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71-531: Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge is located on Humboldt Bay , on the California North Coast near the cities of Eureka and Arcata . The refuge exists primarily to protect and enhance wetland habitats for migratory water birds using the bay area, including tens of thousands of shorebirds , ducks , geese , swans , and the black brant . Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge, along with other public and private lands around Humboldt Bay,

142-495: A certain size into the bay, unless a ship's pilot has proper certification. The Humboldt Bay District maintains a 237-berth marina at Woodley Island, serving both recreational and commercial boats and a shipping dock located in South Bay. Dangerous sand bars and shifting currents have caused many shipwrecks at the entrance to Humboldt Bay, particularly during the late nineteenth century. Forty-two ships were wrecked in and around

213-512: A decline in clam harvesting. Scientists have not found a way to control them. Marine mammals are represented by harbor porpoises , harbor seal , California sea lion and river otter , with Steller sea lion and gray whale found immediately offshore. Leopard sharks have been reported inside the bay, which also provides habitat for young bat rays , feeding on clams , crabs , shrimps , worms, sea cucumbers , brittle stars , various gastropods and isopods . About 80,000 people reside on

284-447: A dog to get in and out. Dozens of these were built, and almost any small cove or river outlet was a prime candidate for a chute. Each dog-hole was unique, which was why schooner captains often sailed back and forth to the same ports to load. The mariners were often forced to load right among the rocks and cliffs in the treacherous surf. The schooner rig dominated the lumber trade, since its fore-and-aft rigging permitted sailing closer to

355-426: A hostile ecosystem because of environmental conditions such as low soil fertility, summer drought, ocean spray, harsh winds, and intense albedo . Due to these conditions, mechanical restoration is best suited for this type of project. Mechanical restoration began by the removal of European Beachgrass by hand or with shovels. Removal of European Beachgrass requires multiple visits over the course of several years due to

426-808: A status that permitted shipping from there directly to overseas ports. In 1886, fierce storms nearly destroyed the Harbor Light, and it was replaced by the Table Bluff Light . In 1968, land ownership along the Bay became the focal point of a legal battle, when a lawsuit was filed against the City of Eureka to determine legal ownership of land along the Eureka waterfront. The litigation spanned 13 years and involved extensive historical research, including evidence of original deeds and lawsuits dating back to before

497-497: A survey and sampled more juvenile coho salmon than the previous year The Lanphere Dunes restoration project is considered to be the first of its kind on the west coast. Situated on Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge, the Lanphere Dunes are home to many unique plant and animal species. Restoration efforts began in 1980 to halt the spread of invasive European Beachgrass ( Ammophilia arenaria ). Originally inhabited by

568-641: A variety of salt-water fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Sport fishing is permitted. Dungeness crab are fished privately and commercially, and oysters are commercially farmed in the bay. The bay supports more than 100 species of marine and estuarine fish, including green sturgeon , coho and Chinook salmon , steelhead and coastal cutthroat trout , which spawn and rear in its watershed, covering an area of 223 square miles (580 km ). Coho salmon primarily rear and spawn in Elk River, Freshwater Creek, and Jacoby Creek. A recent study found that 40% of coho in

639-417: Is 3,000 acres including the cities and towns of Loleta, Eureka, and Arcata Humboldt Bay has many different tributaries , such as a river or stream, flowing into larger rivers or lakes For Humboldt Bay, Salmon Creek is the third largest tributary. Just like the name suggests, Salmon Creek has historically supported large populations of coho salmon , steelhead trout , and chinook salmon . In recent years,

710-561: Is a 14-acre (57,000 m) island located 80 miles (130 km) north of Humboldt Bay (less than 1-mile (1.6 km) off the Pacific Coast) near Crescent City . The island serves as the second-largest seabird nesting colony in California. Castle Rock Refuge has the largest breeding population of common murres in California. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

