35°36′N 74°39′E / 35.600°N 74.650°E / 35.600; 74.650
78-547: The Hunza Valley ( Burushaski : ہُنزݳ دِش , romanized: Hunza Dish ; Wakhi / Urdu : وادی ہنزہ ) is a mountainous valley located in the northern region of the Gilgit-Baltistan , Pakistan . The valley stretches along the Hunza River and shares borders Ishkoman to the northwest, Shigar to the southeast, Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor to the north, and China 's Xinjiang region to
156-513: A Kashmiri way of speaking the language. The Srinagar variety of Burushaski has only 300 speakers. Burushaski primarily has five vowels, /i e a o u/. There are two sets of long vowels, distinguished by whether it's the first or the second mora that bears a stress or higher pitch. Various contractions result in long vowels; stressed vowels (marked with acute accents in Berger's transcription) tend to be longer and less "open" than unstressed ones ( [i e
234-1379: A consonant with the letter round he ( ھ ) that represent aspirated consonants that occur in Burushaski. Below tables show how vowels are written in different parts of the word. Below poetry, written in praise of University of Karachi for its role in documentation and preservation of Burushaski language and literature, is presented as a sample text in Burushaski Arabic alphabet, alongside Urdu and English translation of each verse. ذاتِ خدا یَکُ ڎُم کھݸت بݺ اکھݵݽ رَحمتَن جامعهٔ کراچی میر اݹدِکِھرَس نِعمَتَن جامعهٔ کراچی میر تازہ جَہانَن بِلݳ چشمِ بصیرت پُھٹ اݺ عَقَلݺ نِشانَن بِلݳ رَبِّ تَعالیٰ کرم! علم و ادب بُٹ اُیَم! اَلتݸ جَہانِݣ ݽِقَم! شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا! علم و ادبݺ صاحِبان، فضل و ہُنرݺ کامِلان! اُیون کݺ اُیون دوستان! شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا! جامِعَه کُڎ نامدار، اسپِ قلَمݺ شَہسَوار علم و ادبݺ تاجدار شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا! جامِعَه آبِ حیات مَعَلِّمِین اُبون باغبان شگِرِشݸ ڞا ݽِقَم بَسݵݣ شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا! تازہ گلابݺ نَس اُیَم، دوستیݺ تھݸمَلݺ تَھس اُیَم قَلَم گیݸ شان کݺ ہَس اُیَم شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا! یَرمݸ ہݸئیلتَرڎ نصیر! جامِعه گمَنا بݵیَم؟ تِک نُمݳ سݵن تِل اَکول شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا! Burushaski
312-507: A diverse religious history with it being home to several historic religious sites like the ancient watchtowers in Ganish village, Baltit Fort on top of karimabad which was built by the Mirs about 800 years ago , which is a historic landmark for hunza and Altit Fort (at the bottom of the valley). In the 8th century AD, a huge Buddha figure surrounded by small Buddhisatvas was discovered carved on
390-568: A few other words). Berger (1998) finds the following consonants to be phonemic , shown below in the IPA and in his romanization scheme: Notes: Burushaski is predominantly a spoken rather than a written language. One of the earliest examples of modern Burushaski literature was the poetry written by Prof. Allamah Nasiruddin Nasir Hunzai in the 1940s. He began by using the Urdu alphabet to write
468-492: A height of 4,693 meters (over 15,000 feet above sea level), is the highest paved international border crossing in the world. Strategically located on Pakistan's northern border and China's southwest border, it connects the two countries via Gilgit-Baltistan, making it a significant landmark of the Hunza Valley. Hiking treks include Ondra Poygah Gulmit and Leopard Trek Shiskhat. The valley is popularly believed to be one of
546-672: A majority of linguists . Some hypotheses posit a genealogical relationship between Burushaski and the North Caucasian languages , Kartvelian languages , Yeniseian languages and/or Indo-European languages , usually in proposed macrofamilies : Blench (2008) notes that the supposed evidence for external relationships of Burushaski rely on lexical data which may be better explained as originating from language contact. In particular, almost all Burushaski agricultural vocabulary appears to be borrowed from Dardic , Tibeto-Burman , and North Caucasian languages. Following Berger (1956),
624-803: A new road goes west over the Kulma Pass to join the Pamir Highway in Gorno-Badakhshan , Tajikistan. The main road continues over a low pass (where the population becomes Tajik) and descends to Tashkurgan . Further south, a valley and jeep track leads west toward the Wakhjir Pass to the Wakhan Corridor . Next the road turns west to a checkpost and small settlement at Pirali, and then the Khunjerab Pass , beyond which
