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27-432: Traditional hurdles were made from wattle , but modern designs for fencing are now frequently made of metal. They are used for handling livestock, as decorative fencing, for steeplechasing and in the track and field event of hurdling and shuttle hurdle relay . Traditional hurdles are made from wattle, usually of hazel or willow . Hurdle-making is a traditional woodland craft , made by placing upright sticks in holes in

54-504: A cattle crush . While individual hurdles are easily knocked over by animals, when joined in a ring or to solid objects they make a secure fence. Single hurdles are often used as a temporary gate or to block a gap in a hedge . Hurdles are often supplied in a set together with a mobile cattle crush and a trailer for easy transport. Wattle hurdles are also used in hedges and river restoration. They are an environmentally friendly way of adding strength to river banks to stop erosion and create

81-515: A common building material for wall and ceiling surfaces, in which a series of nailed wooden strips are covered with plaster smoothed into a flat surface. In many regions this building method has itself been overtaken by drywall construction using plasterboard sheets. The wattle is made by weaving thin branches (either whole, or more usually split) or slats between upright stakes. The wattle may be made as loose panels, slotted between timber framing to make infill panels, or made in place to form

108-493: A flat surface. Many historic buildings include wattle and daub construction, mostly as infill panels in timber frame construction. Wattle and daub Wattle and daub is a composite building method used for making walls and buildings, in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called " wattle " is "daubed" with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung and straw. Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6,000 years and

135-468: A frame or placed into the ground. Starting at the bottom, flexible willow shoots, called withies , are woven in and out of the uprights (staves). In England the Romans used wattlework for various purposes, as for the lining of wells, as at Caersws. ... In these Romano-British examples the wattling does not appear to have been in frames, as the rounded daubing of the ends of the wattling was found. Apparently

162-419: A living space for wild plants and animals. Hurdles are also used to aid the growth of new hedges. They protect the young hedge plants and will slowly rot away as the hedge grows making a stronger hedge when it is time for laying a mature hedge. Hurdles used as jumps in hunt racing are similar to traditional hurdles. The barriers used in human track and field hurdling vary. A bar firmly attached to two posts

189-450: A log and weaving split branches between them. Historically they were used to pen livestock or to separate land in open field systems , but they are now popular as decorative fencing for gardens . In medieval England such a hurdle was sometimes used as a makeshift sledge , to which a prisoner was tied to be dragged behind a horse to a place of execution . Hurdles were also used for crossing rivers at fording points. Dublin 's name in

216-434: A system of augered holes on one side and short chiseled grooves along the other. The holes (along with holes of square paneling) are drilled at a slight angle towards the outer face of each stud. This allows room for upright hazels to be tied to ledgers from the inside of the building. The horizontal ledgers are placed every two to three feet (0.6 to 0.9 metres) with whole hazel rods positioned upright top to bottom and lashed to

243-538: Is daubed with a plaster-like substance to make a weather-resistant wall. Evidence of wattle construction was found at Woodcutts Settlement from the British Iron Age , and the Roman Vitruvius wrote about wattles in his book on architecture, De architectura , but the technique goes back to Neolithic times. The construction of wattles starts with the uprights, whether they are set into

270-451: Is daubed with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil , clay , sand , animal dung and straw. Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6,000 years, and is still an important construction material in many parts of the world. The technique is similar to modern lath and plaster , a common building material for wall and ceiling surfaces, in which a series of nailed wooden strips are covered with plaster smoothed into

297-730: Is common in the architecture of traditional houses such as those of the Ashanti people . Its usage dates back at least 6,000 years. There are suggestions that construction techniques such as lath and plaster and even cob may have evolved from wattle and daub. Fragments from prehistoric wattle and daub buildings have been found in Africa, Europe, Mesoamerica and North America. Evidence for wattle and daub (or "wattle and reed") fire pits, storage bins, and buildings shows up in Egyptian archaeological sites such as Merimda and El Omari, dating back to

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324-413: Is provided by straw, hair, hay or other fibrous materials, and helps to hold the mix together as well as to control shrinkage and provide flexibility. The daub may be mixed by hand, or by treading – either by humans or livestock . It is then applied to the wattle and allowed to dry, and often then whitewashed to increase its resistance to rain. Sometimes there can be more than one layer of daub. At

351-637: Is still an important construction method in many parts of the world. Many historic buildings include wattle and daub construction. The wattle and daub technique has been used since the Neolithic period. It was common for houses of Linear pottery and Rössen cultures of middle Europe, but is also found in Western Asia ( Çatalhöyük , Shillourokambos ) as well as in North America ( Mississippian culture ) and South America ( Brazil ). In Africa it

378-438: Is used for long distances, while a light metal frame on a stand is used for sprint hurdling. Wattle (construction) Wattle is made by weaving flexible branches around upright stakes to form a woven lattice. The wattle may be made into an individual panel, commonly called a hurdle , or it may be formed into a continuous fence . Wattles also form the basic structure for wattle and daub wall construction, where wattling