781-673: Is an administrative entity that also manages the Lanphere Dunes Unit and the Castle Rock National Wildlife Refuge . Lanphere Dunes, located on the northern seaward shore of Humboldt Bay, contains the most pristine remaining dune ecosystem in the Pacific Northwest and supports rare and representative examples of older forested dunes, young active dunes, dune swale wetlands, and coastal salt marsh . Castle Rock National Wildlife Refuge

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852-436: Is now managed by a system of jetties . Contributing to the bay's isolation were features of the coastal mountain range, which extends from the ocean approximately 150 miles (240 km) inland, and the common marine layer (fog) in addition to frequent clouds or rain. The bay is approximately 14 miles (23 km) long but can be from 0.5 miles (0.80 km) wide at the entrance to the widest point at 4.3 miles (6.9 km) in

923-540: Is on the bay side of the North Spit, south of the World War II era blimp base. By the 1880s, long wharves were built into the bay for easier loading of lumber shipments. Shipbuilding became part of local industry. The Bendixson shipyards produced 120 ships on Humboldt Bay. The volume of shipping reached about 600 vessels a year by 1881. Humboldt Bay was made an official United States port of entry in 1882,

994-544: Is one of the key stopovers for the millions of migratory birds that rely on the Pacific Flyway . More than 200 bird species, including 80 kinds of water birds and four endangered species , regularly feed, rest, or nest on the refuge or other areas around the bay. The bay provides habitat for approximately 100 species of fish, many of which contribute to sport or commercial fisheries, and provides habitat for fish including steelhead , coho , and Chinook salmon . During

1065-638: The Northwestern Pacific Railroad in 1901. This reduced tidal connectivity along the eastern edge of the bay, which resulted in deterioration of large areas of marsh habitat. Humboldt Bay and its tidal sloughs are open to fishing year-round. A protected area in the bay is the Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge , created in 1971 for the protection and management of wetlands and bay habitats for migratory birds. The Humboldt Botanical Garden , at

1136-513: The Redwood Coast , however, and a boom in the lumber industry in the 1860s called for the development of handy two-masted schooners able to operate in the tiny dog-hole ports that served the sawmills. Many sites along this stretch of coast utilized chutes and wire trapeze rigging to load the small coastal schooners with lumber. Most of these ports were so small they were called dog-hole ports—since they supposedly were just big enough to allow

1207-541: The San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park . He constructed 92 sailing vessels between 1869 and 1901, including 35 three-masters. The lumber schooners were built of the same Douglas fir as the planks they carried. (Schooner Oregon Pine was named after the tree.) They had shallow drafts for crossing coastal bars, uncluttered deck arrangements for ease of loading, and were especially handy for maneuvering into

1278-637: The United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Humboldt Bay The Port of Humboldt Bay (also referred to as the Port of Eureka) is a deep water port with harbor facilities, including large industrial docks at Fairhaven , Samoa , and Fields Landing designed to serve cargo and other vessels. Several marinas also located in Greater Eureka have the capacity to serve hundreds of small to mid-size boats and pleasure craft. Beginning in

1349-509: The Wiyot people, the Lanphere Dunes were under stewardship by new landowners, William and Hortense Lanphere in the 1930s. Along with European Beachgrass, Yellow Bush Lupine ( Lupinus arboreus ), another invasive species, was introduced from an adjacent property nearby. Dune restoration can be quite difficult as all of the plants, animals, and organisms have evolved and co adapted to the specialized coastal conditions. Dunes are considered to be

1420-527: The 1850s, the bay was used extensively to export logs and forest products as part of the historic West coast lumber trade , but with the decline of the industry lumber now is only infrequently shipped from the port. Humboldt Bay is the only deep water bay between the San Francisco Bay and Coos Bay , Oregon . The Port of Humboldt Bay is the only port in the region that is dredged regularly to accommodate large ocean-going vessels. Despite being

