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56-568: The founder and spiritual head of the Hurufi movement was Fazlallah Astarabadi (1340–94). Born in Astrabad (now Gorgan , Iran), he was strongly drawn to Sufism and the teachings of Mansur al-Hallaj and Rumi at an early age. In the mid-1370s, Fazlallah started to propagate his teachings all over Iran and Azerbaijan . While living in Tabriz , Fazlallah gained an elite following in the court of

112-557: A dynastic principle, with many people affiliated to a religious group known as the Sarbadars . There is some evidence that he was here in 1360 and that he made the prediction that ‘Alī Mu'ayyad would expel the Sarbadars, but that the latter would return within a year. Fifteen years later darwīsh Ruknu d-Dīn was expelled, only to return in triumph within the year. There are a number of stories relating to Fazlallah in this region, but he

168-627: A central thesis of Hurufism, that the cardinalities of the Arabic and Persian alphabet respectively enumerate all types of shape and sound, by axes of symmetry. A Hurufi rebellion in Kwarezem was suppressed by the Mongols, and that motivated the exodus of Hurufis to the Balkans. The Bektashi manuscripts show almost 500 years of Hurufism in the Balkans, with a peak in the 1700s. Other Sufi orders, such as

224-507: A crowd of people seeking explanations of dreams drawn from all walks of life. However, he preferred the company of religious aescetics and eventually decided to leave Urgench. Fażlullāh then moved to the region of Sabzavar in North east Iran, where a significant proportion of the local population were involved in apocalyptical religion. From 1337 to 1381 this region was under the rule of a diverse collection of noble families who did not follow

280-625: A follower. Among his followers were many leaders, rulers, and military and government officials. It was known to everyone that he lived in complete conviction. Because of the example Talibani set as a religious figure, the people's ties to him were solid and strong. After his death, his branch was populated in Turkey, and he was followed by Dede Osman Avni Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Ömer Hüdai Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Muhammed Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Mustafa Hayri Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Haydar Baba Trabzoni and Sheikh Al-Haj Mehmet Baba. The Qadri Noshahi silsila (offshoot)

336-457: A pupil at the madrasa of Abu Sa'id al-Mubarak , he became the leader of this school after al-Mubarak's death in 1119. Being the new sheikh , he and his large family lived in the madrasa until his death in 1166, when his son, Abdul Razzaq , succeeded his father as sheikh. Abdul Razzaq published a hagiography of his father, adding to his already established reputation as founder of a prestigious Sufi order. The Qadiriyya flourished, surviving

392-460: A second Hajj and returning to Urgench. Here he practiced sufi religious practices and continued to have a number of dreams. In one Jesus told him that four sufis — Ibrahim Bin Adham , Bayazid Bistami , Al-Tustari and Bahlul — were the most sincere religious seekers in the history of Islam. In another, Muhammad appeared to him explaining to an old man that dream interpretation was very hard as

448-478: A series of dreams which he came to regard as prophetic. He then made Hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca before moving to Kunya Urgench , the capital of Khwarazm . He decided to make another Hajj, but only got as far as Luristan when he had a dream in which a man told him to go to Mashhad . Concluding the man was ‘Alī ar-Riḍā (d. 818) — who is buried in Mashhad — he made a detour to ar-Riḍā's shrine before completing

504-652: A symbol of having abandoned worldly connections and comforts. Fażlullāh composed his works in Standard Persian as well as the Persian dialect of Astarābād. His most significant work which establishes the foundation of Ḥurūfism is titled Javidan-namah "Eternal Book". Two recensions were made of the Javidan-namah . The one which is designated as Kabīr "Great" is in the Astarābādī Persian dialect and

560-599: Is a kabbalistic system of letters that is expounded by later Hurufis in the Hidayat Namah , Jawidan and in the Mahram Namah . The Universe is eternal and moves by rotation. Divine countenance is imperishable and is manifest in Man, the best of forms, zuhur kibriya . God is incarnated in every atom . Hurufis considered Fazlallah Astarabadi a manifestation of God's force after Adam , Moses and Muhammad . God

