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94-525: Here are some detailed accounts of Miguel Z. Ver's actions and the activities of the Hunters ROTC during the early resistance against Japanese occupation: ### 1. **Formation and Organization** - **Establishment**: Miguel Z. Ver gathered former ROTC cadets and other military personnel to form the Hunters ROTC in January 1942. He aimed to create a disciplined unit capable of organized resistance against

188-713: A Japanese convoy, which resulted in significant enemy casualties and disrupted their supply lines. This demonstrated the effectiveness of their tactics and boosted morale among Filipino civilians. ### 3. **Intelligence Network** - **Information Gathering**: Ver established a network of informants, including locals who had access to Japanese troop movements. This intelligence was crucial for planning attacks and evading detection by Japanese forces. - **Communication**: The Hunters employed various methods to communicate, using coded messages and messengers to relay important information and coordinate their operations. ### 4. **Community Engagement** - **Support for Civilians**: Ver emphasized

282-462: A Japanese offer of honorable surrender that cited the defeat of Britain and Netherland East Indies. By 3 April, King's Luzon Force consisted of 79,000 soldiers, with 32,600 in I Corps, and 28,000 in II Corps. Yet malnutrition, disease and fatigue limited their strength. King was also down to two P40s and two P-35s. The Left Sector of I Corps was held by Luther Stevens' 91st and 1st Divisions, while

376-482: A bayonet, he desperately tried to grab the gun, got his thumb cut off but still held on, and turned the gun on the enemy soldier and stabbed him in the chest. When another Japanese soldier swung a bayonet at him, he turned his rifle on the soldier and shot him dead. Narcisco received the Distinguished Service Cross . On 15 January, MacArthur issued the following statement to his troops, "Help

470-661: A counterattack; or withdraw all the way to Bataan in planned stages. He decided on the latter, thus abandoning his own plan for defense and reverting to the old Orange plan. Having made his decision to withdraw to Bataan, MacArthur notified all force commanders on the night of 23 December that "WPO-3 is in effect." Meanwhile, Manuel L. Quezon , the President of the Philippine Commonwealth, together with his family and government staff were evacuated to Corregidor , along with MacArthur's United States Army Forces in

564-676: A destroyer, and sank one minesweeper . These air attacks and naval actions, however, did not significantly delay the Japanese assault. When MacArthur returned to active duty, the latest revision plans for the defense of the Philippine Islands had been completed in April 1941 and was called WPO-3, based on the joint Army-Navy War Plan Orange of 1938, which involved hostilities between the United States and Japan. Under WPO-3,

658-563: A few instances. In the last two days of the defense roads south were clogged with refugees and fleeing troops, with some evacuated by YAG-4 from the Mariveles Naval Base . On 9 April, King first met with Nagano at the Lamao River bridge, who then led King's party to an experimental farm station house, awaiting the arrival of Colonel Motoo Nakayama, 14th Army senior operations officer. However, Nakayama could only accept

752-405: A landing on Silaiim Point. Edmund J. Lilly, and Harold Keith Johnson assumed command of the blocking forces, that included elements of the 12th and 57th Infantry, plus tanks from the 192 Tank Battalion. Several Japanese attempts to escape by sea from 7 February onwards failed. Finally, a desperation drive by 200 Japanese out of the point northwards also failed. On 26 January, Nara's 65th Brigade

846-449: A more aggressive course of action. He recommended—among other things—a coastal defense strategy that would include the entire archipelago. His recommendations were followed in the plan that was eventually approved. With approval from Washington, War Plan Rainbow 5 was implemented such that the entire archipelago would be defended, with the necessary supplies dispersed behind the beachheads for defending forces to use while defending against

940-462: A series of five defensive lines outlined in WPO-3: The main force of Homma's 14th Area Army came ashore at Lingayen Gulf on the morning of 22 December. The defenders failed to hold the beaches. By the end of the day, the Japanese had secured most of their objectives and were in position to emerge onto the central plain. Facing Homma's troops were four Filipino divisions: the 21st , the 71st ,

1034-725: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Battle of Bataan Japanese victory [REDACTED]   United States [REDACTED] Douglas MacArthur [REDACTED] Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV [REDACTED] George M. Parker [REDACTED] Edward P. King [REDACTED] Albert M. Jones [REDACTED] William Brougher [REDACTED] Clifford Bluemel [REDACTED] Clyde A. Selleck [REDACTED] Clinton Pierce [REDACTED] Luther R. Stevens [REDACTED] Vicente Lim [REDACTED] Mateo Capinpin [REDACTED] Fidel Segundo The Battle of Bataan ( Tagalog : Labanan sa Bataan ; January 7 – April 9, 1942)

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1128-429: Is on the way from the United States, thousands of troops and hundreds of planes are being dispatched. It is imperative that our troops hold until these reinforcements arrive. No further retreat is possible." On 16 January, Jones' 51st Division was ordered by Parker to counterattack. However, that attack was met head on by the Japanese 141st Infantry, and in the left flank by the Japanese 9th Infantry. A hole developed in

