answered without deeper investigation. To explain the actual process in supernovae and active galactic nuclei that accelerates the stripped atoms, physicists use shock front acceleration as a plausibility argument (see picture at right). In 2017, the Pierre Auger Collaboration published the observation of a weak anisotropy in
30210-455: The rate of near-simultaneous discharges of two widely separated Geiger counters was larger than the expected accidental rate. In his report on the experiment, Rossi wrote "... it seems that once in a while the recording equipment is struck by very extensive showers of particles, which causes coincidences between the counters, even placed at large distances from one another." In 1937, Pierre Auger , unaware of Rossi's earlier report, detected
30400-501: The ratio of positrons to electrons begins to fall again. The absolute flux of positrons also begins to fall before 500 GeV, but peaks at energies far higher than electron energies, which peak about 10 GeV. These results on interpretation have been suggested to be due to positron production in annihilation events of massive dark matter particles. Cosmic ray antiprotons also have a much higher average energy than their normal-matter counterparts (protons). They arrive at Earth with
30590-478: The retinas in Sue's eyes also interpolate shapes based on reflected cosmic rays, which in the Marvel Universe are always present in the atmosphere, granted usually only in small concentrations. This anomaly apparently allows her to perceive invisible people and objects, though she does not see them in color since the cosmic-ray reflections bypass her eyes' rods and cones; her vision may also be monochromatic when she herself
30780-555: The return of Mark Waid to a franchise he does better than almost anyone, along with a new take on an old heroine and a snazzy art style. Those element don't coalesce into an effective whole in issue #1, however. The story lags once it shifts to the presents, and the art is perhaps too pretty for the subject matter." According to Diamond Comic Distributors , Invisible Woman #2 was the 81st best selling comic book in August 2019. Jamie Lovett of ComicBook.com gave Invisible Woman #2
30970-400: The role to Lon Zelig (actually the alien Super-Skrull ). After working mostly in some television shows, Storm also spent some time as a firefighter at the behest of his former classmate, Mike Snow, but when Snow moved away after his wife turned out to be a psychopathic arsonist and seemingly died, Storm left the job. He later returned to the profession during a period when the Fantastic Four
31160-441: The same phenomenon and investigated it in some detail. He concluded that high-energy primary cosmic-ray particles interact with air nuclei high in the atmosphere, initiating a cascade of secondary interactions that ultimately yield a shower of electrons, and photons that reach ground level. Soviet physicist Sergei Vernov was the first to use radiosondes to perform cosmic ray readings with an instrument carried to high altitude by
31350-440: The secondary radiation produced in the atmosphere is primarily electrons, photons and muons . In 1948, observations with nuclear emulsions carried by balloons to near the top of the atmosphere showed that approximately 10% of the primaries are helium nuclei (alpha particles) and 1% are nuclei of heavier elements such as carbon, iron, and lead. During a test of his equipment for measuring the east–west effect, Rossi observed that
31540-461: The strength of the solar wind is not constant, and hence it has been observed that cosmic ray flux is correlated with solar activity. In addition, the Earth's magnetic field acts to deflect cosmic rays from its surface, giving rise to the observation that the flux is apparently dependent on latitude , longitude , and azimuth angle . The combined effects of all of the factors mentioned contribute to
31730-489: The strongest of the FF. But despite that power she remains firmly grounded in the real world. She keeps her dysfunctional family in order, whether it's dragging her husband and daughter out of the lab or making her hotshot brother act his age. Sue is a matriarch who isn't at all afraid to kick some ass when the situation calls for it. And the Avengers' villains have come to realize that every bit as much as Doctor Doom or Galactus." Gavia Baker-Whitelaw of The Daily Dot called
31920-439: The surface of the Earth is such that about one per second passes through a volume the size of a person's head. Together with natural local radioactivity, these muons are a significant cause of the ground level atmospheric ionisation that first attracted the attention of scientists, leading to the eventual discovery of the primary cosmic rays arriving from beyond our atmosphere. Cosmic rays attract great interest practically, due to