616-516: Is a pilgrimage site in which congregational prayers, known as "Khoja-Digar" are held in honor of Baha-ul-Din on his death anniversary the 3rd Rabi ul Awwal of the Islamic lunar calendar. This practice including the "Khatm Muazzamt" is a practice that goes back to Mahmud and his son Moinuddin The Kashmiri population venerate Mahmud and his family as they are regarded them as the revivers of

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672-530: Is also embodied in words and the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet , and the 32 letters of the Persian alphabet are the basis for love and beauty in the world. Seven is a key number corresponding to noble parts of the face, the verses of Al-Fatiha and verbal confession of faith. Man is a supreme copy of the divine and the key to haqiqa . According to R. N. Frye's The Cambridge History of Iran , Hurufism

728-480: Is because of this that Mahmud claims direct spiritual connection to his ancestor Baha-u-din . Furthermore Mahmud had a significant amount of nobles as disciples, highlighting his popular influence in the Mughal Empire . His main emphasis was to highlight orthodox Sunni teachings . Mahmud's son Moinuddin lies buried in their Khanqah together with his wife who was the daughter of a Mughal Emperor. It

784-406: Is the little description of Main exercise of Sarwari Qadiri. "Focus on ISM ALLAH ( الله ) and meditate and write it throughout your body; specially on heart and five senses organs by your right index finger using sunlight as inkpot. Also, ISM Muhammad ( محمد ) inside chest using moon light Spiritual Book . " Its mainstream philosophy is contemplation of belovedness towards God. This branch of

840-554: The Jalairid Sultanate . At that time, Fazlallah was still in the mainstream of Sufi tradition . Later, he did move towards more esoteric spirituality, and, failing to convert Timur , was executed in 1394 near Alinja Tower in Nakhchivan by the ruler's son, Miran Shah . The large uprising of Hurufis was crushed, but the popular movement survived for another decade or so in different guises. Fazlallah's greatest work

896-715: The Kunta family , born in the region of the Noun river , d.   1504 in Akka ) established a Qadiri zawiya ( Sufi residence) in Walata . In the sixteenth century the family spread across the Sahara to Timbuktu , Agades , Bornu , Hausaland , and other places, and in the eighteenth century large numbers of Kunta moved to the region of the middle Niger where they established the village of Mabruk. Sidi Al-Mukhtar al-Kunti (1728–1811) united

952-665: The Mongolian conquest of Baghdad in 1258 , and remained an influential Sunni institution. After the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate , the legend of Gilani was again found in many texts such as The Joy of the Secrets in Abdul-Qadir's Mysterious Deeds ( Bahjat al-asrar fi ba'd manaqib 'Abd al-Qadir ) attributed to Nur al-Din 'Ali al-Shattanufi, who reminded that Gilani was the ultimate channel of divine grace and helped

1008-1175: The Qadiriyya and the Naqshbandi , contributed in the collection, retrieval, and translation of Hurufi manuscripts. From the Balkans, a great number of records were recorded in what is today Albania, but the relation between Bektashism and Hurufism is evidenced from Greek transcriptions. In total, many of the Hurufi manuscripts that are existent today were safeguarded in the libraries of Bektashi lodges, including Fadl’Allah Yazdânî ’s Cāvidān-Nāma , Shaykh Sāfî’s Hākikāt-Nāma, Ali’ûl-A’lâ’s Māhşar-Nāma , Amîr Gıyâs’ad-Dîn’s İstivâ-Nāme , Frişte Oğlu’s Ahirat-Nāma , and some other books written on "Hurufi Theology" like Aşık-Nāma , Hidāyat-Nāma , Mukāddama’t-ûl-Hākayık , Muhārram-Nāma-i Sayyid İshāk , Nihāyat-Nāma , Tûrāb-Nāma , Miftāh’ûl-Gayb , Tuhfat’ûl-Uşşak , Risâla-i Noktā , Risāle-i Hurûf , Risāla-i Fāzl’ûl-Lah , and Risāla-i Virān Abdāl . Hurufi terms and concepts permeate Bektāshi poetry. Gül Baba provided an extensive compendium of Hurufi ideas in The Key to

1064-692: The Safavid dynasty 's rule of Baghdad from 1508 to 1534, the sheikh of the Qadiriyya was appointed chief Sufi of Baghdad and the surrounding lands. Shortly after the Ottoman Empire conquered Baghdad in 1534, Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned a dome to be built on the mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani , establishing the Qadiriyya as his main allies in Iraq . Khawaja Abdul-Allah, a sheikh of