702-445: A o u] as opposed to [ɪ ɛ ʌ ɔ ʊ] ). Some have described this as an intentional utterance of a rising tone or a falling tone. For example, a word óosanam اوسَنَم ‘i made them say’ has a falling tone and the stress is on first mora. Another word, oósanam اݹسَنَم ‘i did not say’ has a rising tone and stress is on the second mora. Long vowels only ever appear in stressed syllables, and will thus carry one tone or
780-422: A rock. Prehistoric men and animal figures are carved on rocks along the valley. Hunza also houses several lakes in its vicinity including Attabad Lake , Borith Lake , Shimshal Lakes, Hassanabad Lake. It is also home to the 57 km long Batura Glacier , the fifth-longest glacier in the world outside the polar region , is surrounded by Shispare , Batura , and Kumpirdior peaks. The Khunjerab Pass , standing at
858-469: A rule uncountable abstractions or mass nouns, such as rice, fire, water, snow, wool, etc. However, these rules are not universal – countable objects in the y-class are sometimes encountered, e.g. ha , 'house'. Related words can subtly change their meanings when used in different classes – for example, bayú , when a member of the x-class, means salt in clumps, but when in the y-class, it means powdered salt. Fruit trees are understood collectively and placed in
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#1732773071056936-523: A single person with diseases such as cancer, stomach ulcers or appendicitis. The research shows that high levels of exercise due the landscape and geography allows for them to be active and agile which factors in with their longevity , along with consumption of apricot seeds and oils, and the glacier water which contains minerals. Burushaski language Burushaski ( / ˌ b ʊr ʊ ˈ ʃ æ s k i / ; Burushaski : بُرُݸشَسکݵ , romanized: burúśaski , IPA: [bʊˈruːɕʌskiː] )
1014-501: A unique plural suffix, whose form depends on the class of the noun they modify, e.g. burúm 'white' gives the x-class plural burum-išo and the y-class plural burúm-ing . Examples of pluralisation in Burushaski: Burushaski is an ergative language. It has five primary cases . The case suffixes are appended to the plural suffix, e.g. Huséiniukutse , 'the people of Hussein' (ergative plural). The genitive ending
1092-570: Is 3,360 m (11,020 ft), followed by 2,736 m (8,976 ft), 435 m (1,427 ft), 410 m (1,350 ft) and 195 m (640 ft), while the Shishkat Great Bridge on Hunza River is 1,480 m (4,860 ft) long. The realignment restored the road link between Pakistan and China. The Chinese section of the Karakoram Highway follows the north-south Sarykol ("Yellow Lake") valley just west of
1170-490: Is Pakistan, the Khunjerab River and Hunza . In recent years the highway has sought to become a 'niche' adventure tourism destination although Pakistan attracts few international tourists compared to domestic ones. But in recent years, owing to the improved security situation in the country, the number of foreign tourists coming to Pakistan has more than tripled since 2013, standing at 1.75 million in 2016. Among
1248-559: Is a double-marking language and word order is generally subject–object–verb . Nouns in Burushaski are divided into four genders : human masculine, human feminine, countable objects, and uncountable ones (similar to mass nouns ). The assignment of a noun to a particular gender is largely predictable. Some words can belong both to the countable and to the uncountable class, producing differences in meaning. For example, when countable, báalt means 'apple' but when uncountable, it means 'apple tree' (Grune 1998). Noun morphology consists of
1326-713: Is a language isolate , spoken by the Burusho people , who predominantly reside in northern Gilgit-Baltistan , Pakistan . There are also a few hundred speakers of this language in northern Jammu and Kashmir , India . In Pakistan, Burushaski is spoken by people in the Hunza District , the Nagar District , the northern Gilgit District , the Yasin Valley in the Gupis-Yasin District and
1404-733: Is a very voluminous Buddhist tantra of the 'Ancient' ( rNying ma ) school of Tibetan Buddhism, preserved in Tibetan as the mDo dgongs 'dus , which has been the subject of numerous Tibetological publications, including a recent monograph by Jacob P. Dalton, The Gathering of Intentions , which is supposed to be translated from the Burushaski ( bru zha'i skad ). It contains words that are not Sanskrit but which have not, thus far, been demonstrated satisfactorily to be relatable either to Burushaski, or to any other language (or, for that matter, to be purely "elfic" ). If at least part of this text had actually been translated from Burushaski, it would make it one of