1222-602: The Seawolf , Trout , Seadragon , Permit , and the Sargo were also only partially successful. By the end of February, the rice and flour had run out. On 23 February, Homma's chief of staff Masami Maeda, was replaced by Takaji Wachi , and plans were made for an April offensive. Reinforcements included additional men for the 16th Division and 65th Brigade, plus Kenzo Kitano's 4th Infantry Division, and Kameichiro Nagano's 21st Division. Wachi observed that, "The Japanese Army

1316-705: The 11th , and the 91st , as well as a battalion of Philippine Scouts backed by a few tanks. Along Route 3—a cobblestone road that led directly to Manila —the Japanese soon made contact with the Filipino 71st Division. At this point the action of the American artillery stalled the Japanese attack. However, Japanese planes and tanks entering the action routed the Filipino infantry, leaving the artillery uncovered. A second Japanese division landed at Lamon Bay , south of Manila, on 23 December and advanced north. It became evident to Wainwright that he could no longer hold back

1410-442: The 194th Tank Battalion . Mount Natib [4,222 feet (1,287 m)] and Mount Silanganan [3,620 feet (1,100 m)] separated the two corps along the center of the peninsula. The commanders considered the rugged mountainous terrain impassable, so the two corps were not in direct contact with each other, which left a serious weakness. The Allies faced Akira Nara's 65th Brigade , originally expected to only have garrison duty, since

1504-562: The 34th Pursuit Squadron and 21st Pursuit Squadron . Noted participants included Clinton A. Pierce , Mariano Castañeda , Pelagio Cruz , Ed Dyess and Ray C. Hunt . The Japanese landings were finally reversed with the aid of units from the 57th and 45th Infantry. The naval infantry consisted of 150 ground crewmen from Patrol Wing Ten, 80 sailors from the Cavite Naval Ammunition Depot, and 130 sailors from USS  Canopus  (AS-9) , with 120 sailors from

1598-538: The 48th Division had been dispatched to Java. Thus, the Japanese had 23,222 soldiers on Bataan, against 15,000 Americans and 65,000 Filipinos. On 10 January, MacArthur visited his Bataan troops from Limay to Abucay on the East Road, attempting to boost morale. Along the way, he stated, "Does anybody here want to bet me fifty dollars we'll be back in Manila by Easter?" Nara's planned attack on II Corps consisted of using

1692-829: The Imperial Japanese Forces in Manila was punctuated with talks of severe punishment, often times through threats of torture or murdering one's family if caught engaging in anti-Japanese activities. In one particular instance that is etched in Damaso's mind, he was hiding a piece of intelligence that can be used against the Imperial Japanese Forces. This piece of information was hidden within his pillowcase. Unfortunately for Damaso, his household would be raided by Japanese forces. They would search for incriminating evidence to use against him and his family, even searching his mattress. They would not find

1786-602: The Philippine Military Academy came down from Baguio to Manila . On December 19, 1941 on the grounds of the University of Santo Tomas the cadets of Class 1942 and 1943 graduated earlier and received their commissions, under their Superintendent Col. Fidel V. Segundo (USMA 1917) forming the 1st Regular Division . An estimated 300 cadets of Class 1944 and 1945 were in turn disbanded and told to go home as they were considered too young to fight in

1880-540: The 122nd Infantry based on the West Road, and the 20th Infantry on the inland flank along Mout Silanganan. Wainwright commanded the 1st Division and 91st Division, after the departure of the 31st Division to II Corps, and the 26th Cavalrymen. On 16 January the Japanese attacked Moron , forcing Wainwright to place his 72nd Infantry astride the Pilar-Bagac Road behind his main defensive line. On 20 January, while

1974-430: The 141st Infantry on his eastern wing, against the 57th Infantry, and then using his 9th Infantry on his western flank, in an attempt to overwhelm the II Corps left flank. In reserve, Nara held the 142nd Infantry. On 9 January, Nara commenced his attack, concentrating on the 57th Infantry, reaching the main line of resistance on 11 January. By 12 January, Parker was forced to commit his reserve 21st Infantry in support of

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2068-497: The 1st Division's rear along the Tuol River. The Japanese were separated into two pockets , a Little Pocket consisting of about one company, and a Big Pocket with 1000 men. By 5 February, Wainwright had committed five 1st Division companies, two 92nd Infantry battalions, one Scout battalion, one Constabulary battalion, plus tanks from the 192nd Tank Battalion, and artillery from the 24th Field Artillery , in an attempt to eliminate

2162-493: The 26th Cavalry. Parker commanded the II Philippine Corps of 25,000 troops. II Corps included the 11th and 21st Divisions, Brigadier General Vicente Lim 's 41st Division , Brigadier General Albert M. Jones ' 51st Division , and the 57th Infantry . Antiaircraft protection was provided by the 515th Coast Artillery and the 200th Infantry Regiment , while tank support was provided by the 192nd Tank Battalion and