1491-416: The 1900s, Salmon Creek was severely degraded. Humboldt Bay NWR acquired the land in 1988 and deemed Salmon Creek in need of restoration to improve estuarine habitats. Phase 1 of restoration began in 2006 and aimed to increase tidal connectivity, construct new tide gates, and to reconnect several off channel ponds to the stream. Phase 1 improved habitat and slightly increased fish passage, but more restoration

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1562-514: The 21st century, the bay is considered to have three regions: Daby, Woodley, and Tuluwat (formerly Indian) islands are in the North Bay, and all three are within the City of Eureka. Low tides reveal two more islands: Sand Island, which was formed from dredge spoils left in the early 20th century, and Bird Island. A large eelgrass bed in the South Bay, which may be exposed at low tides, is locally known as Clam Island. The Wiyot people were

1633-706: The Chamberlain of the Russian Tsar , and son-in-law of Grigory Shelikhov , who was the founder of the first Russian colony in North America . In 1849, an expedition of seven men led by Josiah Gregg attempted to find an overland route to the Pacific Ocean. They left the gold town of Weaverville for the 150-mile westward trek to the sea. Because of the density of the redwood forests, and because Gregg stopped frequently to measure latitude and

1704-601: The College of the Redwoods near the Bay, preserves and displays local native plants. Humboldt Bay is also recognized for protection by the California Bays and Estuaries Policy . In the winter, the bay serves as a feeding and resting site for more than 100,000 birds. Among these are gull species, Caspian tern , brown pelican , cormorant , surf scoter , and common murre . The bay is a source of subsistence for

1775-475: The First World War and total lumber transported by the railroads did not exceed its seaborne competition until about 1905. Even in the 1870s mills shipped lumber directly from some dog-holes to Asia and South America. The last wooden steam lumber schooner built was Esther Johnson constructed by Matthews Shipbuilding, Hoquiam, Washington in 1923 for the A. B. Johnson Lumber Company. Esther Johnson

1846-406: The North Bay. The surface area of Humboldt Bay is 16,000 acres (65 km ) of which 6,000 acres (24 km ) are intertidal mudflats. More than 5,000 acres (20 km ) are primarily eelgrass habitat, which has been relatively constant since 1871, although more than 80% of the bay's coastal marsh habitats have been lost or fragmented by levee , railroad and highway construction. At high tide

1917-400: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In 1996, the inspection showed that 34 of the dolosse had cracked, 17 on each jetty, mostly near the southern seaward head. Dredging of channels for shipping began in 1881; periodic dredging of the entrance and shipping channels maintains a depth of 38 to 48 feet (12 to 15 m). These cumulative changes and water action have resulted in severe erosion at

1988-644: The West Coast lumber vessels had become well established and were a radical departure from the New England built ships." Because lumber is a bulk cargo that does not require shelter, and is difficult to stow below decks, lumber ships from yards such as the Hall Brothers in Port Blakely, Washington were built without the between decks of the New England "Downeasters." "Close to half of their cargo

2059-509: The Wiyot. Most notably, they made canoes and small houses out of the durable redwood. The average redwood canoe would measure a minimum of 18 feet long and 4 feet wide. To make the canoes, the Wiyot would fell a tree and hollow out the log with fire. Their houses would be made out of redwood planks, forming a rectangular shape. A pitched roof would be built on top. It is estimated that there were around 98 Wiyot villages built along Humboldt Bay and

2130-579: The bar crossing, the ships entered the bay in 1850. The members of the Laura Virginia company named the bay after Alexander von Humboldt , a noted German naturalist of that time. Humboldt Bay was charted by the United States Coast Survey in 1850, although the map was not published until 1851. After two years of white settlement on Humboldt Bay, in 1852 only six ships sailed from the bay to San Francisco. But by 1853, on

2201-511: The bark George Henry ) established one of the first west coast lumber mill in a redwood forest near Bodega, California , in 1843. The first lumber mill on the west coast was established by John B. R. Cooper in Rancho El Molino near present-day Forestville, California . By the mid-1880s, more than 400 such mills operated within the forests of California's Humboldt County and along the shores of Humboldt Bay alone. At first,

