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52-605: It was apparent to the Roman Curia that the advance of the Reformation in the Holy Roman Empire would not be addressed by a reform of the clergy in the empire itself. The Collegium Germanicum was established on 31 August 1552 by Pope Julius III with the bull Dum sollicita . The initiative towards its foundation was taken by Cardinal Giovanni Morone and Ignatius Loyola . Pope Julius III approved of

104-598: A boarding school in Nagyszombat (now Trnava , Slovakia ). He was ordained priest in 1566. The succeeding years were spent studying at the university of Vienna, where he lectured on philosophy. Szántó proved highly influential among his students, but was a bit overbearing in other contexts. In 1575 he was appointed the Hungarian confessor at St. Peter's Basilica. His endeavours to found a Hungarian College in Rome after

156-640: A chair of canon law. As a special mark of his favour, Gregory XIII ordered that each year on the Feast of All Saints a student of the college should deliver a panegyric in presence of the pope. Meanwhile, in 1578 the Collegio Ungherese had been founded through the efforts of another Jesuit, Stephan Szántó , who obtained for it the church and convent of S. Stefano Rotondo on the Caelian Hill , and of S. Stefanino behind St. Peter's Basilica ,

208-543: A college at Cluj. At this time occurred his literary polemics with the Protestant preacher Peter Beregszászi  [ hu ] , against which he wrote his Epistola apologetica . Because of his outspoken, blunt character, he had many enemies among the Protestants, but he also got into heated arguments with his own comrades. In 1585, Szántó proceeded to Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia , Romania ), and thence, on

260-496: A committee of six Cardinal Protectors , who decided that the collegians should wear a red cassock , in consequence of which they have since been popularly known as the "boiled shrimps". During the first year the higher courses were given in the college itself; but in the autumn of 1553 St. Ignatius succeeded in establishing the schools of philosophy and theology in the Collegio Romano of his Society . He also drew up

312-454: A position as a Cardinal in 1511; Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte succeeded to Manfredonia in 1513. In 1520, del Monte also became Bishop of Pavia . Popular for his affable manner and respected for his administrative skills, he was twice Prefect of Rome and was entrusted by the papal curia with several duties. At the Sack of Rome (1527) he was one of the hostages given by Pope Clement VII to

364-623: A reform of the Catholic Church and to reconvene the Council of Trent , but very little was actually achieved during his five years in office. In 1551, at the request of Emperor Charles V , he consented to the reopening of the Council of Trent and entered into a league against the duke of Parma and Henry II of France (1547–59), causing the War of Parma . However, Julius soon came to terms with

416-481: A special relationship with the college or were alumni. 41°54′17.94″N 12°29′30.69″E  /  41.9049833°N 12.4918583°E  / 41.9049833; 12.4918583 Pope Julius III Pope Julius III ( Latin : Iulius PP. III ; Italian : Giulio III ; 10 September 1487 – 23 March 1555), born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte , was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of

468-492: The Basilian monk and hermit Silvester of Troina . Julius III died at 7:00pm on 23 March 1555. Having suffered from gout in his later years (which he tried to cure simply by fasting), he died due to stomach ailments. As he was dying, he had difficulties in swallowing to the point that he ate little, having found it uncomfortable. It was believed after his death that the pope had died from stomach or esophageal cancer . In

520-872: The Palazzi di S. Apollinare (the current seats of the Domus Internationalis Paulus VI and the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross ), and in 1575 gave it charge of the services in the adjoining church. The splendour and majesty of the functions as well as the music executed by the students under the Spaniard Tomás Luis de Victoria , and his successor Annibale Stabile and other celebrated masters ( Annibale Orgas , Lorenzo Ratti , Giacomo Carissimi , Ottavio Pittoni , and others) constantly drew large crowds to

