The Hyundai ix35 FCEV or Tucson FCEV is a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle developed by Hyundai . The model is a left-hand drive only conversion to the SUV platform it is based on and was the first of its type to be mass-produced and sold commercially in the world. Different versions are known, the previous version was based on the Hyundai Tucson FCEV , and the upcoming model is based on the current ix35 FCEV. The first generation was introduced in 2001, with the Hyundai Santa Fe FCEV , and had a range of 100 miles (160 km), with a top speed of 78 mph (126 km/h).
250-525: The second generation Tucson FCEV was introduced in 2005, used a graphite bipolar plate and had a range of 186 miles (300 km), with a top speed of 93 mph (150 km/h). The third generation is based on the Hyundai ix35 (2009) , production was semi automatic and used a metal bipolar plate. The current version and fourth generation is the 2012 ix35 FCEV. The Tucson ix35 FCEV has a more powerful electric engine rated at 100 kW (134 horsepower), and
500-480: A DC to DC converter is a circuit which converts a source of direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another. It is a class of power converter . Density The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume Desiccant A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness ( desiccation ) in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container. Detection limit In analytical chemistry ,
750-401: A battery is a combination of two or more electrochemical cells which store chemical energy and make it available as electrical energy. Biofuel Biofuel is defined as solid, liquid or gas fuel derived from recently dead biological material and is distinguished from fossil fuels , which are derived from long dead biological material . Biogas Biogas is a gas produced by
1000-478: A busbar is the strips of copper or aluminium that conduct electricity within a switchboard , fuel cell , distribution board , substation, or other electrical apparatus. C [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Capacity Capacity
1250-465: A catalyst . (See ATR and SMR ). Methanol Methanol , also known as methyl alcohol , carbinol , wood alcohol , wood naphtha or wood spirits , is a chemical compound with chemical formula C H 3 OH (often abbreviated MeOH). Methanol reformer A methanol reformer is a device used in chemical engineering , especially in the area of fuel cell technology, which can produce pure hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide by reacting
1500-403: A cathode , and an electrolyte that allows ions, often positively charged hydrogen ions (protons), to move between the two sides of the fuel cell. At the anode, a catalyst causes the fuel to undergo oxidation reactions that generate ions (often positively charged hydrogen ions) and electrons. The ions move from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte. At the same time, electrons flow from
1750-499: A cogeneration power plant in hospitals, universities and large office buildings. In recognition of the fuel cell industry and America's role in fuel cell development, the United States Senate recognized October 8, 2015 as National Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Day , passing S. RES 217. The date was chosen in recognition of the atomic weight of hydrogen (1.008). Fuel cells come in many varieties; however, they all work in
2000-503: A condenser is a heat exchanger which condenses a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state. Contamination Contamination is the introduction of material that "does not belong there". Coulomb The coulomb (symbol: C) is the SI unit of electric charge . Countercurrent exchange Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism used to transfer some property of a fluid from one flowing current of fluid to another across
2250-496: A conventional vehicle . Hydride Hydride is the name given to the negative ion of hydrogen , H . Hydride ion Aside from electride , the hydride ion is the simplest possible anion , consisting of two electrons and a proton . See also hydrogen anion Hydrocarbon In organic chemistry , a hydrocarbon (HC) is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon . Hydrocarbon dew point The hydrocarbon dew point (HDP) or (HCDP)
2500-413: A current along a different path from the one intended. Sodium borohydride Sodium borohydride , also known as sodium tetrahydroborate , has the chemical formula Na B H 4 . Solenoid valve A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas controlled by running or stopping an electric current through a solenoid , which is a coil of wire, thus changing
2750-797: A fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by combusting a specified quantity (initially at 25 °C or another reference state) and returning the temperature of the combustion products to 150 °C. Low temperature shift Low temperature shift (LTS), the water gas shift reaction at 190–210 °C (374–410 °F) in the presence of a metal-based catalyst ( nickel ). M [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Maintenance, repair and operation cost Maintenance, Repair and Operation Cost or Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul ( MRO )
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#17327939652773000-406: A fuel cell system) in order to increase the reactant pressure and concentration. U [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Ullage Ullage is the unfilled space in
3250-548: A fuel-cell stack that acts as an anode for one cell and a cathode for the adjacent cell. The plate may be made of metal or a conductive polymer (which may be a carbon -filled composite). The plate usually incorporates flow channels for the fluid feeds and may also contain conduits for heat transfer. See also MEA . Black start A black start is the process of restoring a power station to operation without relying on external energy sources. Beta-alumina solid electrolyte Beta-alumina solid electrolyte ( BASE )