2256-507: The 2nd Formosa Infantry, were advancing on Bataan. During the first few days in January 1942, Brigadier General William E. Brougher 's 11th Division , and Brigadier General Mateo Capinpin 's 21st Division , supported by the 26th Cavalry Regiment , fought a delaying action along the Guagua - Porac Line. Starting on the afternoon of 2 January, the Japanese 9th Infantry forced the 21st Division south from Porac to new defensive lines south of

2350-442: The 57th. Also on 12 January, Brigadier General Virgilio N. Cordero Jr. 's 52nd Infantry, "Bicol's Own," was moved forward to plug a gap that had developed in the 51st Division's right flank. By 14 January, Bluemel's 31st Division was moved from Wainwright's I Corps to Parker's II Corps, in an attempt to bolster the 41st Division. Richard J. Marshall , MacArthur's Deputy Chief of Staff based on Mt. Mariveles ' Signal Hill, concerned by

2444-470: The 9th and 141st infantry against the 51st Infantry south of the Pilar River. On 28 January, the 41st Infantry arrived in support of the 51st. Fighting continued for the next few days, until on 29 January, Nara was ordered to return the 9th Infantry to the 16th Division . Bluemel decided to counterattack on 2 February with the 41st Infantry, 51st Combat Team, and the 31st Engineer Battalion, supported on

2538-475: The Abucay Line, which the Japanese failed to take advantage of. Instead, the 141st turned and attacked the 41st Division, while the 9th turned back up Mount Natib. John R. Boatwright's 53rd Infantry, on the 51st Division's left flank, was ordered to retreat south and establish contact with I Corps. By the end of the day, the 51st Division was out of action. However, Lim's 41st Division held firm. By 18 January,

2632-621: The American resistance on Bataan. Not only did the Japanese at home worry about the length of the period of American resistance on Bataan, but it served as a symbol to the Filipinos that the Americans had not deserted them and would continue to assist them." Yet, MacArthur's army on Bataan was a besieged garrison on a starvation diet. On 20 February, the President of the Philippines Manuel L. Quezon, his family, Vice President of

2726-765: The Binuangan River. Homma's offensive had accomplished in 5 days what was expected to take a month, with minimal loss. On 8 April, Bluemel was forced to retreat further along Trail 20 to the Lamao River. He was told he need hold that line only until the next day when, "A car carrying a white flag will go through the lines on the east road at daylight." King stated, "I feel that further resistance would only uselessly waste life." Wainwright messaged MacArthur, "The troops are so weak from malnutrition that they have no power of resistance." The nurses from Hospitals 1 and 2 were evacuated to Corregidor, leaving 24,000 sick and wounded. Depots and warehouses were destroyed that night, as

2820-523: The Catamon and Pantingan Rivers, while Kureo Taniguchi led the Right Wing of Kenzo Kitano's 4th Division south along Trail 6. By the end of the day the 42nd Infantry and 43rd Infantry, Lim's 41st Division, were in retreat. On 4 April the Japanese artillery bombardment and aerial barrage continued. The 65th Brigade contued its advance south down Trail 29, as the 41st Division continued its retreat. Now

2914-497: The Far East (USAFFE) headquarters, on the night of 24 December, while all USAFFE military personnel were removed from the major urban areas. On 26 December Manila was officially declared an open city , and MacArthur's proclamation was published in the newspapers and broadcast over the radio. The Japanese were not notified officially of the proclamation but learned of it through radio broadcasts. The next day and thereafter they bombed

Hunters ROTC - Misplaced Pages Continue

3008-528: The Gumain River by 4 January. Starting on 3 January, the Japanese 2nd Formosa Infantry pushed the 11th Infantry south from Guagua, then on to Lubao , and then to the Gumain River by 5 January. On 5 and 6 January the 21st and 11th Division crossed the Culo River into Bataan. Brigadier General Clyde A. Selleck was assigned responsibility for establishing and holding a defensive position at Layac. He

3102-667: The Hunters ROTC pre-positioned themselves around the camp a few days before, relaying up-to-date intelligence reports on the camp. Captain Bartolome Cabangbang , leader of the Central Luzon Penetration Party , said that the Hunters supplied the best intelligence data on Luzon. During the Battle of Manila (1945) , the Hunters ROTC, under the command of Lt. Col. Emmanuel V. de Ocampo, fought with

3196-440: The II Corps front from Corregidor, ordered a counterattack by Jasper Brady's American 31st Infantry, the 45th Infantry, and the 57th Infantry for the next day. However, Wainwright told MacArthur, " The troops have been on half rations for three months and are now on less than that amount which results in much loss of physical vigor and sickness." The attempted counterattack proved futile, and the defenders were forced to fall back onto

3290-529: The Japanese 122nd Infantry attacked the 1st Division, the 20th Infantry penetrated Wainwright's eastern flank, and placed a roadblock on the West Road by 21 January. Troops north of the roadblock no longer received food and ammunition resupply. On 22 January, MacArthur ordered a withdrawal to the Pilar-Bagac Road, citing "Hostile penetration through the center of the Main Battle Position..." On 25 January I Corps began its retreat. The men north of