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2272-409: The bay (draining a combined area of 288 square miles (746 km )) are in bold. Humboldt Bay Harbor Recreation and Conservation District is the governing body of Humboldt Bay, the Port of Humboldt Bay, and the Port of Eureka. Despite the jetties and dredging, the harbor entrance remains challenging. Only maritime pilots trained and employed by the district are authorized to bring vessels beyond

2343-692: The bay because of a combination of circumstances: the way the bay is hidden from an ocean approach, storms, and fog. Captain Jonathan Winship is credited with the first recorded entry into Humboldt Bay by sea in June 1806 while employed by the Russian-American Company , a major trading company. His party, including Aleut in baidarka to hunt sea otter , were met with hostility by the local Indians. Winship's party named this body of water as Bay of Resanof , after Nikolai Rezanov ,

2414-560: The bay have subsided during episodic large-magnitude subduction earthquakes . Three rivers, the Mad , Elk , and Eel , drained into Humboldt Bay during the mid- Pleistocene . Subsequently, the Mad River cut a new outlet to the sea, and the flow of the Eel was diverted by tectonic uplift of Table Bluff at the southern end of the bay, but Elk River continues to drain into Humboldt Bay. In

2485-492: The bay's entrance, where approximately 188 acres (0.76 km ) of Buhne Point, which had formerly visually blocked the entrance to the bay, washed away between 1854 and 1955. Most of the large sloughs around the bay have been protected with levees . But because of development by residents and businesses, of the 10,000 acres (40 km ) of historic intertidal marsh, only about 10% remains. Other marsh areas were lost to land reclamation for hay or pasture, and construction of

2556-467: The channel, most of them while under tow by a piloted tug boat. Fifty-four ships were wrecked on the Humboldt County coastline. Most shipwrecks occurred between 1850 and 1899. The Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1971 to conserve and protect a diverse habitat full of mammals, migratory birds, fish, amphibians, and plants. In total, Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge

2627-476: The coasts of Northern California , Oregon , and Washington mainly to the port of San Francisco . The trade included direct foreign shipment from ports of the Pacific Northwest and might include another product characteristic of the region, salmon, as in the schooner Henry Wilson sailing from Washington state for Australia with "around 500,000 feet of lumber and canned salmon" in 1918. The trade

2698-411: The coho salmon population has seen a steady decline in California. Factors such as freshwater habitat degradation, timber harvest activities, and diversion of water for agricultural and municipal purposes influenced coho salmon populations. Historically, Salmon creek consisted of tidal salt marshes with many sloughs mixed in. Due to over grazing, levee construction, and installation of tide gates in

2769-442: The dolosse were shipped 35 miles (56 km) around the bay to be placed on the North Spit. At that point, more than $ 20,000,000 had been spent in total to protect the entrance to Humboldt Bay. In 1977 the jetties were named an American Society of Civil Engineers California historical civil engineering landmark. They were designated in 1981 as a national historical civil engineering landmark. The jetties are inspected annually by

2840-541: The establishment of the city. This became known as the Eureka Tidelands Case, or Lazio v. City of Eureka. These documents, along with copies of many historical maps as well as a series of contemporary aerial photographs and archaeological findings commissioned for the case, are included in Cal Poly Humboldt's Eureka Waterfront Litigation Collection. The unimproved state of the mouth of the bay

2911-836: The first to inhabit the Humboldt Bay region, including the Mad River and Eel River . It is estimated that the Wiyot arrived at Humboldt Bay circa 900 A.D. The Wiyot language is related to the Algonquian language of the Great Plains. The Wiyot Tribe is located in Loleta, California . Tribal members reside on two different reservations, the Table Bluff reservation and the old Table Bluff reservation, sometimes referred to as Indianola. The old reservation, roughly 20 acres,