3500-448: A load profile is a graph of the variation in the electrical load versus time. Lower flammability limit Lower flammability limit (LFL), usually expressed in volume per cent, is the lower end of the concentration range of a flammable solvent at a given temperature and pressure for which air/vapor mixtures can ignite. Lower heating value The lower heating value (also known as net calorific value , net CV , or LHV ) of
3750-404: A methanol and water (steam) mixture. MicroCHP "Micro cogeneration" or micro combined heat and power (mCHP) is a so called distributed energy resource (DER). Microbial fuel cell Microbial fuel cell (MFC) or biological fuel cell is a bio- electrochemical system that drives a current by mimicking bacterial interactions found in nature . Micropump A micropump
4000-439: A mineral , and a salt of boric acid . British thermal unit The mean British thermal unit (BTU) is 1/180 of the heat required to raise the temperature of one pound (450 g) of water from 32 to 212 °F (0 to 100 °C) at a constant atmospheric pressure . It is about equal to the quantity of heat required to raise one pound of water 1°F ( 5 ⁄ 9 °C). Busbar In electrical power distribution ,
4250-400: A phase transition . W [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Water Water (H 2 O) in typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state , but
4500-624: A pressure different from the ambient pressure . Propane Propane is a three- carbon alkane , normally a gas, but compressible to a liquid that is transportable. See also LPG . Proton The proton is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit Proton exchange membrane Proton exchange membrane (PEM) is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct protons while being impermeable to gases such as oxygen or hydrogen . Proton exchange membrane fuel cell Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
4750-407: A semipermeable membrane , conductive material, or free surface (e.g. a liquid–gas absorption or extraction). Cryogenic liquefaction Cryogenic liquification is the process through which gases such as nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, and natural gas are liquefied under pressure at very low temperatures . Current see electric current . Current collector The current collector
5000-462: A smokestack . O [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Off board reforming Off board reforming , stationary reforming, see steam reforming , methane reformer , methanol reformer Ohm The ohm (symbol: Ω )
5250-817: A 369 miles (594 km) drive. The Hyundai ix35 fuel cell electric vehicle won the Future Auto accolade at the 2013 Brussels Motor Show . The first Hyundai Tucson Fuel Cell (ix35) sold in Canada was delivered in January 2015. Due to the location of refill stations, the vehicles are only leased or sold in the Vancouver Metropolitan Area / Fraser Valley, British Columbia ; the Greater Toronto Area ; and in Alberta . The ix35 FCEV
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#17327939652775500-727: A SOFC system are less than those from a fossil fuel combustion plant. The chemical reactions for the SOFC system can be expressed as follows: SOFC systems can run on fuels other than pure hydrogen gas. However, since hydrogen is necessary for the reactions listed above, the fuel selected must contain hydrogen atoms. For the fuel cell to operate, the fuel must be converted into pure hydrogen gas. SOFCs are capable of internally reforming light hydrocarbons such as methane (natural gas), propane, and butane. These fuel cells are at an early stage of development. Challenges exist in SOFC systems due to their high operating temperatures. One such challenge
5750-471: A battery, except as hydrogen, but in some applications, such as stand-alone power plants based on discontinuous sources such as solar or wind power , they are combined with electrolyzers and storage systems to form an energy storage system. As of 2019, 90% of hydrogen was used for oil refining, chemicals and fertilizer production (where hydrogen is required for the Haber–Bosch process ), and 98% of hydrogen
6000-440: A chemical context is the physical separation of a chemical substance of interest from foreign or contaminating substances. The following list of chemical purification methods should not be considered exhaustive. Load following power plant A load following power plant is a power plant that adjusts its power output as demand for electricity fluctuates throughout the day. Load profile In electrical engineering ,
6250-495: A closed loop, giving a return path for the current. A network is a connection of two or more components, and may not necessarily be a circuit. Electric current Electric current is the flow (movement) of electric charge . The SI unit of electric current is the ampere . Electricity generation Electricity generation is the process of converting non-electrical energy to electricity. Electric power conversion In electrical engineering , power conversion has
6500-662: A complete, closed-loop system: Solar panels power an electrolyzer, which makes hydrogen. The hydrogen is stored in a 500-U.S.-gallon (1,900 L) tank at 200 pounds per square inch (1,400 kPa), and runs a ReliOn fuel cell to provide full electric back-up to the off-the-grid residence. Another closed system loop was unveiled in late 2011 in Hempstead, NY. Fuel cells can be used with low-quality gas from landfills or waste-water treatment plants to generate power and lower methane emissions . A 2.8 MW fuel cell plant in California