3384-429: The Japanese 1st and 2nd Battalions, 20th Infantry. In an attempt to outflank I Corps and isolate the service command area commanded by USAFFE deputy commander Brigadier General Allan C. McBride , 900 Japanese troops of the 2nd Battalion, 20th Infantry, 16th Division, led by Nariyoshi Tsunehiro, were landed on the west coast of southern Bataan on the night of 22 January. Intercepted by PT-34 , two barges were sunk and

3478-554: The Japanese 4th Division's Left and Right Wings forced the 21st, 22nd and 23rd Infantry, 21st Division, to retreat. King then committed his Luzon Force reserves in an attempt to prevent the total collapse of Sector D. On 5 April, the Japanese Right Wing captured Mt. Samat, with the 41st Artillery batteries, and proceeded down the southern slopes. The 51st Combat Team in Sector C now came under attack. Wainwright, visiting

3572-658: The Japanese advance. Late on the afternoon of 23 December Wainwright telephoned MacArthur's headquarters in Manila and informed him that any further defense of the Lingayen beaches was "impracticable." He requested and was given permission to withdraw behind the Agno River. MacArthur weighed two choices: either make a firm stand on the line of the Agno and give Wainwright his best unit, the Philippine Division , for

3666-599: The Japanese for three months, engaging them initially in a fighting retreat southward. As the combined American and Filipino forces made a last stand, the delay cost the Japanese valuable time and prevented immediate victory across the Pacific. The American surrender at Bataan to the Japanese, with 76,000 soldiers surrendering in the Philippines altogether, was the largest in American and Filipino military histories and

3760-400: The Japanese had no intention of driving on Manila from any of these beachheads. He did not regard the situation as serious enough to warrant a change in his plan to oppose the main attack, when it came, with an all-out defense at the beaches. The MacArthur Plan, then, remained in effect. On 20 December the submarine USS  Stingray spotted a large convoy of troop ships with escorts. This

3854-447: The Japanese had suspended their attack, and Nara's 7th Tank Regiment, plus four battalions of artillery, were removed from his control. On 17 January, MacArthur radioed Washington, "The food situation here is becoming serious." On 17 January, the 31st Infantry was ordered to restore the main line, and then be relieved by the 11th Division. The 45th Infantry joined in the attack the next day, but both infantries made little progress, while

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3948-554: The Japanese invasion. - **Recruitment**: Ver was instrumental in recruiting individuals from various backgrounds, including students and civilians, fostering a sense of national pride and urgency among them. ### 2. **Guerrilla Operations** - **Ambush Tactics**: The Hunters utilized guerrilla warfare strategies, conducting ambushes on Japanese patrols and supply convoys. These hit-and-run tactics aimed to inflict maximum damage while minimizing their own casualties. - **Notable Engagements**: One notable operation involved an ambush against

4042-534: The Japanese stepped up their attacks. Losses mounted on both sides, and by 22 January, the Philippine Division was back in its 19 January positions. More disconcerting, the Japanese 9th Infantry made advances along the side of Mount Natib and descended into Guitol, behind II Corps lines. On 10 January the Japanese occupied Olongapo and Grande Island . On 15 January Homa gave responsibility for western Bataan to Naoki Kimura's Detachment, consisting of

4136-752: The Japanese, was overrun by the Forty-seventh ROTC Division as it led the advance of American Eleventh Airborne Division into this military installation. Additionally, in Quezon City , there is a street named Hunters ROTC, and in Cainta a street formerly named St. Francis Avenue now bears the name Hunters ROTC Avenue. There is a memorial along the latter road dedicated to the guerrilla organization. Terry Adevoso Eleuterio "Terry" Adevoso , also known by his nom de guerre , " Terry Magtanggol " (February 20, 1922 – March 22, 1975)

4230-512: The Japanese. Aside from engaging enemy forces in active combat, they also provided intelligence to the American forces led by General Douglas MacArthur during the Liberation of the Philippines . The Hunters ROTC took an active role in numerous battles, such as the Raid at Los Baños and the defense and recapture of Lucena City . When war broke out in the Philippines, the staff and cadets of

4324-667: The Little and Big Pockets. On 6 February a Japanese salient formed, the Upper Pocket, when the 122nd Infantry and the 2nd Battalion, 33rd Infantry, penetrated within 800 yards of the Big Pocket. On 7 February, the 1st Division surrounded the Little Pocket, which was eliminated by 9 February. Concentrating on attacking the Big Pocket next, Trail 7 was secured by 10 February. On 11 February, Yoshioka attempted to breakout to

