Misplaced Pages

#279720

72-641: There was speculation that Father Sebastiaan Tromp SJ , professor of theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University , had assisted in drafting the encyclical. Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange OP (1877–1964), professor of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas , is said to have been a major influence on the content of the encyclical. Humani generis states: "This deposit of faith our Divine Redeemer has given for authentic interpretation not to each of

144-574: A "conceptual space" in which a finite, independent world could exist. This has received different later interpretations in Jewish mysticism, from the literal to the metaphorical. In this process, creation unfolds within the divine reality. Luria offered a daring cosmic theology that explained the reasons for the Tzimtzum , the primordial catastrophe of Shevirat Hakelim (the "Breaking of the Vessels" of

216-462: A "light that surrounds all worlds", representing transcendent expressions of Divinity. The new doctrines of Isaac Luria in the 16th Century completed the Kabbalistic system of explanation. Lurianic Kabbalah describes the process of Tzimtzum (צמצום meaning "Contraction" or "Constriction") in the Kabbalistic theory of creation, where God "contracted" his infinite essence in order to allow for

288-665: A Jesuit priest; he completed his theological studies in 1926 at the Pontifical Gregorian University . Until 1929, Tromp taught as a professor of Latin, Greek, and fundamental theology at the Theologicum of the Jesuit Order in Maastricht , when he was relocated to the Gregorian University as an instructor in the same subject. Tromp quickly attracted attention, and in 1936 he was appointed consultator of

360-472: A Kantian Ding-an-sich ( thing-in-itself ), and (2) the tendency of neo-Hegelian philosophy to lose the particular self in an Absolute that amounts to a kind of mystical reality without distinctions." Political theorist Carl Schmitt used the term in his book Politische Theologie (1922), meaning a power within some thought, which makes it obvious for the people to accept it, without needing to claim being justified. The immanence of some political system or

432-476: A bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men. Being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross. The Holy Spirit is also expressed as an immanence of God. and the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily form like a dove. And a voice came from heaven: "You are my Son, whom I love; with you I am well pleased." The immanence of

504-440: A comprehensive theological project integrating "patristics, liturgy, history, philosophical reflection [...] The lightning bolt of Humani generis killed the project." Sebastiaan Tromp Sebastiaan Peter Cornelis Tromp SJ (16 March 1889 – 8 February 1975) was a Dutch Jesuit priest, theologian, and Latinist, who is best known for assisting Pope Pius XII in his theological encyclicals , and Pope John XXIII in

576-613: A concept derives from the Kabbalistic theology that the physical World, and also the Upper spiritual Worlds, are continuously recreated from nothing by the Shefa (flow) of divine will, which emanates through the Sefirot . As a result, within all creations are divine sparks of vitality that sustain them. Medieval Kabbalah describes two forms of divine emanation, a "light that fills all worlds", representing this immanent divine creative power, and

648-578: A debate with Gabriel Roschini regarding the position of Mary in the Mystical Body of Christ. Roschini demonstrated that numerous writers, starting with Radulfus Ardens (d. 1200), used the metaphor of a "neck" to indicate Mary's role, and that even the Protestant reformer Johannes Oecolampadius used that image to describe Mary as mediator of all graces. (The neck had been used through the centuries as an allegory for vital communication within

720-526: A formidable theological opponent during the council debates, and gently asserted that "[Tromp] thought his schemata would simply need the blessing of the Council fathers and that would be the council. But all his schemata disappeared—not a single one was discussed". Others opposed Tromp as well. At the Council, Karl Rahner was joined by Joseph Ratzinger (the future Pope Benedict XVI), Aloys Grillmeier , Otto Semmelroth and Hans Küng , all of whom worked for

792-556: A new axiom : "a new intellectual current , a new public mood within the Church, and, new behaviour patterns" of its members. He asked his fellow bishops , to heal this "intellectual infection", which should not be allowed to grow. In areas of both "human sciences and sacred theology", the encyclical authorized "research and discussions" where "reasons for both opinions, that is, those favorable and those unfavorable to evolution" were to "be weighed and judged." Humani generis begins with

SECTION 10

#1732772002280

864-424: A part of it comes from the reigning contemporary definer of Weltanschauung , namely religion (or any similar system of beliefs, such as rationalistic or relativistic world-view). Many hold Schmitt to be interested in an immanent polity without anything transcendent involved in its vital operations beyond the very border that separates it from the enemy outside. As such he might have ironically secularized politics in