1120-445: The abjad ) is the total of all emanating and creating possibilities of God and is God himself made manifest. Fażlullāh made his way to Isfahan in central Iran . Unused to walking, he suffered a leg injury by the time he arrived. Here he found a variety of religious seekers many of whom shunned contacts with wider society and often flouted religious convention. However, Fażlullāh never joined any of these groups. He began to experience

1176-550: The Khanquah-e-Barakatiyah. Silsila -e-Qadriyah Barkaatiyah Razviyah was founded by Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri Barkaati along with Khanqah E Razviyah, When Ahmed Raza became the Mureed of Shah Aale Rasool Marehrawi, who is descendant (great - great-grandson) of Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi in year 1294 AH (1877 CE ), When Khan became Mureed at the same time his Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat in

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1232-735: The Kunta factions by successful negotiation, and established an extensive confederation. Under his influence the Maliki school of Islamic law was reinvigorated and the Qadiriyyah order spread throughout Mauritania , the middle Niger region, Guinea , the Ivory Coast , Futa Toro , and Futa Jallon . Kunta colonies in the Senegambian region became centers of Muslim teaching. Sheikh Usman dan Fodio (1754-1817) from Gobir popularized

1288-538: The Last Day was near in order to save Muslims, Christians and Jews. His followers first came from the village of Toqchi near Isfahan and from there, the fame of his small community spread throughout Khorasan, Iraq, Azerbaijan and Shirvan. The center of Fażlullāh Nāimī's influence was Baku and most of his followers came from Shirvan . Among his followers was the famous Ḥurūfī poet Seyyed Imadaddin Nasimi , one of

1344-1001: The Naqshbandiyya in Kashmir . Mahmud was succeeded by his son Moinuddin and their progeny until the line died out in the eighteenth century. However this line was revived again by a descendant of Mahmud in the 8th generation called Sayyid Mir Jan Kabuli , who centered Mahmud's cult in Lahore. Sayyid Mir Jan is buried next to Mahmud in his mausoleum in Lahore. The Halisa offshoot was founded by Abdurrahman Halis Talabani (1212 – 1275 Hijra) in Kerkuk, Iraq. Hungry and miserable people were fed all day in his Tekke without regard for religion. Ottomans donated money and gifts to his Tekke in Kerkuk. Sultan Abdul-Majid Khan's (Khalife of İslam, Sultan of Ottoman Empire) wife Sultana Hatun sent many gifts and donations to his Tekke as

1400-482: The Qadiri order flourish far beyond Baghdad at that time as it always did to some extent since the time of its great founder. By the end of the fifteenth century, the Qadiriyya had distinct branches and had spread to Morocco . Spain, Turkey, India, Ethiopia , Somalia , and present-day Mali . Established Sufi sheikhs often adopted the Qadiriyya tradition without abandoning leadership of their local communities. During

1456-463: The Qadiri teachings in Nigeria . He was well educated in classical Islamic science, philosophy, and theology. He also became a revered religious thinker. In 1789 a vision led him to believe he had the power to work miracles, and to teach his own mystical wird , or litany. His litanies are still widely practiced and distributed in the Islamic world. Dan Fodio later had visions of Abdul Qadir Gilani ,

1512-961: The Qadiriyya Harariya tariqa was the Hadhrami sharif, Abu Bakr bin 'Abd Allah 'Aydarus and his shrine is located in Harar City, Ethiopia. Other notable sheikhs have shrines scattered around the environs of Harar itself. The current shaykh is a Somali named Mohamed Nasrudin bin Shaykh Ibrahim Kulmiye. The tariqa spread in Djibouti, Somaliland, Ethiopia, and Somalia. Notable Harariya Qadiriyya leaders include, Uways Al-Barawi , Sheikh Madar , Al-Zaylaʽi and Abadir Umar ar-Rida . Founded by Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi, (26th Jumada al-Thani 1070 AH or June 1660 CE – tenth Muharram 1142 AH or October 1729 CE ),