1482-520: Is difficult, and Yasin is sometimes considered a distinct language and thought to be the "pure" or "original" Burushaski by the speakers of Yasin valley itself. Yasin is the least affected by contact with neighboring languages , though speakers are bilingual in Khowar . Yasin is spoken by a quarter of Burushaski speakers. In India , Jammu & Kashmir Burushaski (JKB) "has developed divergent linguistic features which make it systematically different from
1560-720: Is famous for its glaciers and meadows. Karakoram Highway provides the pathway to expeditions for almost all peaks in Gilgit–Baltistan , Kashmir and several peaks in Xinjiang China. The region includes some of the world's largest glaciers like the Baltoro and Siachen Glaciers . Two of the Eight-thousanders (mountains taller than 8,000 m (26,000 ft)) of the world that are in Pakistan are accessible by
1638-481: Is irregular, /mo/, for singular f-class nouns, but /-e/ in all others (identical to the ergative ending). The dative ending, /-ar/, /-r/ is attached to the genitive ending for singular f-class nouns, but to the stem for all others. Examples: The genitive is placed before the thing possessed: Hunzue tham , 'the Emir of Hunza.' The endings of the secondary cases are formed from a secondary case suffix (or infix) and one of
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#17327730710561716-649: Is the citation form and is also used for imperatives and nominalization ; the consecutive stem is similar to a past participle and is used for coordination . Agreement on the verb has both nominative and ergative features: transitive verbs and unaccusatives mark both the subject and the object of a clause, while unergatives verbs mark only subject agreement on the verb. Altogether, a verb can take up to four prefixes and six suffixes. In Burushaski, there are four noun classes , similar to declensional classes in Indo-European languages , but unlike Indo-European,
1794-442: Is unmarked, while the plural is expressed by means of suffix, which vary depending on the class of the noun: Some nouns admit two or three different suffixes, while others have no distinctive suffix, and occur only in the plural, e.g. bras 'rice', gur 'wheat', bishké , 'fur', (cf. plurale tantum ). On the other hand, there are also nouns which have identical forms in the singular and plural, e.g. hagúr 'horses'. Adjectives have
1872-631: The American Heritage dictionaries suggested that the word *abel ' apple ', the only name for a fruit (tree) reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European , may have been borrowed from a language ancestral to Burushaski. ("Apple" and "apple tree" are báalt in modern Burushaski.) Kashmiri linguist Sadaf Munshi stated that Burushaski may have developed alongside the Dravidian languages before the Indo-Aryan migration to South Asia, mentioning
1950-533: The Eurasian Plate and Indian Plate , where China, Tajikistan , Afghanistan , and Pakistan come within 250 km (160 mi) of each other. Owing largely to the extremely sensitive state of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan, the Karakoram Highway has strategic and military importance to these nations, but particularly Pakistan and China. On 30 June 2006, a memorandum of understanding
2028-575: The Gilgit–Baltistan region to the ancient Silk Road , runs approximately 1,300 km (810 mi) from Kashgar , a city in the Xinjiang region of China, to Abbottabad , of Pakistan. An extension of the highway southwest from Abbottabad , in the form of the N-35 highway , meets the Grand Trunk Road, N-5 , at Hasan Abdal , Pakistan. The highway cuts through the collision zone between
2106-835: The Ishkoman Valley of the northern Ghizer District . Their native region is located in northern Gilgit–Baltistan . It also borders the Pamir corridor to the north. In India, Burushaski is spoken in Botraj Mohalla of the Hari Parbat region in Srinagar . It is generally believed that the language was spoken in a much wider area in the past. It is also known as Werchikwar and Miśa:ski . Attempts have been made to establish links between Burushaski and several different language families, although none has been accepted by
2184-754: The Khunjerab Pass in Gilgit-Baltistan , where it crosses into China and becomes China National Highway 314 . The highway connects the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa plus Gilgit-Baltistan with China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . The highway is a popular tourist attraction and is one of the highest paved roads in the world, passing through the Karakoram mountain range, at 36°51′00″N 75°25′40″E / 36.85000°N 75.42778°E / 36.85000; 75.42778 at maximum elevation of 4,714 m (15,466 ft) near Khunjerab Pass . Due to its high elevation and