4418-686: The Orion Bagac Line, using Kitano's 4th Division to breach the II Corps left flank along Mount Samat, and then proceed southeast to Manila Bay. Nara's 65th Brigade would be on Kitano's right, while the 21st Division would be a diversionary force on II Corps' right flank, and the 16th Division diverted I Corps. Homma expected Bataan to fall within a month. On 23 March, Japanese aerial bombardment commenced. On 3 April at 0900, Kishio Kitajima's 196 gun bombardment commenced, accompanied by 150 sorties of Kizo Mikamai's 22nd Air Brigade. By 1500 hours, Nara's 65th Brigade advanced south along Trail 29 between

4512-722: The Philippine Army, which had been organized and trained by General MacArthur. However, in April 1941 the Navy estimated that it would require at least two years for the Pacific Fleet to fight its way across the Pacific. Army planners in early 1941 believed supplies would be exhausted within six months and the garrison would fall. MacArthur assumed command of the Allied army in July 1941 and rejected WPO-3 as defeatist, preferring

4606-492: The Philippine Military Academy, and moved to Rizal Province in April where they came under Col. Hugh Straughn's FAIT. After the Japanese captured Straughn and Ver the executive officer, Eleuterio Adevoso took over. Many stories of sacrifice and heroism have been passed down through generations of former Hunters ROTC members. As recalled by one former member, Damaso Fernandez, the omnipresent reign of

4700-538: The Philippine garrison was to hold the entrance to Manila Bay and deny its use to Japanese naval forces, and ground forces were to prevent enemy landings. If the enemy prevailed, they were to withdraw to the Bataan Peninsula , which was recognized as the key to the control of Manila Bay. It was to be defended to the "last extremity". In addition to the regular U.S. Army troops, the defenders could rely on

4794-762: The Philippines Sergio Osmeña, Chief Justice of the Philippines José Abad Santos, and three Philippine Army officers, were evacuated onboard the Swordfish . On 22 February, MacArthur was ordered to leave. Wainwright was given command of the Luzon Force, and then all United Forces in the Philippines (USFIP) on 21 March, reporting to MacArthur. Edward P. King assumed command of the Luzon Force. Jones took over I Corps, Parker remained in charge of II Corps, while Lewis C. Beebe

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4888-574: The Pilar, Bataan , Cabcaben and Mariveles gravel strips. By the end of the year, Bataan contained 15,000 Americans, 65,000 Filipinos, and 26,000 refugees. Adequate munitions had been stored or shipped in by the end of the year, but food supplies amounted to only about a two-month supply, far short of the needed 6 months in the prewar plans. In one last coordinated action by the Far East Air Force, U.S. planes damaged two Japanese transports and

4982-581: The Right Sector was held by Brougher's 11th Division and 2nd Constabulary. Sector A of II Corps was held by John Irwin's Philippine Army's 31st Infantry, Sector By by Irvin Doane's Provisional Air Corps Regiment, Sector C by Clifford Bluemel's 32nd Infantry and 51st Combat Team, Sector D by Maxon Lough's 21st and 41st Divisions, while Sector E was held by Guillermo B. Francisco 's American 31st and 57th Infantry. On 3 April, at 1500, Homma planned to attack

5076-410: The U.S. Army General George C. Marshall intended to make the Philippines reasonably defensible, "...we felt that we could block the Japanese advance and block their entry into war by their fear of what would happen if they couldn't take the Philippines..." MacArthur anticipated having until April 1942 to train and equip a combat ready force. On 26 July 1941 MacArthur was recalled to active duty within

5170-736: The U.S. Army from Nasugbu, Batangas to the Manila General Post Office. The Hunters also jointly operated with the Philippine Commonwealth Army and Philippine Constabulary and the American soldiers and military officers of the United States Army in many operations in Manila , Rizal , Cavite , Laguna , Batangas and Tayabas (now Quezon ). A number of Hunters ROTC members, notably Terry Adevoso, were active in political organizing in

5264-439: The U.S. and Filipino forces in the islands, General Douglas MacArthur , consolidated all of his Luzon-based units on the Bataan Peninsula to fight against the Japanese army. By this time, the Japanese controlled nearly all of Southeast Asia . The Bataan Peninsula and the island of Corregidor were the only remaining Allied strongholds in the region. Despite their lack of supplies, American and Filipino forces managed to fight

5358-448: The US army and given the rank of lieutenant general. In August, MacArthur called into service one regiment for each of his ten reserve divisions, and inducted them into the US armed forces. On 27 November, he received notice, "Japanese future action unpredictable but hostile action possible at any moment. If hostilities cannot, repeat cannot, be avoided the United States desires that Japan commit

5452-532: The base facilities at Cavite, Olongapo, and Mariveles, and 120 Marines from an antiaircraft battery. Sailors used the Canopus machine shop to fabricate makeshift mountings for machine guns salvaged from Patrol Wing Ten's damaged aircraft. The Marines were distributed through the ranks, and the sailors were told to "watch them and do as they do." The sailors attempted to make their white uniforms more suitable for jungle combat by dying them with coffee grounds. The result

5546-428: The chest, then manned an antiaircraft machine gun until being knocked off the tank by a third severe wound. By 8 February, Homma recognized he only had three effective infantry battalions on Bataan, and ordered the halt of further attacks. His army retreated to better positions up to ten kilometers from the front, and awaited reinforcements. His staff believed, "there was an influence, a spiritual influence, exerted by