32110-531: The surface of the Earth. Some high-energy muons even penetrate for some distance into shallow mines, and most neutrinos traverse the Earth without further interaction. Others decay into photons, subsequently producing electromagnetic cascades. Hence, next to photons, electrons and positrons usually dominate in air showers. These particles as well as muons can be easily detected by many types of particle detectors, such as cloud chambers , bubble chambers , water-Cherenkov , or scintillation detectors. The observation of
32300-581: The team, as requested in the Torch's will. It is later revealed that the Human Torch was revived by a species of insect-like creatures that were implanted in his body by Annihilus in an attempt to force Storm to help open the Negative Zone portal. Storm eventually escapes and Richards determines Storm was on the other side of the portal for two years from his perspective. The Human Torch becomes an ambassador within Inhuman society and joins Steve Rogers 's Avengers Unity Squad and helps Rogue in incinerating
32490-495: The technique of self-recording electroscopes carried by balloons into the highest layers of the atmosphere or sunk to great depths under water was brought to an unprecedented degree of perfection by the German physicist Erich Regener and his group. To these scientists we owe some of the most accurate measurements ever made of cosmic-ray ionization as a function of altitude and depth. Ernest Rutherford stated in 1931 that "thanks to
32680-543: The telepathic portions of Professor Xavier's brains, thus unknowingly preventing Hydra from using it for their secret empire . He becomes a multi-billionaire when he inherits Reed Richards' and Sue Storms' wealth and uses the money for rebuilding the Avengers Mansion and philanthropy. He is seemingly annihilated when he grabs a cosmic object called Pyramoids during the fight between the Lethal Legion and
32870-414: The term "cosmic ray" is often used to refer to only the extrasolar flux. Cosmic rays originate as primary cosmic rays, which are those originally produced in various astrophysical processes. Primary cosmic rays are composed mainly of protons and alpha particles (99%), with a small amount of heavier nuclei (≈1%) and an extremely minute proportion of positrons and antiprotons. Secondary cosmic rays, caused by
33060-437: The term "rays" was still consistent with then known particles such as cathode rays , canal rays , alpha rays , and beta rays . Meanwhile "cosmic" ray photons , which are quanta of electromagnetic radiation (and so have no intrinsic mass) are known by their common names, such as gamma rays or X-rays , depending on their photon energy . Of primary cosmic rays, which originate outside of Earth's atmosphere, about 99% are
33250-666: The time the first issue was written and drawn, both elements had changed: Susan could turn invisible and visible at will, and doing so affected the visibility of whatever clothing she was wearing. Invisible Woman has primarily appeared in issues of Fantastic Four . In issue 22 (January 1964), the creators expanded Sue's abilities, giving her the powers to render other objects and people invisible and create strong force fields and psionic blasts. Under John Byrne 's authorship, Sue became more confident and assertive in her abilities, which became more versatile and impressive. She finds she can use her force field abilities to manipulate matter through
33440-503: The upper atmosphere is dependent on the solar wind , the Earth's magnetic field , and the energy of the cosmic rays. At distances of ≈94 AU from the Sun, the solar wind undergoes a transition, called the termination shock , from supersonic to subsonic speeds. The region between the termination shock and the heliopause acts as a barrier to cosmic rays, decreasing the flux at lower energies (≤ 1 GeV) by about 90%. However,
33630-443: The upper atmosphere to produce particles observed at the ground level. Bhabha and Heitler explained the cosmic ray shower formation by the cascade production of gamma rays and positive and negative electron pairs. Measurements of the energy and arrival directions of the ultra-high-energy primary cosmic rays by the techniques of density sampling and fast timing of extensive air showers were first carried out in 1954 by members of
33820-462: The very highest-energy primary cosmic rays. The results are expected to have important implications for particle physics and cosmology, due to a theoretical Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit to the energies of cosmic rays from long distances (about 160 million light years) which occurs above 10 eV because of interactions with the remnant photons from the Big Bang origin of the universe. Currently
34010-401: The way his coloring represented Sue's abilities. The opening sequence and the effect of the snow on a pair of invisible people was also something I've never seen done with Sue before from both a story and a visual standpoint. [...] I was enthusiastic about this book from the jump and it didn't disappoint me. Sue Richards is such a rich character, and it's great to see her have a chance to shine in