936-645: A personal covenant with the forefathers Abraham , Isaac and Jacob . Daily Jewish prayers refer to this inherited closeness and personal relationship with the divine, for their descendants, as "the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob". To Moses , God reveals his Tetragrammaton name, that more fully captures divine descriptions of transcendence . Each of the Biblical names for God describe different divine manifestations. The most important prayer in Judaism, that forms part of

1008-483: A recognition of several obstacles to seek and find God by the light of reason alone: Though human reason is, strictly speaking, truly capable by its own natural power and light of attaining to a true and certain knowledge of the one personal God, Who watches over and controls the world by His providence, and of the natural law written in our hearts by the Creator; yet there are many obstacles which prevent reason from

1080-520: A way that liberalism never could have. But this is a contentious issue. The French 20th-century philosopher Gilles Deleuze used the term immanence to refer to his " empiricist philosophy", which was obliged to create action and results rather than establish transcendents. His final text was titled Pure Immanence: Essays on a Life and spoke of a plane of immanence . Furthermore, the Russian Formalist film theorists perceived immanence as

1152-577: Is enough to evince his devotion. Recently Tromp's theology has merited some attention in relation to the Vatican II definition on the identity of the Catholic Church with the Body of Christ, which he greatly influenced. The Council stated that "the Church of Christ subsists in ( subsistit in ) the Catholic Church". Father Karl J. Becker, a professor at the Gregorian University, has argued that

1224-475: Is filled with immanence, known as the light of Christ . It is also responsible for the intuitive conscience born into man. The Light of Christ is the source of intellectual and spiritual enlightenment, and is the means by which God is in and through all things. LDS scriptures identify the divine Light with the mind of God, the source of all truth and conveyor of the characteristics of the divine nature through God's goodness. The experienced brilliance of God reflects

1296-447: Is held by some philosophical and metaphysical theories of divine presence . Immanence is usually applied in monotheistic , pantheistic , pandeistic , or panentheistic faiths to suggest that the spiritual world permeates the mundane . It is often contrasted with theories of transcendence , in which the divine is seen to be outside the material world . Major faiths commonly devote significant philosophical efforts to explaining

1368-415: Is his support of Pope Pius XII in ghostwriting the encyclical Mystici corporis Christi in 1943. Encyclicals from that time period with similar phraseology (e.g., Mediator Dei and Humani generis ) may have been influenced by him as well, but the extent of this influence is not known. He also felt a deep intellectual connection to Saint Robert Bellarmine —the selection of writings presented below

1440-484: The Nouvelle théologie scholars expressed Catholic dogma with concepts of modern philosophy, immanentism or idealism or existentialism or any other system, and that some believed that the mysteries of faith could be expressed by truly adequate concepts but only by approximate and ever-changeable notions. The encyclical also stated: Everyone is aware that the terminology employed in the schools and even that used by

1512-726: The Kulturkampf . After his graduation from high school in 1907, Tromp entered the Society of Jesus at Canisius College in Nijmegen . He studied in the novitiate at Mariëndaal, and continued on for a triennium in philosophy at Oudenbosch . An exceptional Latinist, Tromp achieved a doctorate in Classical Languages from the University of Amsterdam in 1921. He received Holy Orders on 8 October 1922 and thus became

SECTION 20

#1732772002280

1584-595: The nous is an intelligent principle of the world acting with a specific intention . This is the divine reason regarded in Neoplatonism as the first emanation of the divine. From the nous emerges the world soul , which gives rise to the manifest realm. Neoplatonic gnosticism goes on to say the Godhead is the Father, Mother, and Son (Zeus). In the mind of Zeus, the ideas are distinctly articulated and become

1656-522: The Ecumenical Councils , but even sanctioned by them, so that it is wrong to depart from them. Pius pleads with the "rebels" not to tear down but to build up. He demands not to neglect, or to reject, or devalue so many and such great resources which have been conceived, expressed and perfected over the centuries. A new philosophy like existentialism, "today, like a flower of the field in existence, tomorrow outdated and old-fashioned, shaken by

1728-607: The Holy Office . Tromp had already elaborated on the dangers of Nazism by 1937, and translated and referenced the encyclical 1937 Mit brennender Sorge against the errors and dangers of the National Socialist state. He was appointed apostolic visitator, and performed apostolic visitations of professors at Dutch major seminaries and the Catholic University of Nijmegen in 1939, after the end of