2262-517: The Tarim Basin . The road from Kashgar goes southwest about 80 km (50 mi) and then turns west to enter the Gez (Ghez) River canyon between Chakragil mountain on the north and Kongur Tagh mountain on the south. From the Gez canyon the population becomes Kirgiz. Having climbed up to the valley, the road turns south past Kongur, Karakul Lake , and Muztagh Ata on the east. Below Muztagh Ata,
2340-534: The UK were successfully rescued alive while their companion Christian Huber from Austria had succumbed to the avalanche. Britain's High Commissioner Thomas Drew in Pakistan termed the mission "remarkable and dangerous". The local languages spoken include Burushaski , Wakhi and Shina . The literacy rate of the Hunza valley is more than 95%.The establishment of community schools that provide high quality education ,and
2418-525: The $ 46 billion China Pakistan Economic Corridor , reconstruction and upgrade works on the Pakistani portion of the Karakoram Highway (KKH) are underway. The KKH spans the 806 km (501 mi) long distance between the China-Pakistan border and the town of Hasan Abdal . At Burhan Interchange near Hasan Abdal, the existing M1 motorway will intersect the Karakoram Highway. From there, access onwards to Islamabad and Lahore continues as part of
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2496-564: The Himalayas, marked by the ninth highest peak in the world, Nanga Parbat , can be seen from the highway. The highway passes through the capital of Gilgit–Baltistan , Gilgit , and continues through the valleys of Nagar and Hunza , along the Hunza River . Some of the highest mountains and famous glaciers in Karakoram can be seen in this section. The highway meets the Pakistani-Chinese border at Khunjerab Pass . As part of
2574-968: The Hunza River backed up. The landslide completely covered sections of the Karakoram Highway. ‹The template Manual is being considered for merging .› The Hunza Valley is home to several high peaks that rise above 7,000 m in its the surroundings. These include Rakaposhi , Distaghil Sar , Batura , Batura II , Batura III , Muchu Chhish , Kunyang Chhish , Shispare , Passu Sar , Kanjut Sar , Yukshin Gardan Sar , Pumari Chhish , and Momhil Sar . The valley provides views of several mountains, including Ultar Sar 7,388 m (24,239 ft), Bojahagur Duanasir II 7,329 m (24,045 ft), Ghenta Peak 7,090 m (15,631 ft), Hunza Peak 6,270 m (20,571 ft), Darmyani Peak 6,090 m (19,980 ft), and Bublimating (Ladyfinger Peak) 6,000 m (19,685 ft). Hunza Valley has
2652-471: The Ismaili sect. The region has many works of graffiti in the ancient Brahmi script written on rocks, produced by Buddhist monks as a form of worship and culture. With most locals converting to Islam, they had been mainly left ignored, destroyed, or forgotten, but are now being restored. "Hunza was formerly a princely state bordering Xinjiang (autonomous region of China ) to the northeast and Pamir to
2730-756: The Karakoram Highway to the southern port of Gwadar in Balochistan through the Chinese-aided Gwadar - Dalbandin railway, which extends to Rawalpindi . On 4 January 2010, the KKH was closed in the Hunza Valley , eliminating through traffic to China except by small boats. A massive landslide 15 km (9.3 mi) upstream from Hunza's capital of Karimabad created the potentially unstable Attabad Lake , which reached 22 km (14 mi) in length and over 100 m (330 ft) in depth by
2808-639: The Pakistani section of the highway starts at Abbottabad , although the N-35 of which KKH is now part, officially starts from Hasan Abdal. The highway meets the Indus River at Thakot and continues along the river until Jaglot , where the Gilgit River joins the Indus River . This is where three great mountain ranges meet: the Hindukush , the Himalayas , and the Karakoram . The western end of
2886-537: The Pakistani side, the road was constructed by FWO (Frontier Works Organisation), employing the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers . The Engineer-in-Chief's Branch of the Pakistani Army completed a project documenting the history of the highway. The book History of Karakoram Highway was written by Brigadier (Retired) Muhammad Mumtaz Khalid in two volumes. In the first volume, the author discusses