34200-705: The years, including, but not limited to, the Inhuman Crystal , member-in-training and future Galactus herald Frankie Raye , the Skrull agent Lyja disguised as Alicia Masters , the Atlantean Namorita , Inhuman Medusa , and X-Men member Rogue . Crystal dissolved her relationship with him due to the adverse effects of pollution within population centers of Homo sapiens . Frankie Raye ended her relationship with him when she accepted Galactus' offer to become his newest herald. Lyja, while in
34390-420: Was a woman (even though her superhero name remained Invisible Girl all the way until Fantastic Four #280 in 1985!). Sue would create a version of her suit with a miniskirt, try on different looks in the mirror ( "A girl is a girl" reads the caption above Sue trying on a black wig), and even decide to do housecleaning while the men lounged about after a battle. Thankfully, this wouldn't last; Sue not only became
34580-497: Was awarded the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics . Direct measurement of cosmic rays, especially at lower energies, has been possible since the launch of the first satellites in the late 1950s. Particle detectors similar to those used in nuclear and high-energy physics are used on satellites and space probes for research into cosmic rays. Data from the Fermi Space Telescope (2013) have been interpreted as evidence that
34770-575: Was flown into space aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-91 in June 1998. By not detecting any antihelium at all, the AMS-01 established an upper limit of 1.1 × 10 for the antihelium to helium flux ratio. When cosmic rays enter the Earth's atmosphere , they collide with atoms and molecules , mainly oxygen and nitrogen. The interaction produces a cascade of lighter particles,
34960-404: Was injured. Franklin escaped injury and insisted on operating on his wife. He was unable to save her. After his wife's death, Dr. Franklin Storm became a gambler and a drunk, losing his medical practice, which led him to the accidental killing of a loan shark . Franklin did not defend himself in court, because he still felt guilty over Mary's death. With their father in prison , Susan had to become
35150-467: Was not widely accepted. In 1911, Domenico Pacini observed simultaneous variations of the rate of ionization over a lake, over the sea, and at a depth of 3 metres from the surface. Pacini concluded from the decrease of radioactivity underwater that a certain part of the ionization must be due to sources other than the radioactivity of the Earth. In 1912, Victor Hess carried three enhanced-accuracy Wulf electrometers to an altitude of 5,300 metres in
35340-456: Was only permitted to burn objects, never people. Over the course of the series, Johnny being the little brother of teammate Susan Storm a.k.a. the Invisible Girl was one of several sources of tension within the group. Additionally, he starred in a solo feature in Strange Tales #101-134 (Oct. 1962 – July 1965). An eight-issue series, The Human Torch (Sept. 1974 – Nov. 1975), reprinted stories from that solo feature, along with stories featuring
35530-413: Was portrayed by Rebecca Staab in the unreleased 1994 film The Fantastic Four , Jessica Alba in the 2005 film Fantastic Four and its 2007 sequel Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer , Kate Mara in the 2015 film Fantastic Four , and will be played by Vanessa Kirby in the 2025 Marvel Cinematic Universe film The Fantastic Four: First Steps , the 2026 film Avengers: Doomsday , and
35720-493: Was produced for trademark purposes. As detailed in The Marvel Saga: Official History of The Marvel Universe #16 , Susan Storm, and her younger brother, Jonathan grew up in the town of Glenville, Long Island , children of the physician Franklin Storm and his wife Mary. The parents left their kids alone one night to travel to a dinner honoring Dr. Storm. On the way, a tire blew out and Mary
35910-424: Was short on cash. Frustrated with her brother's directionless life and near-disastrous pranksterism, his sister compelled him to become chief financial officer for the Fantastic Four, Inc. Infighting and betrayal resulted in a near-catastrophe, ending Storm's position. After a major battle with the supervillain and dictator Doctor Doom , Fantastic Four leader Reed Richards attempted to claim Doom's Latveria for
36100-466: Was the 15th best selling comic book in July 2019. Joe Grunenwald of ComicsBeat stated, "The artwork from De Iulis throughout the issue was exceptional. His work first came to my attention on the digital Jessica Jones series, even if it was a little 'house style-y' for me, so it's nice to see him having evolved more or less past that into his own unique look with this series. I particularly appreciated
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