1568-658: The Qadiriyya and a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , is reported to have entered China in 1674 and traveled the country preaching until his death in 1689. One of Abdul-Allah's students, Qi Jingyi Hilal al-Din, is said to have permanently rooted Qadiri Sufism in China. He was buried in Linxia City , which became the center of the Qadiriyya in China. By the seventeenth century the Qadiriyya had also reached Ottoman -ruled areas of Europe. Sultan Bahu contributed to

1624-591: The Qadiriyya came into being in the eighteenth century resulting from a revivalist movement led by Al-Mukhtar al-Kunti , a Sufi of the western Sahara who wished to establish Qadiri Sufism as the dominant religion in the region. In contrast to other branches of the Qadiriyya that do not have a centralized authority, the Mukhtariyya brotherhood was highly centralized. Its leaders focused on economic prosperity as well as spiritual well-being, sending their disciples on trade caravans as far away as Europe. The founder of

1680-597: The Unseen . Fazlallah Astarabadi Fażlu l-Lāh Astar-Ābādī ( Persian : فضل‌الله استرآبادی , 1339/40 in Astarābād – 1394 in Nakhchivan ), also known as Fażlullāh Tabrīzī Astarābādī by a pseudonym al-Ḥurūfī and a pen name Nāimī , was an Iranian mystic who founded the Ḥurūfī movement. The basic belief of the Ḥurūfiyyah was that the God was incarnated in the body of Fażlullāh and that he would appear as Mahdī when

1736-510: The family which originated in Yemen , the center of heterodox Islam at the time. Fażlullāh's family was from the Shāfi‘ī school of Sunni Islam — however, this did not figure greatly in his religious development. When his father died when he was still a child, Fażlullāh inherited his position and appeared at the courthouse on horse back everyday, acting as a figurehead while his assistants carried out

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1792-610: The founder of the Qadiri tariqah, an ascension to heaven, where he was initiated into the Qadiriyya and the spiritual lineage of Muhammad. His theological writings dealt with concepts of the mujaddid "renewer" and the role of the Ulama in teaching history, and other works in Arabic and the Fula language . The Hazrat Ishaans and their followers the Naqshbandis substantiate their leadership as rightful successors of Muhammad on

1848-413: The greatest Turkic mystical poets of the late 14th and early 15th centuries. Fażlullāh was born in Astarābād , Iran , circa 1339/1340, to a family of judges. According to the traditional Ḥurūfī biography, Fażlullāh Astarābādī was born in a household that traced its descent to the seventh Shī‘ah Imam, Musa al-Kazim . Fażlullāh's predecessor, in eighth or ninth generation, was Muhammad al-Yamanī, from

1904-545: The main biographical sources about Fażlullāh's life. These followers formed a tight-knit community around him, sharing a hermit-like lifestyle and a deep brotherly love that led them to think of themselves as sharing the same soul. These sincere followers claimed the received Karamat , spiritual gifts like special knowledge about sacred texts like the Bible and the Qur'an, an understanding of hidden matters and clear interpretations of

1960-404: The meaning rather than knowing it intellectually. After a year of trying to maintain his duties as a judge during the day while engaged in solitary prayer in a graveyard at night, he abandoned his family, possessions and security to become an itinerant religious seeker. As he left Astarābād, he exchanged his clothes for the felt clothing of a shepherd he met. From then on he always wore this shirt as

2016-515: The night in prayer and weeping continually to control his carnal desires. The Sufi Mu'in al-Din Shahrastani visited him and asked him about his understanding of a true man of God. He replied quoting Junayd Baghdadi that it is someone who is silent on the outside so that his inner reality can speak through him. Shahrastani became one of his prominent followers alongside men like Nasrallah Nafaji whose Khwab-namah "Book of Dreams" became one of

2072-476: The occasion of a certain biological line of prediction from Muhammad over leading Saints, so called Ghaus or Aqtab reaching Sayyid Mir Jan as the promised Khwaja-e-Khwajagan-Jahan, meaning "Khwaja of all Khwajas of the world". This line is also considered the line of the Qadiri Imamate. They all are descending from each other. Khwaja Khawand Mahmud Al Alavi , known by his followers as " Hazrat Ishaan "