2964-593: The Urdu-based and the Latin-based orthography. In the years, 2006, 2009, and 2013, a 3-volume Burushaski- Urdu Dictionary was compiled in a collaboration between the "Burushaski Research Academy" and the University of Karachi , under the auspices of Prof. Allamah Nasiruddin Nasir Hunzai and published by the university's "Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation". This dictionary uses primarily
3042-565: The Urdu-derived alphabet, while employing Berger's Latin alphabet-derived orthography in a supplementary capacity. Tibetan sources record a Bru zha language of the Gilgit valley, which appears to have been Burushaski and the script of which was one of five used also to write the extinct Zhangzhung language . Although Burushaski may once have been a significant literary language , no Bru zha manuscripts are known to have survived. There
3120-586: The basic forms is given in the following table: Karakoram Highway The Karakoram Highway ( Urdu : شاہراہ قراقرم , Śāhirāh-i Qarāquram ), also known as the KKH , National Highway 35 ( Urdu : قومی شاہراہ ۳۵ ), N-35 , and the China–Pakistan Friendship Highway , is a 1,300 km (810 mi) national highway which extends from Hasan Abdal in the Punjab province of Pakistan to
3198-412: The body and kinship terms are accompanied by an obligatory pronominal prefix. Thus, one cannot simply say 'mother' or 'arm' in Burushaski, but only 'my arm', 'your mother', 'his father', etc. For example, the root mi 'mother', is never found in isolation, instead one finds: The pronominal, or personal, prefixes agree with the person, number and – in the third person, the class of their noun. A summary of
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3276-523: The capital Gilgit." According to an account written by John Biddulph in his book Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh : The ruling family of Hunza is called Ayesha "aya-sha" (heavenly). The two states of Hunza and Nagar were formerly one, ruled by a branch of the Shahreis, the ruling family of Gilgit , whose seat of government was Nagar . First [M]uslim came to Hunza-Nagar Valley some 1000 years (At
3354-440: The completion of the bypass, all vehicular traffic had to be loaded onto boats to traverse the new reservoir. Construction of the tunnels began in 2012 and required 36 months for completion. The 24 km (15 mi) long series of bridges and tunnels was inaugurated on 15 September 2015 at a cost of $ 275 million and was hailed as a major accomplishment. The route comprises five tunnels and several bridges. The longest tunnel
3432-760: The difficult conditions under which it was constructed, it is often referred to as the Eighth Wonder of the World . The highway is also a part of the Asian Highway AH4 . The Karakoram Highway, also known as the Friendship Highway in China, was built by the governments of China and Pakistan. It was started in 1962 and was completed and opened to the public in 1978. Pakistan initially favored routing through Mintaka Pass . In 1966, China, citing
3510-548: The existing M1 and M2 motorways, while Hasan Abdal will also be at intersection of the Eastern Alignment , and the Western Alignment which will lead towards the port city of Gwadar . A large section of the highway was damaged by a landslide in 2010 that created Attabad Lake . The resulting landslides cut off both the Hunza River and Karakoram Highway resulting in the formation of the reservoir. Prior to
3588-476: The fact that Mintaka would be more susceptible to air strikes, recommended the steeper Khunjerab Pass instead. About 810 Pakistanis and about 200 Chinese workers died, mostly in landslides and falls, while building the highway. Over 140 Chinese workers who died during the construction are buried in the Chinese cemetery in Gilgit. The route of the KKH traces one of the many paths of the ancient Silk Road . On
3666-620: The fact that both possess retroflex sounds . Burushaski is spoken by about 120,000 speakers in Pakistan, and also by a few hundred in India. In Pakistan, it is spoken in three main valleys: Yasin , Hunza , and Nagar . The varieties of Hunza and Nagar diverge slightly, but are clearly dialects of a single language. The Yasin variety, also known by the Khowar exonym Werchikwar , is much more divergent. Intelligibility between Yasin and Hunza-Nagar
3744-522: The first week of June 2010 when it finally began flowing over the landslide dam. The landslide destroyed parts of villages while killing many inhabitants. The subsequent lake displaced thousands and inundated over 20 km (12 mi) of the KKH, including the 310 m (1,020 ft) long KKH bridge 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Gulmit . It is highly questionable whether the lake, which reached 27 km (17 mi) in length in 2011, will drain. Goods from and to further north were transported over