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2982-471: The group of settlers killed and mutilated every single Wiyot they could find. The majority of those murdered were women, children, and elders. The remaining survivors, including those on and off the island, were rounded up and then imprisoned at Fort Humboldt . Through grassroots fundraising, and with the help of the community and individual donors, the Wiyot Tribe was able to purchase back 1.5 acres of

3053-493: The historic village site of Tuluwat on Indian Island in 2000, and in 2004, the Eureka City Council made history as they unanimously approved a resolution to return approximately 45 acres, comprising the northeastern tip of Indian Island, to the Wiyot Tribe. Early explorers in the region, including Francis Drake , Sebastián Vizcaíno , Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra , and George Vancouver , did not discover

3124-509: The island from late January through early April. Castle Rock National Wildlife Refuge also serves as a haul out for resting marine mammals including harbor seal , northern elephant seal , California sea lion , and Steller sea lion . The refuge is the largest part of the Humboldt National Wildlife Refuge Complex, which is headquartered south of Eureka at its Loleta, California site. The "Complex"

3195-470: The jetties in 1911, 1927, 1932, 1939, 1950, 1957, 1963, 1971, 1988 and 1995. Entrance currents are strong, ranging from 2.0 knots average maximum ebb and 1.6 knots average maximum flood; but peak rates can be nearly twice as high. In 1971 and 1984, 42 short tons (38 t) dolosse were added in two layers to secure the jetties, which are maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . In 1972, 4,796 dolosse were manufactured locally; 4,795 of them are on

3266-529: The jetties, and one was installed outside the Eureka Chamber of Commerce. The donated dolos was slated for demolition due to sale of this property by the City of Eureka in 2022, but it was relocated to Madaket Plaza through a community effort. In 1983, 1,000 more dolosse were made at the South Spit yard and left to cure; local newspapers named the curing site "Humboldt's Stonehenge." In 1985, 450 of

3337-431: The lumber was shipped in old square-riggers , but these aging ships were inefficient as they required a large crew to operate and were hard to load. Soon local shipyards opened to supply specialist vessels. In 1865 Hans Ditlev Bendixsen opened one of these yards at Fairhaven, California on Humboldt Bay adjacent to Eureka . Bendixsen built many vessels for the lumber trade, including the C.A. Thayer , now preserved at

3408-462: The month of February, the Wiyot people would gather for their World Renewal Ceremony on Indian Island , which lasted 7 to 10 days. During this ceremony, the men would leave each night to replenish supplies, leaving women, children, and elders on the island to rest. In the early morning hours of February 26, 1860, local settlers from the nearby town of Eureka descended onto Indian Island armed with firearms, clubs, knives, and hatchets. For over an hour,

3479-524: The mouth to improve navigation. In 1856 the Humboldt Harbor Light was built on the north spit. In 1872 a bell boat was added, and two years later, a steam whistle replaced the bell to assist mariners during times of dense fog. Eighty-one people drowned between 1853 and 1880 during bar crossings, including the captain of the brig Crimea, who was washed overboard while crossing the bar on 18 February 1870. The Humboldt Bay Life-Saving Station

3550-411: The nearby river banks The Wiyot diet consisted mainly of acorns , berries , shellfish , salmon , deer , elk , and other small game. The Wiyot name for Humboldt Bay is Wigi. Later encounters between settlers and the Wiyot people turned violent, as the settlers encroached on traditional territories. A small group of settlers perpetrated what is known as the 1860 Wiyot Massacre . Every year, around

3621-524: The only protected harbor along nearly 500 miles (800 km) of coastline, the bay's location was undiscovered or at least unreliably charted for centuries after the first arrival of European explorers to the Pacific Coast. This is partially because the bay is difficult to see from the ocean. The harbor opens to the sea through a narrow and historically treacherous passage, which was blocked from direct view because of sandbars. Formation of such sandbars