572-647: The Papal States from 22 February 1550 to his death, in March 1555. After a career as a distinguished and effective diplomat, he was elected to the papacy as a compromise candidate after the death of Paul III . As pope, he made only reluctant and short-lived attempts at reform, mostly devoting himself to a life of personal pleasure. His reputation, and that of the Catholic Church, were greatly harmed by his scandal-ridden relationship with his adopted nephew, Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte . Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte

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624-736: The Villa Giulia , created for him by Vignola . Bartolomeo Ammannati designed a number of garden features under the general direction of Giorgio Vasari , with guidance from the knowledgeable pope and Michelangelo , who worked there. Today the Villa Giulia houses the National Etruscan Museum , a collection of Etruscan art and artifacts. More significant and lasting was his patronage of the great Renaissance composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , whom he brought to Rome as his maestro di cappella . Julius' papacy

676-745: The general of the Jesuits , who appointed the rector and other fathers in charge of the college. In 1845 the estate of S. Pastore near Zagarolo was acquired. In 1851 the residence was transferred to the Palazzo Borromeo in the Via del Seminario where it remained till 1886. In 1873 when the Collegio Romano was taken away from the Jesuits, the Collegio Germanico found a home in the Gregorian University. In 1886 owing to

728-695: The College is German and all of them study Italian, to be able to follow the courses conducted in Italian. After receiving their bachelor’s degree, they return to their diocese for to a "pastoral year". It is customary for college community to make the pilgrimage to the Seven Churches on a Sunday in Lent. At its foundation the defence against the Reformation , improvement of theological training and

780-554: The Emperor's forces, and barely escaped execution. Pope Paul III created him Cardinal-Priest of San Vitale on 22 December, 1536; and raised him to the dignity of cardinal-bishop with the Diocese of Palestrina on 5 October, 1543. He was employed him in several important legations, notably as papal legate and first president of the Council of Trent (1545/47) and then at Bologna (1547/48). Paul III died on 10 November 1549, and in

832-751: The Germanicum and Hungaricum collegiums is entrusted to the Jesuit order, with the rector and three other priests belonging to the Jesuit community. Two Croatian nuns are also part of the household. The college receives students from Scandinavia, from the old German Empire and from the old Hungarian kingdom; places are free, but there are some students who pay. They study at the Pontifical Gregorian University (for bachelors’ degrees) and at various pontifical universities in Rome for their licentiate and doctorate. The “official” language of

884-547: The Jesuits and gave it the form which it still has today. On the proclamation of the Roman Republic the property of the foreign national colleges was declared escheated to the Government and was sold for an absurdly small sum. On that occasion the library and the precious archives of sacred music were scattered. Pius VII restored whatever remained unsold and ordered the rest to be repurchased as far as possible. In

936-535: The Jesuits, set the house on fire, and all its buildings were burned. He fled to Alamóc, where he began the translation of the Vulgate. He then moved to Olmütz, where he wrote his memoirs. During the siege of Znióvàralja his books and manuscripts, including the Hungarian catechism which he composed in Rome, were lost; until his death, he was working on a translation of the New Testament, which may have been

988-471: The ceremony of laying the cornerstone of the new church of S. Apollinare in 1742, on the completion of which a new Palace of S. Apollinare was erected. At the suppression of the Society (1773) the direction was entrusted to secular priests ; lectures were delivered in the college itself, and the professors were Dominicans . Discipline and studies declined rapidly. Moreover, Emperor Joseph II sequestrated

1040-541: The church. Too much attention indeed was given to music under P. Lauretano, so that regulations had to be made at various times to prevent the academic work of the students from suffering. The courses were still given in the Collegio Roman; but when Bellarmine terminated his lectures on controversy, a chair for this important branch of learning was established in the Collegio Germanico and somewhat later

1092-764: The college with the Abbey of S. Saba all' Aventino and all its possessions, both on the Via Portuense and on Lake Bracciano ; moreover he incorporated with it the Abbeys of Fonte Avellana in the Marches , S. Cristina , and Lodiveccio in Lombardy . This allowed the practice of free education to be maintained. The new rector P. Lauretano, drew up another set of regulations. The college had already changed its location five times. In 1574 Pope Gregory XIII assigned it