1800-588: The Kabbalah , and Hasidic philosophy , use hidden approaches. Both dimensions are seen by adherents as united and complementary. In this way, ideas in Jewish thought are given a variety of ascending meanings. Explanations of a concept in Nigleh are given inherent, inner, mystical contexts from Nistar . Descriptions of divine immanence can be seen in Nigleh , from the Bible to Rabbinic Judaism. In Genesis , God makes

1872-544: The Kabbalah , began to be taught in 12th-Century Europe, and reached a new systemisation in 16th-Century Israel. The Kabbalah gives the full, subtle, traditional system of Jewish metaphysics . In the Medieval Kabbalah, new doctrines described the 10 Sephirot (divine emanations) through which the Infinite, unknowable divine essence reveals, emanates, and continuously creates existence. The Kabbalists identified

1944-705: The Kabbalistic tradition, explained using the four level exegesis method of Pardes . In this system, the first three approaches, Simple, Hinted and Homiletical interpretations, characterise the revealed aspects. The fourth approach, the Secret meaning, characterises a hidden aspect. Among the classic texts of Jewish tradition, some Jewish Bible commentators, the Midrash , the Talmud , and mainstream Jewish philosophy use revealed approaches. Other Bible commentators,

2016-594: The Logos by which he creates the world. These ideas become active in the Mind ( nous ) of Zeus. With him is the Power and from him is the nous . This theology further explains that Zeus is called Demiurge ( Dêmiourgos , Creator), Maker ( Poiêtês ), and Craftsman ( Technitês ). The nous of the demiurge proceeds outward into manifestation, becoming living ideas. They give rise to a lineage of mortal human souls. The components of

2088-664: The Second Vatican Council , Tromp served as secretary of the Preparatory Theological Commission at the specific request of Pope John XXIII, and, later, as the secretary of the Doctrinal Commission under Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani . His preparations—or schemata —were shelved, after some Western European Council fathers appealed to Pope John XXIII for total free debate on all issues. Karl Rahner considered Tromp to be

2160-592: The Second World War , and in 1955. The purpose of these visits was to expose the teaching of Neo-Modernist theological propositions—especially those directly condemned in the 1907 encyclical Pascendi dominici gregis . He came under some criticism for the zeal with which he carried out these examinations. In 1951, Tromp was made a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Belgium . While progressive theologians despised his doctrinal orthodoxy, he

2232-605: The Sefirot in the first existence), and the messianic Tikkun ("Fixing") of this by every individual through their sanctification of physicality. The concept of Tzimtzum contains a built-in paradox , as it requires that God be simultaneously transcendent and immanent: Giordano Bruno , Baruch Spinoza and possibly Hegel espoused philosophies of immanence versus philosophies of transcendence such as Thomism or Aristotelian tradition . Kant's "transcendental" critique can be contrasted to Hegel's "immanent dialectics." Thomas Carlyle 's idea of " Natural Supernaturalism " posited

Humani generis - Misplaced Pages Continue

2304-512: The ideas and his creation of the world according to the Logos. Tantric Buddhism and Dzogchen posit a non-dual basis for both experience and reality that could be considered an exposition of a philosophy of immanence that has a history on the subcontinent of India from early CE to the present. A paradoxical non-dual awareness or rigpa ( Tibetan — vidya in Sanskrit ) — is said to be

2376-489: The 'field' of mind ; one does not accept or reject them, rather one lets the mind wander as it will until a subtle sense of immanence dawns. Vipassana , or insight, is the integration of one's 'presence of awareness' with that which arises in the mind. Non-duality or rigpa is said to be the recognition that both the quiet, calm, abiding state as found in samatha and the movement or arising of phenomena as found in vipassana are not separate. According to Christian theology,

2448-611: The 'self-perfected state' of all beings. Scholarly works differentiate these traditions from monism . The non-dual is said to be not immanent and not transcendent, not neither, nor both. One classical exposition is the Madhyamaka refutation of extremes that the philosopher-adept Nagarjuna propounded. Exponents of this non-dual tradition emphasize the importance of a direct experience of non-duality through both meditative practice and philosophical investigation. In one version, one maintains awareness as thoughts arise and dissolve within

2520-556: The Father only reveals himself immanently vicariously through the Son and Spirit, and the divine nature, the Godhead is wholly transcendent and unable to be comprehended. This is expressed in St. Paul 's letter to the Philippians, where he writes: who, although He existed in the form of God, did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied Himself, taking the form of