2128-627: The one that is entitled Ṣaghīr "Small" is in standard Persian. Another book in the Astarābādī Persian dialect is the Nawm-namah , giving an account of the dreams of Fażlullāh at various times in his life. A prose work, entitled Mahabbat-namah in the Astarābād Persian dialect was imitated by Turkish Ḥurūfīs. He also composed a book of poetry in standard Persian and gave it the title Arsh-namah . In addition to this book, he also composed another small collection of poetry in standard Persian using

2184-622: The pen name Nāimī. From his poetic works, it is evident that he knew Arabic, Persian and his native language , the Gorgani language . He was well-versed in Persian literature, and that he was capable of composing poetry in the classical style. According to Encyclopedia of Islam, one of the key tenets of Ḥurūfism is that God reveals himself in the Word and that words are composed of sounds that are associated with letters ( ḥurūf ). The total number of letters (and their numerical value according to

2240-604: The sayings and deeds of Muhammad and his immediate entourage. Meanwhile, a steady stream of the social elite, such as scholars, ministers, military and administrative officers as well as all kinds of wealthy people would ask his advice. Giving advice to such people as Mawlana Zayn ad-Dīn Rajayī and the Amir Farrukh Gunbadi , Fażlullāh's reputation spread throughout the provinces of Khurasan , Azerbaijan and Shirvan . Eventually he decided to move to Tabriz . For his spread of Hurūfism, circa 1394/1395, Fażlullāh Nā'imī

2296-757: The several Sufi Silsilas Founded by Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri Barkaati Noori (1892–1981), He is the younger son Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri Barkaati , an Indian Muslim scholar, jurist, poet, author, leader of the Sunni Barelvi movement and Grand Mufti of India of his time, He is Mureed (disciple) and Khalifa of Abul Hussain Ahmad Noori Marehrawi, who is descendant (great - great - great-grandson) of Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi, He got Khilafat and I'jaazat of Silsila Qadriyah Barkaatiyah from his Murshid along with Silsila E Chishti, Naqshbandi, Suharwardi, and Madaari. Muhammad Ansari

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2352-481: The spread of Qadiriyya in western India. His method of spreading the teachings of the Sufi doctrine of Faqr was through his Punjabi couplets and other writings, which numbered more than 140. He granted the method of dhikr and stressed that the way to reach divinity through selfless love carved out of annihilation in God, which he called fana . Sheikh Sidi Ahmad al-Bakka'i ( Arabic : الشيخ سيدي أحمد البكاي بودمعة of

2408-447: The surface identities of characters in dreams were stand-ins for others and that dreams involved far deeper meanings than their apparent concern. Then Muhammad turned to Fażlullāh and said that true dream interpretation was like a rare star that becomes visible every 30,000 years and encompasses seven thousand worlds. He told Fażlullāh that he could see it if he stood under an orange tree, This Fażlullāh did and saw seven stars one of which

2464-809: The tekke and headed the Qadiri Rifai Tariqa there from 1915 until his death. Ansari was succeeded by his son Muhyiddin Ansari, who started a tariqa in his own name called the Tariqat-i Ansariya or Ansari Tariqa. Before Muhyiddin died, he appointed Shaykh Taner Vargonen Tarsusi to establish the order in the United States. Today the Sufi Order is known as the Ansari Qadiri Rifai Tariqa, and the living leader

2520-581: The work of the court. At the age of eighteen he had an extraordinary religious experience when a nomadic dervish recited a verse by Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi : Why are you afraid of death when you have the essence of eternity? How can the grave contain you when you have the light of God? Fażlullāh fell into a trance and when he inquired as to the verses meaning, his religious teacher told him that to understand it one would have to devote their life to religious pursuits and then one could experience

2576-535: Was a Hanbali scholar from Gilan , Iran. The order relies strongly upon adherence to the fundamentals of Sunni Islamic law. The order, with its many offshoots, is widespread and can be found in India, Bangladesh, China, Turkey, Indonesia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Balkans , Russia, Palestine . and East and West Africa . The founder of the Qadiriyya, Abdul Qadir Gilani , was a scholar and preacher. Having been