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3692-465: The plants' tenacious rhizome . This removal technique also allows for the native vegetation to recolonize at the same rate. The first restoration project started over 40 years ago and to date, native plant and animal communities are thriving. West coast lumber trade The West Coast lumber trade was a maritime trade route on the West Coast of the United States. It carried lumber from

3763-404: The same route, 143 ships loaded with lumber for markets crossed the bar. Of those, despite the best efforts of local pilots and tugs, 12 ships wrecked on the bar. In times of bad weather, ships could be forced to remain in harbor for weeks before attempting the crossing. The first marker at the harbor entrance was placed in 1853. The U.S. Federal Government authorized funds for a lighthouse near

3834-527: The ships used bricks from Bay Area factories for weight and for new construction in Fort Bragg." Eventually, however, steam-powered vessels proved more dependable than sail, and railroads gained greater penetration of the coastal regions. Sailing vessels continued to compete with steamships and railroads well into the 20th century, but the last purpose-built sailing lumber schooner was launched in 1905. Soon steam schooners (wooden but powered) replaced

3905-464: The shore of the bay in at least 20 named settlements on the coastal plain around the bay estuary. Most of these are unincorporated suburbs of the City of Eureka. Settlements located on or near the bay, listed clockwise from the north side of the bay entrance: Streams and sloughs that enter into Humboldt Bay are listed north to south, clockwise, with tributaries entering nearest the bay listed first. The primary streams of major watershed areas east of

3976-576: The size of the trees, the expedition averaged only two miles per day. The party was near starvation when they emerged on the coast, where on 20 December 1849 they discovered what is now known as Humboldt Bay. After stocking up on food, the party walked to San Francisco to report their discovery of the bay. In March 1850, two ships, the General Morgan and the Laura Virginia , were sent to the bay from San Francisco. After considerable initial difficulty with waves breaking heavily over shifting sands of

4047-507: The small two-masters in the dog-hole trade and larger schooners, such as the still existing C.A. Thayer and the Wawona , were built for longer voyages and bigger cargo. West Coast shipyards continued to build sail-rigged lumber schooners until 1905 and wooden steam schooners until 1923. In 1907 observers noted the increase in size of schooners. The first three-masted schooner built on the Coast

4118-464: The spring, the bay's eelgrass beds are a key staging area for brant goose prior to their return to Arctic nesting grounds; and the refuge grasslands provide important habitat for thousands of Aleutian cackling geese . Like many of the refuges in the system, this one was established to preserve habitats recognized to be instrumental to the perpetual survival of migratory birds and other wildlife. Each spring, over 20,000 Aleutian cackling geese roost on

4189-476: The surface area is approximately 24 square miles (62 km ), but it is 10.8 square miles (28 km ) at low tide. Each tidal cycle replaces 41% of the water in Humboldt Bay, although exchange in small channels and sloughs of the bay can take up to three weeks. Humboldt Bay began to form when a river valley drowned about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago during a period of rapid sea level rise. Bay sediments also contain buried salt marsh deposits showing that areas of

4260-527: The system rear in the estuary . The federally endangered tidewater goby is found in the bay, along with more common three-spined stickleback , shiner perch and Pacific staghorn sculpin . The bay has been invaded by the European green crab , a voracious predator that is known to prey on the young of native crab species, as well as native mussels, oysters, and clams. European green crab were first documented in Humboldt Bay in 1995 and have been blamed for

4331-432: The tiny, Northern California ports. Many West Coast lumber schooners were also rigged without topsails , a configuration referred to as being baldheaded . This rig simplified tacking into the strong westerlies when bound north. Crews liked baldheaders because no topmast meant no climbing aloft to shift or furl the sails. If more sail was desired then it could be set by being hoisted from the deck. The demands of navigating

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4402-412: The wind, easier entry to small ports, and smaller crews than square-rigged vessels. These ships needed to return to the lumber ports without the expense of loading ballast. Shipyards built some smaller schooners with centerboards that retracted. This helped the flat-bottomed vessels to enter shallow water. At the time of the construction of the barque Hesperus in 1882, Jackson writes, "the form of