2592-583: The German Cardinals Josef Frings of Cologne and Julius Döpfner of Munich and Freising. Some of them opposed the schemata drawn up by Ottaviani and Tromp's preparatory commission, and when the group achieved the shelving of these schemata, it meant that the Council Fathers no longer had any written basis of preparation, and, consequently, that the conciliar bishops had no structure, strategy, or agenda to rely on. Ratzinger

2664-644: The Sacred Scriptures must in no way be considered on a par with myths or other such things, which are more the product of an extravagant imagination than of that striving for truth and simplicity which in the Sacred Books, also of the Old Testament, is so apparent that our ancient sacred writers must be admitted to be clearly superior to the ancient profane writers. Humani generis encourages further research, taking into account and respecting

2736-581: The Scriptural narrative to Moses, says "Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One." This declaration combines different divine names, and themes of immanence and transcendence. Perhaps the most personal example of a Jewish prayer that combines both themes is the invocation repeatedly voiced during the time in the Jewish calendar devoted to Teshuva (Return, often inaccurately translated as Repentance), Avinu Malkeinu ("Our Father, Our King"). Much of

2808-471: The Teaching Authority of the Church itself is capable of being perfected and polished; and we know also that the Church itself has not always used the same terms in the same way. It is also manifest that the Church cannot be bound to every system of philosophy that has existed for a short space of time. Nevertheless, the things that have been composed through common effort by Catholic teachers over

2880-402: The alleged ancient sacred writers. If, however, the ancient sacred writers have taken anything from popular narrations (and this may be conceded), it must never be forgotten that they did so with the help of divine inspiration, through which they were rendered immune from any error in selecting and evaluating those documents. Therefore, whatever of the popular narrations have been inserted into

2952-463: The body.) Roschini quoted Bernardino of Siena (d. 1444) to that effect: "Mary is the neck of our head, through which all gifts are given to his mystical body." Pope Pius X also considered the neck to be the best image, observing as much in his 1904 encyclical Ad diem illum . Tromp, however, considered the heart, the superior of all parts of the body, a better image. In his defense, he quoted Thomas Aquinas and Pope Leo XIII . According to Tromp,

Humani generis - Misplaced Pages Continue

3024-417: The children of the Church by no means enjoy such liberty. For the faithful cannot embrace that opinion which maintains that either after Adam there existed on this earth true men who did not take their origin through natural generation from him as from the first parent of all, or that Adam represents a certain number of first parents. Now it is no way apparent how such an opinion can be reconciled with that which

3096-468: The consequences of original sin . So it happens that men, in such matters, easily persuade themselves that what they would not like to be true is false or at least doubtful. This is why man stands in need of being truthfully enlightened by God's revelation. Having thus established a main principle, the encyclical continues with a review of the philosophical currents of modern culture and their potential and dangers in light of divine revelation of faith in

3168-417: The course of the centuries to bring about some understanding of dogma are certainly not based on any such weak foundation. These things are based on principles and notions deduced from a true knowledge of created things. In the process of deducing, this knowledge, like a star, gave enlightenment to the human mind through the Church. Hence it is not astonishing that some of these notions have not only been used by

3240-543: The cross she was named mother of all its parts. He was member founder of the Pontifical Academy of Mary . Tromp published more than 130 books and articles during his lifetime. A selection of Tromp's theological writings—most published in Latin—follows: Immanentism The doctrine or theory of immanence holds that the divine encompasses or is manifested in the material world. It

3312-632: The distinct levels. It reviews recent theological, philosophical and scientific developments. In describing erroneous development in the Catholic Church after World War II, the encyclical does not mention names, nor does it accuse specific persons or organizations. The encyclical states the Nouvelle théologie and its followers viewed Catholic teaching as relative , that it departed from traditional neo-Thomism using relativistic historical analysis and engaging philosophical axioms, such as existentialism , or positivism . The encyclical further states that

3384-446: The effective and fruitful use of this inborn faculty. For the truths that concern the relations between God and man wholly transcend the visible order of things and if they are translated into human action and influence it, they call for self-surrender and abnegation. The human mind , in its turn, is hampered in the attaining of such truths, not only by the impact of the senses and the imagination, but also by disordered appetites which are