3822-457: The highway and from Rawalpindi and Lahore . The largest company is Northern Areas Transport Corporation (NATCO). Other companies are Masherbrum Travel, Silk Route Travel, K-2 movers, Anchan Travel, and Saeed Travel. On 1 June 2006, daily bus service began between Gilgit , Gilgit–Baltistan , and Kashgar , Xinjiang, through the Sust and Tashkorgan border area. The KKH is best travelled in
3900-473: The highway. The notable mountains that can be directly seen while travelling on the highway are: Many glaciers can be seen while travelling on the highway: Several rivers and lakes are made accessible by the highway. These include: There are more than 50,000 pieces of rock art and petroglyphs all along the highway that are concentrated at ten major sites between Hunza and Shatial . The carvings were left by invaders, traders, and pilgrims who passed along
3978-540: The influence of the Aga Khan Mirs , contributing towards building universities for higher education have directed towards the high literacy rate in Hunza Valley , especially for girls. The historical area of Hunza and present northern Pakistan has had, over the centuries, mass migrations, conflicts and resettling of tribes and ethnicities, of which the Shina people are the most prominent in regional history. People of
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#17327730710564056-625: The inspiration for the mythical valley of Shangri-La in James Hilton's 1933 novel, Lost Horizon . On 1 July 2018, Pakistan Army pilots rescued 3 foreign mountaineers stuck in a snow avalanche at above the height of 19,000 feet (5,800 m) on Ultar Sar Peak near Hunza. The weather conditions had made it difficult for the Army helicopter to go forth with a rescue operation on the 7,388 metres (24,239 ft) high Ultar Sar . Nonetheless, they completed it. Bruce Normand and Timothy Miller from
4134-522: The lake by small vessels, to be reloaded onto trucks at the other end. In July 2012, Pakistan began constructing a revised route around the lake at a higher elevation with five new tunnels, with a total length of 7.12 km and two new bridges. The work was contracted out to the China Road & Bridge Corporation (CRBC) and was completed in September 2015. At 806 km (501 mi) in length,
4212-664: The land and the people, the pre-historic communication system in the Northern Areas, the need for an all-weather road link with Gilgit , and the construction of Indus Valley Road. The second volume records events leading to the conversion of the Indus Valley Road to the Karakoram Highway, the difficulties in its construction, and the role of the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers and their Chinese counterparts in its construction. The highway, connecting
4290-621: The language, but soon realized that Urdu script was not adequate to the task, since it lacked the necessary letters to represent certain phonemes unique to Burushaski. This led him to undertake the task of devising a standardised Urdu -derived alphabet geared specifically to the accurate transcription of the Burushaski language. To this end, he went on to create the new consonants ݼ [tsʰ], څ [ʈʂ], ڎ [ts], ݽ [ʂ], ڞ [ʈʂʰ], and ݣ [ŋ]. Furthermore, innovative writers of Burushaski began to use superscript Urdu numbers to indicate different stress patterns, tones and vowel-lengths. For example, in Burushaski,
4368-455: The letter ـو ( waw ) represents a long vowel with a falling tone, "óo". The letter ـݸ ( waw with a superscript 2 ) represents a short vowel "o", and the letter ـݹ ( waw with a superscript 3) represents a long vowel with a rising tone, "oó". Parallel to this, a Latin-derived orthography was created by Hermann Berger - a system which has found favour among many researchers and linguists. The "Burushaski Research Academy" currently recognises both
4446-417: The literacy success and overall well-being of the people of Hunza and the valley itself. The longevity of Hunza people has been noted by some, but others refute this as a longevity myth promoted by the lack of birth records. There is no evidence that Hunza life expectancy is significantly above the average of poor, isolated regions of Pakistan. Claims of health and long life were almost always based solely on