4473-760: Was 1,104  GRT of wooden construction with planking of three inch Douglas fir , 208 ft 4 in (63.50 m) long by 43 ft 6 in (13.26 m) and with 15 ft 2 in (4.62 m) draft. On 29 March 1943 the ship was purchased by the War Shipping Administration and by June had arrived in Australia to become part of the U.S. Army's Southwest Pacific Area fleet as X-9. Esther Johnson arrived in Milne Bay on 4 October 1943 and, capable of transporting 100 ft (30 m) wooden piles sufficient to build an entire pier,

4544-536: Was a crescent-shaped bar covered by a line of breaking waves. The entrance of the bay is protected by two sand spits , named South Spit and North Spit. The bay mouth was stabilized by jetties, with one jetty projecting from each spit. The South Spit jetty was built starting in 1889, but by 1890 observers realized that it had produced erosion of the North Spit and was widening the channel. The jetties are approximately 6,000 feet (1,800 m) long and 2,200 feet (670 m) apart. Recurring storm damage required rebuilding

4615-407: Was discovered to be built with "hundreds of century-old bricks , many stamped with the name of the California brick factory from which they had come: Richmond, Stockton and Corona." Press coverage states that "these bricks had come north from San Francisco as ballast on lumber ships. In the years after the 1906 quake , Fort Bragg sent tons of timber to the city to be used in rebuilding. Coming home,

4686-561: Was instrumental in building piers at the bases at Lae , Finschhafen in New Guinea and Tacloban in the Philippines. The ship was bombed on arrival at Lae and both bombed and strafed at Tacloban and at war's end was badly damaged by shipworms . The badly leaking ship returned from Manila to Melbourne for repairs and then returned to the Philippines going into the reserve fleet on 20 December 1947 at Subic Bay before being sold to

4757-776: Was instrumental in founding shipping empires such as the Dollar Steamship Company in which its founder, Captain Robert Dollar , emigrated from Scotland, worked in the lumber camps of Canada and, after moving to San Francisco in 1888 and buying timber tracts, founded a shipping line that extended to China. As late as the California Gold Rush , New England lumber was still carried 13,000 miles around Cape Horn to San Francisco . But that started to change when Captain Stephen Smith (of

4828-461: Was launched in 1875. It was also the first lumber schooner to exceed 300 tons. Ship wrights built the first four-master in 1886 and the first five-master in 1896. The later were more generally involved in the overseas trade. Sail schooners grew from fifty to 1,100 tons during this period. More than 50 major shipbuilders operated on the Pacific Coast during the era of the coast wise schooners. Demand for coastwise lumber shipping continued until after

4899-419: Was needed. Phase 2 of restoration began by adding 4,200 feet of new estuarine channel and habitat. The estuarine channels were improved by the alignment of slough channels through the original marshes. Lastly, over 200 logs of various sizes were added to the channels and sloughs as hiding and resting areas for marine life. A year after restoration was completed, California Department of Fish and Game conducted

4970-618: Was originally purchased by a local church group to relocate homeless Wiyot in the early 1900s. While the old reservation is still in use, the tribe moved to the new Table Bluff reservation. The new reservation is roughly 88 acres. Wiyot territory is divided into three different regions: lower Mad River , Humboldt Bay, and lower Eel River. Their entire territory was only around 36 miles long and roughly 15 miles wide. Although relatively small, Wiyot territory encompassed miles of old growth redwood forests, sandy dunes, wetlands and open prairies. Due to its abundance, redwood trees were often used by

5041-560: Was stowed as deckload – that is above deck." Jackson also writes that a triangle trade had developed at this time, with "lumber out to Australia, coal to Hawaii , and sugar to San Francisco. The return cargoes were compact and heavy, thus no need for the conventional deep hull form.". Recently, evidence of the local trade in Northern California was unearthed when a historic oven used in Fort Bragg from 1909 until 2003

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