2632-568: Was a descendant of both Abdul Qadir Geylani and Ahmed er Rifai and a shaykh of the Rifai Tariqa. He moved to Erzincan in northeastern Turkey in the early 1900s, where he met Shaykh Abdullah Hashimi of the Qadiri order. After working together for many years, Hashimi sent Ansari to Istanbul to establish the Qadiri Rifai Tariqa and revive the Ayni Ali Baba Tekke. With permission from Sultan Abdul Hamid II, Ansari and his wife rebuilt

2688-577: Was an Islamic scholar, jurist, Sufi , at the time of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb , Shah Also founded Khanquah-e-Barkaatiya , Marehra Shareef , of Etah district in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India. Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi died on tenth Muharram 1142 AH or October 1729 CE and He is buried in Dargah-e-Barakatiyah in Marehra Shareef , Syed Muhammad Ameen Mian Qadri is the present custodian ( Sajjada Nashin ) of

2744-560: Was an expression of Isma'ilism in its mystical identification of the human figure but differed in its recognition of haqiqa in the substance of letters rather than in the person of the Imam . After Fazlallah's death his ideas were further developed and propagated by Imadaddin Nasimi and " certain accursed ones of no significance " in Azerbaijan and Seyid Ishag in Turkey. The poet Imadaddin Nasimi (?–1417) and other Hurufis make kabbalistic tendencies subordinate to mystic concepts of Sufism, and specifically those of Mansur Al-Hallaj, who

2800-418: Was another great influence on Imadaddin Nasimi. Through Nasimi's poetry Hurufi ideas influenced, to different degrees, people like Niyazi-i Misri , Fuzûlî , Habibi, Ismail I , and Rushani . The Bektashi Order, which is still active in Anatolia and the Balkans , was a repository for the Hurufi teachings and writings. One of Fazlallah's personal students, Rafî'î, emigrated into the Balkans. He transmitted

2856-430: Was bigger than the rest. And the luminous star emitted a ray of light which entered his right eye conveying a special intuitive knowledge to him. This felt like a pearly light which enabled him to understand the hadith . After this dream Fażlullāh claimed he could understand dreams and the language of birds. His followers called him sahib-i ta'vil — the master of esoteric interpretation following this. He rapidly attracted

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2912-533: Was captured and imprisoned in Alinja, near Nakhchivan . He was subsequently sentenced for his heresies by the religious leaders and executed at the orders of Miran Shah , the son of Tamerlane . His shrine is at Alinja . Qadiriyya The Qadiriyya ( Arabic : القادرية ) or the Qadiri order ( Arabic : الطريقة القادرية , romanized :  al-Ṭarīqa al-Qādiriyya ) is a Sufi mystic order ( tariqa ) founded by Shaiykh Syed Abdul Qadir Gilani Al-Hassani (1077–1166, also transliterated Jilani ), who

2968-416: Was directed by his Pir Ishaq Wali Dahbidi to spread the Naqshbandiyya in Mughal India . His influence mostly remained in the Kashmir valley , whereupon Baqi Billah has expanded the order in other parts of India. Mahmud is a significant Saint of the order as he is a direct blood descendant in the 7th generation of Baha-ul-din Naqshband , the founder of the order and his son in law Ala-ul-din Atar It

3024-433: Was established by Syed Muhammad Naushah Ganj Bakhsh of Gujrat , Punjab, Pakistan, in the late sixteenth century. Also known as Qadiriya Sultaniya, the order was started by Sultan Bahu in the seventeenth century and spread in the western part of Indian subcontinent . Hence, it follows most of the Qadiriyya approach. In contrast, it does not follow a specific dress code or require seclusion or other lengthy exercises here

3080-411: Was the Jāvdānnāme-ye Kabir ("Great Book of Eternity"), likely written in Baku before his arrest, which survived due to its dissemination due to copies made by his daughter Makhdumzāde. It was largely preserved in popular culture due to its use by dervishes of the Bektashi Order . States People Centers Other According to Fazlallah, the key to open the seventh sealed book, the Qurʾan ,

3136-417: Was to leave in 1365 traveling first to Yazd and then to Isfahan . Fażlullāh made himself at home in a mosque in the suburb of Tuqchi where he attracted two kinds of visitors: firstly, religious seekers seeking a guide and secondly those who wanted him to interpret dreams for more worldly reasons. Fażlullāh would accept no money for his interpretations and led an ascetic life, going without sleep spending

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