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1144-591: The college with the German College, because few Hungarian students were able to travel to Rome from the Turkish-occupied, Kingdom of Hungary. At the end of 1579 Szántó left Rome, and proceeded to Transylvania, and the Catholic missions at Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca , Romania ); and later at Várad (now Oradea , Romania ). He worked mainly as a religious debater and preacher. In 1580 he founded

1196-504: The duke and France and in 1553 suspended the meetings of the council. Henry had threatened to withdraw recognition from the Pope if the new Pope was pro-Habsburg in orientation, and when Julius III reconvened the Council of Trent, Henry blocked French bishops from attending and did not enforce the papal decrees in France. Even after Julius III suspended the council again he proceeded to bully

1248-550: The duties Innocenzo Del Monte was unfit to perform: the Secretary of State eventually replaced the cardinal-nephew as the most important official of the Holy See. Throughout his pontificate, Julius III named twenty new cardinals in four consistories, including one cardinal whom he nominated " in pectore " in 1551 and revealed in the following year. While he did not canonize any saints during his papacy, Julius III did beatify

1300-509: The ecclesiastical state; German clerics to the number of 20 or more were received free and formed a separate body. In a short time 200 boarding students, all belonging to the flower of European nobility, were received. Pope Pius V placed 20 of his nephews in the college. Pope Gregory XIII , however, may be considered the real founder of the college. He transferred the secular department to the Seminario Romano , and in 1573 endowed

1352-536: The education of priests loyal to Rome were the principal aims. "From the territories, endangered in faith, of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation" were to be trained "fearless warriors for the faith" (quotations from the founding bull). After the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989 it was possible to restore the original internationalism of the college. The college commemorates some saints and blessed who have

1404-412: The election, was immediately confirmed as Duke of Parma. But, when Farnese applied to France for aid against the emperor, Julius allied himself with the emperor, declared Farnese deprived of his fief, and sent troops under the command of his nephew Giambattista del Monte to co-operate with Duke Gonzaga of Milan in the capture of Parma. At the start of his reign Julius had seriously desired to bring about

1456-582: The ensuing conclave the forty-eight cardinals were divided into three factions: of the primary factions, the Imperial faction wished to see the Council of Trent reconvened, the French faction wished to see it dropped. The Farnese faction, loyal to the family of the previous Pope , supported the election of Paul III's grandson, Cardinal Alessandro Farnese , and also the family's claim to the Duchy of Parma , which

1508-584: The expulsion of the Jesuit order from Transylvania; in 1590 he became head of the Jesuit house in Vágsellyto Vágsellye (today Šaľa , Slovakia ). The following year, he went as a preacher to Znióvàralja (now Kláštor pod Znievom , Slovakia ). He taught in Vienna from 1592–4, and thereafter worked as a Hungarian preacher and confessor. He was pastor in Turóc. The soldiers of István Bocskai drove away

1560-456: The first rules for the college, which served as models for similar institutions. During the pontificate of Pope Paul IV the financial conditions became such that the students had to be distributed among the various colleges of the Society in Italy. To place the institution on a firmer basis it was decided to admit paying boarders regardless their nationality, and without the obligation of embracing

1612-517: The first years the revenues were employed to pay off the debts contracted in this repurchase. In 1824 the palace of S. Apollinare as well as the villa at Parioli was reunited to the Seminario Romano . The first students were received in 1818 and lived in the professed house of the Jesuits at the Gesu , and there the college remained till 1851. From that time the administration was entrusted to

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1664-785: The former belonging to the Hungarian Pauline monks, and the latter to the Hungarian pilgrims' hospice . In 1580 Pope Gregory XIII merged it with the Collegium Hungaricum ( "Hungarian College" ), founded in 1578, since when it has been called the Pontificium Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum de Urbe , or the Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum for short. The students generally numbered about 100, sometimes, however, there were but 54, at other times as many as 150. During