3456-642: The evidence at the time not convincing. It allows for the possibility in the future: This certainly would be praiseworthy in the case of clearly proved facts; but caution must be used when there is rather question of hypotheses, having some sort of scientific foundation, in which the doctrine contained in Sacred Scripture or in Tradition is involved. The position delinking the creation of body and soul has been more recently confirmed by Pope John Paul II , who highlighted additional facts supporting

3528-463: The faithful, not even to theologians , but only to the teaching authority of the Church." In Humani generis , Pope Pius held a corporate view of theology. Theologians, employed by the Church, are assistants, to teach the official teachings of the Church and not their own private thoughts. They are free to engage in all kinds of empirical research, which the Church will generously support, but in matters of morality and religion , they are subjected to

3600-599: The final, feminine Sefirah with the earlier, traditional Jewish concept of the Shekhinah (immanent divine presence). This gave great spirituality to earlier ideas in Jewish thought, such as the theological explanations of suffering ( theodicy ). In this example, the Kabbalists described the Shekhinah accompanying the children of Israel in their exile, being exiled alongside them, and yearning for Her redemption. Such

3672-447: The heart, being in so many ways incomparable to the other parts of the body, parallels the fact that no member of the Church can be compared to Mary. The heart, continued Tromp, is consubstantial with the head and the body, just as Mary's human nature participated with that of Christ and the members of his body. Tromp concluded that because of her motherly love of Christ and of all the members of his body, she deserves to be identified with

SECTION 50

#1732772002280

3744-485: The heart. But Roschini was categorically opposed. The heart has influence over the head, and in view of Christ's nature, this is impossible: "After giving him human nature, the Blessed Virgin has no influence whatsoever on Christ as head of the Church". In Mystici corporis , Pius XII avoided this issue, calling Mary simply the "mother" of the mystical body. She was already mother of the head, he wrote, but under

3816-465: The holiness of the Old Testament scriptures to Jews and Christians alike. Pope Pius XII, who usually employs diplomatic and carefully measured language in his writings, is convinced of the serious nature of those opinions threatening to (to quote the encyclical's subtitle) "undermine the foundation of Catholic doctrine", a most unusual tone for this pontiff. Philosophy and theology are

3888-505: The immanence of the divine in nature, history and man. Clement Charles Julian Webb explained that "Carlyle had done more than any other nineteenth-century writer to undermine belief in the transcendence of God and the origin of the material world in an act of creation in time, and to put in its place an 'essentially immanentist' theology, drawn largely from the writings of the German Idealists ." Carlyle's "Natural Supernaturalism"

3960-465: The later Hebrew Biblical narrative recounts the reciprocal relationship and national drama of the unfolding of themes of immanence and transcendence. Kabbalistic, or Hasidic Jewish thought and philosophy describe and articulate these interconnected aspects of the divine-human relationship. Jewish mysticism gives explanations of greater depth and spirituality to the interconnected aspects of God's immanence and transcendence. The main expression of mysticism,

4032-432: The main topics of this encyclical. But, it extends further into the realm of culture and science . Fr. Brian Van Hove SJ states that Humani generis caused "a freezing of systematic theology into a Thomist orthodoxy ", remarking that the "freeze" was later ameliorated by Pope John Paul II 's 1993 Veritatis splendor . For example, Fr. Henri de Lubac SJ (later Cardinal de Lubac) wrote about his plan for

4104-466: The part of men experienced in both fields, take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, in as far as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter – for the Catholic faith obliges us to hold that souls are immediately created by God. The encyclical does not endorse a comprehensive acceptance of evolution , nor its outright rejection, because it deemed

4176-498: The phrase "subsists in" was intended by Tromp "to reiterate that the Church of Christ, with the fullness of the means instituted by Christ, perdures forever in the Catholic Church". To some this interpretation signifies the roll-back of an "open Church" concept, while to others it documents consistency in the theology of Sebastian Tromp and the Roman Catholic Church as a whole. Before Vatican II, Tromp engaged in

4248-556: The preparation for Vatican II . He was an assistant to Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani during the Council and professor of Catholic theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University from 1929 until 1967. Sebastian Tromp was born in March 1889, the first son of Cornelis Gerardus Tromp (German: Kornelius Gerhard Tromp), a teacher in the Netherlands, and Maria Catherina Lörper. His mother was from an expatriate German family, expelled during

4320-463: The relationship between immanence and transcendence but do so in different ways, such as: Another meaning of immanence is the quality of being contained within, or remaining within the boundaries of a person, of the world, or of the mind. This meaning is more common within Christian and other monotheist theology, in which the one God is considered to transcend his creation. Pythagoreanism says that