4524-404: The major monuments of an apparently lost literature. Below table shows the standardized orthography used in University of Karachi -published Burushaski-Urdu Dictionary. In addition, linguists working on Burushaski use various makeshift transcriptions based on the Latin alphabet, most commonly that by Berger (see below), in their publications. Below table shows the digraphs, a combination of
4602-407: The most beautiful destinations in the world. KKH provides a cross country road trip from Hasan Abdal, Pakistan to Kashgar. Naltar Valley is one of the most scenic valleys accessed via Karakoram Highway. The valley offers snow clad mountains, sky high peaks, alpine ski slopes, high altitude lakes, glaciers and mountain passes. Bishgiri Lake is one of the highest lakes in Pakistan. While Pakora Pass
4680-413: The nominal classes in Burushaski are associated with four grammatical "genders": Below, the abbreviation " h " will stand for the combination of the m- and f-classes, while " hx " will stand for the combination of the m-, f- and x-classes. Nouns in the x-class typically refer to countable, non-human beings or things, for example animals, fruit, stones, eggs, or coins; conversely, nouns in the y-class are as
4758-408: The north/west, and to Moghlot the south/east bank of the river. On 4 January 2010, a landslide blocked the river and created Attabad Lake (also called Shishket Lake), resulting in 20 deaths and 8 injuries and effectively blocked about 26 kilometres (16 mi) of the Karakoram Highway . The new lake extends 30 kilometres (19 mi) and rose to a depth of 400 feet (120 m) when it was formed as
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#17327730710564836-410: The northeast. The valley floor sits at an elevation of 2,438 meters (7,999 feet). Geographically, the Hunza Valley is divided into three parts: Upper Hunza ( Gojal ), Central Hunza, and Lower Hunza ( Shinaki ). Buddhism and, to a lesser extent, Bön were the primary religions in the area. The region holds several surviving Buddhist archaeological sites, such as the Sacred Rock of Hunza . Hunza Valley
4914-408: The northwest, which survived until 1974, when it was finally dissolved by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . The state bordered the Gilgit Agency to the south and the former princely state of Nagar to the east. The state capital was the town of Baltit (also known as Karimabad ); another old settlement is Ganish Village which means 'Baba Ganesh village' (a Hindu name, Ganesh being name of a hindu deity). Hunza
4992-477: The noun stem, a possessive prefix (mandatory for some nouns, and thus an example of inherent possession), and number and case suffixes . Distinctions in number are singular, plural, indefinite, and grouped. Cases include absolutive , ergative / oblique , genitive , and several locatives ; the latter indicate both location and direction and may be compounded. Burushaski verbs have three basic stems: past tense, present tense, and consecutive. The past stem
5070-434: The other. As for short vowels, mid vowels and open vowels [e], [o], [a] can appear in either stressed syllables or unstressed syllables. Short close vowels [i] and [u] usually only appear in unstressed syllables. Furthermore, the pair [i] and [u] alternate with [e] and [o] respectively in a stressed syllable. All vowels have nasal counterparts in Hunza (in some expressive words) and in Nager (also in proper names and
5148-481: The primary endings /-e/, /-ar/ or /-um/. These endings are directional, /-e/ being locative (answering 'where?'), /-ar/ being terminative (answering 'where to?'), and /-um/ being ablative (answering 'where from?'). The infixes, and their basic meanings, are as follows: From these, the following secondary or compound cases are formed: The regular endings /-ul-e/ and /-ul-ar/ are archaic and are now replaced by /-ul-o/ and /-ar-ulo/ respectively. Nouns indicating parts of
5226-433: The region have recounted their historical traditions down the generations. The Hunza Valley is also home to some Wakhi , who migrated there from northeastern Afghanistan beginning in the nineteenth century onwards. The majority of residents in Hunza belong to the Ismaili Shia sect. They believe that Aga Khan IV is their religious figurehead and transcendent. He is also believed to be the biggest promotor and contributor towards
5304-526: The spring or early autumn. Heavy snow during harsh winters can shut the highway down for extended periods. Heavy monsoon rains around July and August cause occasional landslides that can block the road for hours or more. The border crossing between China and Pakistan at Khunjerab Pass is open only between 1 May and 31 December. The proposed Xinjiang-GB-Azad Kashmir road would be linked to Yarkant County in Xinjiang , and enter Gilgit-Baltistan through Mustagh Pass , 126 km west of Ladakh , crossing