5640-626: The day, Selleck was given permission by Parker to withdraw during the night. Two separate defensive lines crossed the Bataan peninsula. They were the 8,000 yards (7,300 m) Mauban line held by I Philippine Corps on the west, and the 15,000 yards (14,000 m) Abucay line held by the II Philippine Corps on the east. Wainwright commanded the I Philippine Corps of 22,500 troops. I Corps included General Fidel Segundo 's 1st Regular Division , Brigadier General Clifford Bluemel 's 31st Division , Brigadier General Luther R. Stevens ' 91st Divisions , and

5734-533: The east bank of the San Vicente River. By the end of 6 April, according to Whitman, "General Homma's army had destroyed two divisions, the 21st and the 41st, and one regiment, the 51st. Homma had also cut off two regiments from the main area of interest, the 41st and 45th infantry, and isolated Sector D headquarters from its troops. The left flank of II Corps was smashed, the two corps split apart, Mount Samat lost, defending artillery all but neutralized, and

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5828-548: The first overt act." On 18 December, ten days after the start of hostilities, MacArthur inducted the remaining reservists. The Philippine Army consisted of 120,000 men, of which 76,750 were on Luzon. On 24 December, as Masaharu Homma 's Japanese Fourteenth Area Army advanced and General Jonathan Wainwright 's North Luzon Force retreated, MacArthur ordered his Far East Air Force headquarters south towards Bataan. This prompted Lewis H. Brereton to abandon Clark Field , Nichols Field , Fort William McKinley , and Nielson Field for

5922-567: The gap between I and II Corps, ordered Brigadier General Maxon S. Lough 's Philippine Division, consisting of the Scout 45th Infantry and the American 31st Infantry, to the front lines. On 12 January 12 amid fierce fighting, 2nd Lieutenant Alexander R. Nininger , a platoon leader in the 57th Infantry, sacrificed his life when, armed with only a rifle and hand grenades , he forced his way into enemy foxholes during hand-to-hand combat , permitting his unit to retake Abucay Hacienda; for his actions, he

6016-553: The importance of civilian support for the guerrilla efforts. He encouraged local populations to assist by providing food, shelter, and information about Japanese activities. - **Morale Building**: Through public speeches and meetings, Ver inspired hope and resilience among the Filipino people, reinforcing the idea that liberation was possible through collective effort. ### 5. **The Circumstances of His Death** - **Final Operations**: In July 1942, during an operation against Japanese forces, Ver and his unit faced overwhelming odds. Despite

6110-550: The intel hidden within his pillowcase. After the surrender of American and Filipino forces on Bataan, the Hunters ROTC relocated to the Antipolo mountains. The Hunters originally conducted operations with another guerrilla group called Marking Guerrillas , with whom they went about liquidating Japanese spies. Led by Miguel Ver, a PMA cadet, the Hunters raided the enemy-occupied Union College in Manila and seized 130 Enfield rifles . The Hunters are largely considered to be one of

6204-508: The landings. With the return to War Plan Orange 3, the necessary supplies to support the defenders for the anticipated six-month-long defensive position were not available in the necessary quantities for the defenders who would withdraw to Bataan. When the Japanese made their first landings on 10 and 12 December at the northern and southern extremities of Luzon, MacArthur made no disposition to contest them. He correctly surmised that these landings were designed to secure advance air bases and that

6298-407: The last two P-40s, two P-35s, and a Grumman J2F Duck carrying Carlos P. Romulo , fled south from Bataan and Cabcaben airfields. The Dewey , Bittern , and Canopus were scuttled . All along the battle front, units of I Corps, together with the devastated remnants of II Corps, crumbled and straggled to the rear. The commanders on Bataan lost all contact with their units, except by runner in

6392-601: The leading vessels are now enroute via Hawaii." Of these six blockade runners, the Masaya , Matagalpa , Teapa , Margaret Schafer , Mount Baker , and Texada , only the first two made it past Hawaii, and they were diverted instead to Australia. Other blockade runners included the Don Isidro , Coast Farmer , Dona Nati , and the Anhui , but only the last three were partially successful. Resupply by submarine, including

6486-402: The left by the 21st Division, and on the right by the 32nd Infantry. By 8 February, recognizing the attacks by the 65th Brigade were failures resulting in crippling losses, Nara was ordered to withdraw north to the Pilar-Bagac Road. On 28 January, Hiroshi Nakanishi's 3rd Battalion, and Yorimasa Yoshioka's 20th Infantry staff, attacked I Corps' Orion-Bagac line and was able to break through into

6580-586: The men landed between the Anyasan and Silaiim rivers. They were contained by the 17th Pursuit Squadron and 2nd Constabulary. On 29 January, units of the 45th Infantry arrived in support. On 1 February, Mitsuo Kimura's 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry, was ordered to Quinauan Point and seize Mount Mariveles . On 2 February, his 500 men on barges, supported by the Yaeyama , were attacked from the air by P-40's, PT 32 , and land-based artillery. The survivors retreated to