4392-598: The soul are 1) the higher soul, seat of the intuitive mind ( divine nous ); 2) the rational soul ( logistikon ) (seat of discursive reason / dianoia ); 3) the nonrational soul ( alogia ), responsible for the senses, appetites, and motion. Zeus thinks the articulated ideas ( logos ). The idea of ideas ( eidos - eidôn ), provides a model of the Paradigm of the Universe, which the Demiurge contemplates in his articulation of

SECTION 60

#1732772002280

4464-421: The sources of revealed truth and the documents of the Teaching Authority of the Church propose with regard to original sin, which proceeds from a sin actually committed by an individual Adam and which through generation is passed on to all and is in everyone as his own. A final critique is issued against negative interpretations which downgrade the Old Testament to historical half-truths, or which impute error to

4536-502: The teaching office and authority of the Church, the Magisterium . The most noble office of theology is to show how a doctrine defined by the Church is contained in the sources of revelation […] in that sense in which it has been defined by the Church. Humani generis is critical of some trends in modern theology, but does not mention or attack individual opinions or even groups of dissenting theologians. The Pope later refers to

4608-440: The theory of evolution half a century later. While the factual basis for creationism should be researched further, the encyclical issues a clear no to another scientific opinion popular at the time, polygenism , the scientific hypothesis that mankind descended from different groups of original humans (that there were many groups of Adams and Eves). When, however, there is question of another conjectural opinion, namely polygenism,

4680-609: The transcendent God , who cannot be approached or seen in essence or being, becomes immanent primarily in the God-man Jesus the Christ , who is the incarnate Second Person of the Trinity . In Byzantine Rite theology the immanence of God is expressed as the hypostases or energies of God, who in his essence is incomprehensible and transcendent. In Catholic theology, Christ and the Holy Spirit immanently reveal themselves; God

4752-605: The triune God is celebrated in the Catholic Church, traditional Protestant Churches, and Eastern Churches during the liturgical feast of the Theophany of God , known in Western Christianity as the Epiphany . Pope Pius X wrote at length about philosophical-theological controversies over immanence in his encyclical Pascendi dominici gregis . According to Latter Day Saint theology, all of material creation

4824-475: The winds of time", he says, is a poor and unstable basis for the theology of the Church. The encyclical took up a nuanced position with regard to evolution. It distinguished between the soul, held as created divinely, and the physical body, whose development may be subject to empirical and prudent study: The Teaching Authority of the Church does not forbid that, in conformity with the present state of human sciences and sacred theology, research and discussions, on

4896-403: The “fullness” of this spirit within God's being. Similarly, mankind can incorporate this spiritual light or divine mind and thus become one with God. This immanent spirit of light bridges the scientific and spiritual conceptualizations of the universe. Traditional Jewish religious thought can be divided into Nigleh ("Revealed") and Nistar ("Hidden") dimensions. Hebrew Scripture is, in

4968-459: Was being proposed. It is true that the documents bore only weak traces of the biblical and patristic renewal of the last decades, so that they gave an impression of rigidity and narrowness through their excessive dependency on scholastic theology. In other words, they reflected more the thought of scholars than that of shepherds. But I must say that they had a solid foundation and had been carefully elaborated. One of Tromp's most notable contributions

5040-419: Was highly influential on American Transcendentalism and British Idealism . Giovanni Gentile 's actual idealism , sometimes called "philosophy of immanence" and the metaphysics of the "I", "affirms the organic synthesis of dialectical opposites that are immanent within actual or present awareness". His so-called method of immanence "attempted to avoid: (1) the postulate of an independently existing world or

5112-539: Was not a humorless academic, and became a much-loved preacher during annual meetings of the minor seminary at Rolduc . He also had a true pastoral personality, helping several couples obtaining an annulment of their previous marriages in the Vatican, but only after a rigid investigation; even valid annulments were often rejected as impious and sinful in the strict Catholic atmosphere of the Dutch parishes before 1960. At

5184-457: Was opposed to this radical move by the Rahner group, believing that it effectively derailed the Council. In his memoirs, he presents a balanced view of Tromp's schemata: [Cardinal Joseph Frings] began to send me [the schemata] regularly in order to have my criticism and suggestions for improvement. Naturally I took exception to certain things, but I found no grounds for a radical rejection of what

#279720