5382-445: The statements by the local mir (king). An author who had significant and sustained contact with Burusho people , John Clark, reported that they were overall unhealthy. However, whether or not their putative longevity is true, it is undoubtable that the Hunza people lead a healthy lifestyle along with a healthy diet. Many researchers have lived with the Hunza people to answer this mystery including Robert McCarrison who did not discover
5460-442: The time of Imam Islām Shāh 30th Imam Ismaili Muslims). After the introduction of Islam to Gilgit, married a daughter of Trakhan of Gilgit, who bore him twin sons, named Moghlot and Girkis. From the former, the present ruling family of Nager is descended. The twins are said to have shown hostility to one another from birth. Thereupon their father, unable to settle the question of succession, divided his state between them, giving Girkis
5538-461: The tourist destinations in the country, KKH is deemed as the "third best" by The Guardian . BBC Travel cited its popularity to some as "the 8th wonder of the world", while also noting its negative impact on local environment and culture. The road has given mountaineers and cyclists easier access to the many high mountains, glaciers, and lakes in the area. The highway provides access to Gilgit and Skardu from Islamabad by road. These are
5616-418: The trade route, as well as by locals. The earliest date back to between 5000 and 1000 BC, showing single animals, triangular men, and hunting scenes in which the animals are larger than the hunters. These carvings were pecked into the rock with stone tools and are covered with a thick patina that yields their age. There are several transport companies in Pakistan that offer bus service between major towns of
5694-522: The two major hubs for mountaineering expeditions in the Gilgit–Baltistan region of Pakistan administered Kashmir . The Gilgit–Baltistan Administration of Pakistan-administered Kashmir and the Xinjiang Administration of China have signed an agreement to issue border passes to their permanent residents. This pass is valid for a calendar year and is used to travel through Khunjerab Pass only. Karakoram Highway has been described as one of
5772-454: The varieties spoken in Pakistan." The dialect of Burushashki spoken in India has been influenced by Kashmiri , as well as Hindi and Urdu . Unique to JKB is the features of vowel syncopation . Jammu & Kashmir Burushaski shares more similarities with the dialect spoken in Nagar than with that spoken in Hunza. The Srinagar variety of Burushaski has been known as low toned and is spoken
5850-476: The y-class, but their individual fruits belong to the x-class. Objects made of particular materials can belong to either the x- or the y- class: stone and wood are in the x-class, but metal and leather in the y-class. The article , adjectives , numerals and other attributes must be in agreement with the noun class of their subject. There are two numbers in Burushaski: singular and plural . The singular
5928-557: Was an independent principality for more than 900 years and then in the early 1800s, Hunza played a vital role in the British " Great Game ". In 1891 Hunza was captured by the British Empire, and the ruler of Hunza, Mir Safdar Ali Khan, fled to Kashgar , China, and the British army installed his brother Mir Nazim Khan (1892-1938) as a puppet ruler of Hunza Valley, but all orders were passed by British officers who were appointed in
6006-434: Was central in the network of trading routes connecting Central Asia to the subcontinent. It also provided protection to Buddhist missionaries and monks visiting the subcontinent, and the region played a significant role in the transmission of Buddhism throughout Asia. Before the arrival of Islam, the majority of the region practiced Buddhism. Since then, most of the population has converted to Islam , predominantly following
6084-628: Was signed between the Pakistani National Highway Authority (NHA) and China's State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) to rebuild and upgrade the Karakoram Highway. According to SASAC, the width will be expanded from 10 to 30 m (33 to 98 ft), and its transport capacity will be increased three times its current capacity. In addition, the upgraded road will be designed to particularly accommodate heavy-laden vehicles and extreme weather conditions. China and Pakistan are planning to link
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