1716-410: The frequent and severe attacks of gout. The pope's lack of interest in political or ecclesiastical affairs caused dismay among his contemporaries. When his efforts at church reform proved ineffective, Julius III focused his attentions instead on artistic and architectural commissions as well as his lavish Villa Giulia. He spent the bulk of his time, and a great deal of papal money, on entertainments at

1768-417: The head." The poet Joachim du Bellay , who lived in Rome through this period in the retinue of his relative, Cardinal Jean du Bellay , expressed his scandalized opinion of Julius in two sonnets in his series Les regrets (1558), hating to see, he wrote, "a Ganymede with the red hat on his head". The Pope's political enemies likewise made capital of the scandal. In Italy, it was said that Julius showed

1820-597: The idea and promised his aid, but for a long time the college had to struggle against financial difficulties. Ignatius formally opened it on 28 October and the direction of the college was given to the order he founded 12 years earlier - the Society of Jesus ("Jesuits"). After the Almo Collegio Capranica , this is the oldest college in Rome. It opened in October 1552. The administration was confided to

1872-490: The impatience of a "lover awaiting a mistress" while awaiting Innocenzo's arrival in Rome and boasted of the boy's prowess in bed, while the Venetian ambassador reported that Innocenzo Del Monte shared the pope's bed "as if he [Innocenzo] were his [Julius'] own son or grandson." "The charitably-disposed told themselves the boy might after all be simply his bastard son." For some time afterwards, Protestants, too, seized upon

1924-549: The model of the German College met with but temporary success. The monastery of the Hermits of St. Paul near Santo Stefano Rotondo on the Coelian was to serve for this purpose. The order had been founded by Eusebius of Esztergom ; Santo Stefano served as the unofficial church of Hungarians in Rome. The deed of foundation was approved by Pope Gregory XIII , and the college was opened on 28 May 1579. The pope, however, soon united

1976-428: The murder of two men who had insulted him, and then again following the rape of two women. He tried to use his connections in the College of Cardinals to plead his cause, but his influence waned, and he died in obscurity. He was buried in Rome in the del Monte family chapel. One outcome of the cardinal-nephew scandal, however, was the upgrading of the position of Papal Secretary of State , as the incumbent had to take over

2028-623: The necessity of having more extensive quarters, the Collegio Germanico was transferred to the Hotel Costanzi in the Via S. Nicola da Tolentino . During World War I the members of the college had to move to share the premises of the Collegium Canisianum in Innsbruck from 1915 to 1919. The Hotel Costanzi was torn down in 1939 to make way for road construction. The present college was built in 1944. The leadership of

2080-682: The novel Q by Luther Blissett , Julius appears toward the end of the book as a moderate cardinal favouring religious tolerance, in the upheavals caused by the Reformation and the Roman Church's response during the 16th century. His election as pope and the subsequent unleashing of the Inquisition form the last chapters of the novel. Stephan Sz%C3%A1nt%C3%B3 István Szántó (also known as István Arator ; 1541 in Diocese of Győr , Hungary – 1612 in Olmütz , Kingdom of Bohemia )

2132-423: The pope and his adoptive nephew, Julius refused to take advice. The cardinals Reginald Pole and Giovanni Carafa warned the pope of the "evil suppositions to which the elevation of a fatherless young man would give rise". The courtier and poet Girolamo Muzio in a letter of 1550 to Ferrante Gonzaga , governor of Milan, wrote: "They write many bad things about this new pope; that he is vicious, proud, and odd in

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2184-563: The pope into taking his side against the Habsburgs by threatening schism. Julius increasingly contented himself with Italian politics and retired to his luxurious palace at the Villa Giulia , which he had built for himself close to the Porta del Popolo . From there he passed the time in comfort, emerging from time to time to make timid efforts to reform the Church through the reestablishment of