6674-736: The more effective resistance movements within South Luzon . The Hunters ROTC were among the most aggressive guerrillas in the war. According to some existing records, the Hunters ROTC launched a daring guerrilla raid on the 24th of June, 1944 at the New Bilibid Prison , which at the time was used by the Japanese, in Muntinlupa , Rizal . Collaborating with the Fil-American Cavite Guerilla Forces (FACGF) of General Mariano N. Castaneda , they began

6768-489: The north, in conjunction with a general 14th Army withdrawal across Bataan. On 15 February, 377 Japanese reached their own lines, and the Upper Pocket was abandoned. With the elimination of the Japanese 20th Infantry, I Corps' line was restored on 26 February. On 3 February 1 Lieutenant Willibald C. Bianchi of the 45th Infantry, Philippine Scouts, led a reinforced platoon forward against two enemy machine-gun nests, silenced them with grenades, and despite two gunshot wounds to

6862-457: The offensive with the objective of freeing captured members of the Allied forces and obtaining more than 300 rifles located within the compound. This was the only time an armed force was able to successfully enter New Bilibid. One of the most famous successes of the Hunters ROTC was their participation in the liberation of Los Baños prison camp on February 23, 1945. While units of the 11th Airborne Division came over to Los Baños , members of

6956-621: The port area, from which supplies were being shipped to Bataan and Corregidor. As MacArthur concentrated the South Luzon Force on the Bataan Peninsula and prepared defensive positions, the North Luzon Force delayed the Japanese advance from the north. However, the main force of the Japanese 14th Army's 60,000 men was concentrating on capturing Manila. Only two reinforced Japanese regiments, the 9th Infantry and

7050-609: The rear of Parker's II Corps invitingly open to Japanese exploitation." On 7 April, the Japanese offensive struck Bluemel's Sector C, and soon the San Vicente line collapsed. First retreating to the Mamala River, eventually what was left of Bluemel's 31st and 57th infantry were joined by the 26th Cavalry on the Alangan River. To their right were the remnants of Irwin's Sectors A and B. Similarly, I Corps retreated to

7144-418: The rest scattered in two groups, neither of which landed on the objective of Caibobo Point, but instead 300 landed on Longoskawayan Point and the other 600 on Quinauan Point. The Japanese forces were contained by members of Philippine Constabulary regiments, Francis J. Bridget 's Naval Battalion, gunfire from Battery Geary , support from USS Quail , tanks from the 192nd Tank Battalion , and by personnel of

7238-446: The risks, he led his men in an attempt to disrupt a larger Japanese formation. - **Heroic Sacrifice**: Ver was ultimately killed during this confrontation. His death was a significant loss for the Hunters ROTC, but it galvanized the remaining members to continue the fight in his honor. ### 6. **Legacy** - **Inspiration for Future Resistance**: Miguel Z. Ver’s leadership and ultimate sacrifice inspired other guerrilla groups to continue

7332-535: The roadblock, led by Kearie Berry, followed the coastline to Bagac, but were forced to abandon their trucks and artillery. Battles were fought at Longoskawayan Point from 22 January to 1 February, at Quinauan Point from January 22 to February 8, and at the Silalim-Anyasan from 27 January to 13 February, which were collectively termed the "Battle of the Points". The final result was the complete destruction of

7426-580: The struggle against Japanese occupation, helping to lay the foundation for broader resistance movements in the Philippines. - **Commemoration**: After the war, Ver was remembered as a martyr and hero, with his contributions to the resistance celebrated in Philippine history. These accounts highlight the strategic, courageous, and community-oriented aspects of Ver's leadership during a critical period of Philippine history. Cadet Terry Adevoso refused to go home as cadets were ordered to do and began recruiting fighters willing to undertake guerrilla action against

7520-538: The submarines away. MacArthur intended to move his men with their equipment and supplies in good order to their defensive positions. He charged the North Luzon Force, under Wainwright, with holding back the main Japanese assault and keeping the road to Bataan open for use by the South Luzon Force of Major General George Parker , which proceeded quickly and in remarkably good order, given the chaotic situation. To achieve this, Wainwright deployed his forces in

7614-560: The war. The cadets of these classes formed the nucleus of the Hunters ROTC by January 1942, with Miguel Ver in command, and Eleuterio Adevoso as his executive officer. The Hunters ROTC banded together in a common desire to contribute to the war effort throughout the Bataan campaign . They worked to protect civilians and to assist the USAFFE forces by way of intelligence and propaganda. They were founded in Manila in January 1942 by Miguel Ver of

7708-579: The years before martial law, even if they did not themselves run. Upon the declaration of Martial Law in September 1972, Adevoso was detained along with other political opposition figures. He was only released in September 1974 after languishing in jail as a political prisoner for two years. The Headquarters Philippine Army (HPA) parade ground at Fort Bonifacio is named Hunters ROTC Field. In February 1945, this area of Sakura Heiei (Cherry Blossom Barracks), as this military installation had been renamed by