405-721: The Irish language , namely Baile Átha Cliath , means "town of the hurdled ford". Modern livestock hurdles, known as panels or "pipe panels" in the USA, are used for sorting, handling or loading animals where permanent fencing is impractical or uneconomic. They are made of steel or aluminium , and vary in size. For sheep, they are usually 6 ft (1.8 m) long and 3 ft 1 in (0.94 m) high, while for cattle they are commonly 9 ft (2.7 m) or more long and 5 ft (1.5 m) high. They are usually joined by pins or hooks, both to each other and to handling facilities such as

432-718: The 5th millennium BCE, predating the use of mud brick and continuing to be the preferred building material until about the start of the First Dynasty. It continued to flourish well into the New Kingdom and beyond. Vitruvius refers to it as being employed in Rome . A review of English architecture especially reveals that the sophistication of this craft is dependent on the various styles of timber frame housing. The wattle and plaster process has been replaced in modern architecture by brick and mortar or by lath and plaster ,

459-553: The Mitchell Site, the anterior of the house had double layers of burned daub. There were two popular choices for wattle and daub infill paneling: close-studded paneling and square paneling. Close-studding panels create a much narrower space between the timbers: anywhere from 7 to 16 inches (18 to 40 cm). For this style of panel, weaving is too difficult, so the wattles run horizontally and are known as ledgers. The ledgers are sprung into each upright timber (stud) through

486-439: The common use of acacias as wattle in early Australian European settlements. Daub is usually created from a mixture of ingredients from three categories: binders , aggregates and reinforcement. Binders hold the mix together and can include clay, lime , chalk dust and limestone dust. Aggregates give the mix its bulk and dimensional stability through materials such as mud, sand, crushed chalk and crushed stone. Reinforcement

513-435: The daub. To insert wattles in a square panel several steps are required. First, a series of evenly spaced holes are drilled along the middle of the inner face of each upper timber. Next, a continuous groove is cut along the middle of each inner face of the lower timber in each panel. Vertical slender timbers, known as staves, are then inserted and these hold the whole panel within the timber frame. The staves are positioned into

540-538: The ends of the wattle stakes were merely driven into the ground without a sill ... Probably the ends of the Romano-British wattles were formed in the same manner as are hurdles in West Surrey to-day. The hurdle maker uses a 'hurdle frame,' a long shaped block slightly curved to hold the feet of the uprights, which are round rods; 'the man then weaves in horizontally the smaller split rods till he has filled up

567-409: The ground, the gaps being stopped with pug (kneaded clay and grass mixture). Another term for this construction is palisade and pug . "Mud and stud" is a similar process to wattle and daub, with a simple frame consisting only of upright studs joined by cross rails at the tops and bottoms. Thin staves of ash were attached, then daubed with a mixture of mud, straw, hair and dung. The style of building

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594-555: The holes and then sprung into the grooves. They must be placed with sufficient gaps to weave the flexible horizontal wattles. In some places or cultures, the technique of wattle and daub was used with different materials and thus has different names. In the early days of the colonisation of South Australia , in areas where substantial timber was unavailable, pioneers' cottages and other small buildings were frequently constructed with light vertical timbers, which may have been "native pine" ( Callitris or Casuarina spp. ), driven into

621-431: The hurdle. When he comes to either end he gives the rod a clever twist that opens the fibres and gives it something the character of a rope, so that it passes tough-stranded and unbroken round the end uprights.' When the twigs or wattles had been interwoven with the posts the hurdle became one homogenous whole. Wattles forms the basis of wattle and daub , a composite building material used for making walls, in which wattle

648-415: The ledgers. These hazel rods are generally tied a finger-width apart with 6–8 rods each with a 16-inch (40 cm) width. Gaps allow key formation for drying. Square panels are large, wide panels typical of some later timber-frame houses. These panels may be square in shape, or sometimes triangular to accommodate arched or decorative bracing. This style requires the wattles to be woven for better support of

675-433: The type of brick molded with the same materials and used as infilling between posts. Columbage refers to the timber-framed construction with diagonal bracing of the framework. Pierratage or bousillage is the material filled into the structural timbers. Bajarreque is a wall constructed with the technique of wattle and daub. The wattle here is made of bagasse , and the daub is the mix of clay and straw. Jacal can refer to

702-525: The whole of a wall. In different regions, the material of wattle can be different. For example, at the Mitchell Site on the northern outskirts of the city of Mitchell, South Dakota, willow has been found as the wattle material of the walls of the house. Reeds and vines can also be used as wattle material. The origin of the term wattle describing a group of acacias in Australia, is derived from

729-705: Was once common in Lincolnshire . Pierrotage is the infilling material used in French Vernacular architecture of the Southern United States to infill between half-timbering with diagonal braces, which is similar to daub. It is usually made of lime mortar clay mixed with small stones. It is also called bousillage or bouzillage, especially in French Vernacular architecture of Louisiana of the early 1700s. The materials of bousillage are Spanish moss or clay and grass. Bousillage also refers to

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