2236-545: The property situated in Lombardy and forbade his subjects to attend the college. The buildings, however, were increased by the addition of the palace opposite to S. Agostino . After Emperor Joseph II in 1781 forbade all students of his realm to study in Rome, and the city was shortly afterwards occupied by French troops, the college was obliged to close in 1798. It was reopened under Pope Pius VII in 1818, and reorganised by Pope Leo XII , who strengthened its connection to

2288-540: The reform commissions. He was a friend of the Jesuits , to whom he granted a fresh confirmation in 1550; and through the papal bull , Dum sollicita of August 1552, he founded the Collegium Germanicum , and granted an annual income. During his pontificate, Catholicism was restored in England under Queen Mary in 1553. Julius sent Cardinal Reginald Pole as legate with powers that he could use at his discretion to help

2340-555: The restoration succeed. In February 1555, an envoy was dispatched from the English Parliament to Julius to inform him of the country's formal submission, but the pope died before the envoy reached Rome. Shortly before his death, Julius dispatched Cardinal Giovanni Morone to represent the interests of the Holy See at the Peace of Augsburg . His inactivity during the last three years of his pontificate may have been caused by

2392-541: The rumours in the cause of polemic. As late as 1597, in his work The Theatre of God's judgement , the English Puritan clergyman Thomas Beard , asserted that it was Julius' "custome ... to promote none to ecclesiastical livings, save only his buggerers". Despite the damage which the scandal was inflicting on the church, it was not until after Julius' death in 1555 that anything could be done to curb Innocenzo's visibility. He underwent temporary banishment following

2444-469: The seventeenth century several changes occurred, in particular the new form of oath exacted from all the students of foreign colleges. Mention must be made of the work of P. Galeno, the business manager who succeeded in consolidating the finances of the college so as to raise the revenue to 25,000 scudi per annum. A country residence was acquired at Parioli . In the eighteenth century the college became gradually more aristocratic. Pope Benedict XIV performed

2496-454: Was a Hungarian Jesuit missionary and teacher. Szántó was fifteen years old when his mother and three siblings were kidnapped by the Turks. He was then cared for by his uncle. In 1560, the Bishop of Nitra sent him to the German College in Rome. The following year, he applied to enter the Jesuits, and studied philosophy and theology at the Roman College . In 1565 he was sent to Vienna, where he taught grammar and thence went as professor to

2548-429: Was adopted into the family by the pope's brother and was then promptly created cardinal-nephew by Julius. The pope showered his favourite with benefices, including the commendatario of the abbeys of Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy and Saint Zeno in Verona, and, later, of the abbeys of Saint Saba, Miramondo, Grottaferrata and Frascati, among others. As rumours began to circle about the particular relationship between

2600-419: Was born in Monte San Savino , the son of a distinguished Roman jurist. He was educated by the humanist Raffaele Brandolini Lippo, and later studied law at Perugia and Siena . During his career, he distinguished himself as a brilliant canonist rather than as a theologian. Del Monte was the nephew of Antonio Maria Ciocchi del Monte , Archbishop of Manfredonia (1506–1511). His uncle exchanged this see for

2652-400: Was contested by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor . Neither the French nor the Germans favoured del Monte, and the Emperor had expressly excluded him from the list of acceptable candidates, but the French were able to block the other two factions, allowing del Monte to promote himself as a compromise candidate and be elected on 7 February 1550. Ottavio Farnese , whose support had been crucial to

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2704-403: Was marked by scandals, the most notable of which is centered around the pope's adoptive nephew, Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte . Innocenzo del Monte was a teenaged beggar found in the streets of Parma who was hired by the family as a lowly hall boy in their primary residence, the boy's age being variously given as 14, 15, or 17 years. After the elevation of Julius to the papacy, Innocenzo Del Monte

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