7802-477: Was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor . Another extreme act of bravery was put forth by Filipino soldier Narciso Ortilano. He was on a water-cooled heavy machine gun when the Japanese burst out of a canebrake in a banzai charge . He shot dozens of the Japanese with his machine gun, then pulled out his Colt .45 and shot five more when the machine gun jammed. Then, when one Japanese soldier stabbed at him with

7896-495: Was General Homma's landing force which included 85 troop transports, two battleships, six cruisers, and two dozen destroyers. The convoy was engaged by three submarines: USS Stingray , USS  Saury , and USS  Salmon , who fired multiple torpedoes into the convoy, most of which failed to explode because of the Mark XIV torpedo 's defective detonators. In all, just two troop ships were sunk before Japanese destroyers chased

7990-552: Was a Filipino war hero famous for his role as leader and co-founder of Hunters ROTC guerilla unit during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines . He was appointed as Secretary of Labor in 1954, under the term of President Ramon Magsaysay . He ran for the Philippine Senate in 1959, but lost. As a member of the opposition, Adevoso was arrested upon the declaration of Martial Law in September 1972. He

8084-482: Was closer to yellow than khaki, and the diary of a dead Japanese officer described them as a suicide squad dressed in brightly colored uniforms and talking loudly in an attempt to draw fire and reveal the enemy positions. On 25 January, Homma ordered the 16th Division commander Susumu Morioka to send 200 men in support of the Quinauan Point beachhead . On 27 January, once again, the landing went off course and

8178-632: Was eventually flown to Australia where he broadcast to the Filipino people his famous "I Shall Return" promise. On 17 March, Washington notified Wainwright of MacArthur's safe arrival in Australia. Additionally, the message stated, "I assume that you are fully acquainted with the various measures that have been instituted for running the blockade and keeping our forces partially supplied with critical items. In an effort to provide you with some air assistance we are placing one or two crated P-40s on each blockade runner, including six converted destroyers of which

8272-747: Was fought by the United States and the Philippine Commonwealth against Imperial Japan during World War II . The battle represented the most intense phase of the Japanese invasion of the Philippines during World War II. In January 1942, forces of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy invaded Luzon along with several islands in the Philippine Archipelago after the bombing of the American naval base at Pearl Harbor . The commander in chief of

8366-558: Was made MacArthur's deputy chief of staff. On the night of 12 March MacArthur, his family, and several USAFFE staff officers left Corregidor for Mindanao aboard four PT boats commanded by Lieutenant Commander John D. Bulkeley . For this, and a number of other feats over the course of four months and eight days, Bulkeley was awarded the Medal of Honor, the Navy Cross , the Distinguished Service Cross and other citations. MacArthur

8460-457: Was only released in September 1974 after languishing in jail as a political prisoner for two years. Terry married Carmen N. Ferrer after the war and had one child, Jesus Terry F. Adevoso (born 1946). He has three grandchildren, only two of whom he actually met; Johanna Patricia Adevoso-Cañal (born 1970) and Jay Paolo Adevoso (born 1971). The third grandchild, Jenna Crystal Adevoso-Galang, was born in 1985. This Filipino biographical article

8554-515: Was ordered to the pursue the retreating Filipino and American forces. Nara assumed the next defensive line would extend from Limay to Mount Mariveles. Thus Nara proceeded to advance against the Orion-Bagac line, assuming it consisted of outer defensives. Nara's objective was to advance south along Trail 2, and then along the eastern base of Mount Samat . Opposing Nara were troops commanded by Bluemel. On 27 January, Nara commenced his attack with

8648-591: Was severely beaten by the Philippine Army. [Enemy] artillery was so accurate and powerful that the Japanese Army feared this most." So additional artillery was added to Kishio Kitajima's Artillery Group, including 300 mm mortars , Type 45 240 mm howitzers , 150 mm mortars and howitzers, and 75 mm mountain guns . Kizo Mikami's 22nd Air Brigade was also augmented with the 60th and 62nd Heavy Bombardment Regiments. The 1st Baloon Company provided additional aerial observation. On 22 March, King ignored

8742-513: Was supposed to hold that position for several days, enabling preparation of the Abucay Line. Selleck was assigned four regiments for the task, the American 31st Infantry and Scout 26th Cavalry , and the Philippine 71st and 72nd infantry regiments from the 71st Division . These units occupied the position on 3 January, and on 6 January were attacked by units from the Imai Detachment, commanded by Hifumi Imai. As more Japanese arrived during

8836-486: Was the largest United States surrender since the American Civil War 's Battle of Harpers Ferry . Soon afterwards, U.S. and Filipino prisoners of war were forced into the roughly 65 miles (105 km) Bataan Death March . In 1936, Douglas MacArthur was appointed Field Marshal of the Philippine army, given the task of developing an effective defensive force before independence in 1946. Chief of Staff of

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