6750-449: A concentrated solution of KOH or NaOH which serves as an electrolyte. H 2 gas and O 2 gas are bubbled into the electrolyte through the porous carbon electrodes. Thus the overall reaction involves the combination of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas to form water. The cell runs continuously until the reactant's supply is exhausted. This type of cell operates efficiently in the temperature range 343–413 K (70 -140 °C) and provides
7000-416: A confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid, which differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound. Influent Influent Interlock Interlocking is a method of preventing undesired states in a state machine , which in a general sense can include any electrical, electronic, or mechanical device or system. Internal combustion engine An internal combustion engine (ICE)
7250-553: A conjunction of a solid, liquid and gaseous interface, and an electrical conducting catalyst supporting an electrochemical reaction between the liquid and the gaseous phase. Gasification Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as coal , petroleum , or biomass , into carbon monoxide and hydrogen by reacting the raw material at high temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam . Gasoline gallon equivalent Gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) or gasoline-equivalent gallon (GEG)
7500-502: A consumer fuel —as well as carbon dioxide , nitrogen , helium and hydrogen sulfide . Nernst equation In electrochemistry , the Nernst equation is an equation which can be used (in conjunction with other information) to determine the equilibrium reduction potential of a half-cell in an electrochemical cell . Net energy gain In energy economics , net energy gain ( NEG )
7750-407: A container of liquid. Uninterruptible power supply An uninterruptible power supply ( UPS ), also known as a continuous power supply ( CPS ) is a device which maintains a continuous supply of electric power to connected equipment by supplying power from a separate source when utility power is not available. Unitized regenerative fuel cell A unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC)
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8000-420: A current may be modelled as an ideal voltage source in series with an impedance . This is helpful in analysing the voltage drop which occurs as current is drawn. Overpotential In electrochemistry , overpotential is the difference in the electric potential of an electrode with no current through it, at equilibrium , and with a current. Overpressure Overpressure Overvoltage When
8250-401: A design is called a fuel cell stack. Standard cubic foot A standard cubic foot (SFC) is a measure of quantity of gas, equal to a cubic foot of volume at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and either 14.696 pounds-force per square inch (1 atm or 101.325 kPa) or 14.73 psi (30 inHg or 101.6 kPa) of pressure . Standard electrode potential In electrochemistry ,
8500-435: A device when there is no external load connected, i.e. the circuit is broken or open. Original equipment manufacturer An original equipment manufacturer , or OEM is typically a company that uses a component made by a second company in its own product, or sells the product of the second company under its own brand . Output impedance Output impedance , Any linear electronic circuit or device which supplies
8750-425: A few. Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References A [ edit ] Activation loss See overpotential Adsorption Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on
9000-597: A fuel-to-electricity efficiency of 50%, considerably higher than the 37–42% efficiency of a phosphoric acid fuel cell plant. Efficiencies can be as high as 65% when the fuel cell is paired with a turbine, and 85% if heat is captured and used in a combined heat and power (CHP) system. FuelCell Energy, a Connecticut-based fuel cell manufacturer, develops and sells MCFC fuel cells. The company says that their MCFC products range from 300 kW to 2.8 MW systems that achieve 47% electrical efficiency and can utilize CHP technology to obtain higher overall efficiencies. One product,
9250-420: A fuel. Direct current Direct current ( DC ) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge . Direct-ethanol fuel cell Direct-ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) a subcategory of Proton-exchange fuel cells where, the fuel, ethanol , is not reformed, but fed directly to the fuel cell . Direct methanol fuel cell Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) subcategory of proton-exchange fuel cells where
9500-402: A fuel. Solubility Solubility is the ability of a given substance, the solute , to dissolve in a solvent . Sorbent A sorbent is a material used to adsorb either liquids or gases. Sorption Sorption is the action of both absorption and adsorption takes place simultaneously. Specific gravity Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the density of
9750-441: A gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture. Particulate Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. Parts per million Parts per million ( ppm ) denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1,000,000 regardless of the units of measure used as long as they are
10000-427: A given product or service caused or necessitated by its existence. Linear regulator In electronics, a linear regulator is a voltage regulator based on an active device (such as a bipolar junction transistor , field effect transistor or vacuum tube ) operating in its "linear region" Liquid liquid is one of the principal states of matter . Liquid hydrogen Liquid hydrogen (LH2 or LH 2 )
10250-440: A given solid or liquid substance to the density of H2O at a specific temperature and pressure, typically at 4 °C (39 °F) and 1 atm (29.92 inHg ), making it a dimensionless quantity Specific heat capacity Specific heat capacity , also known simply as specific heat , is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity Specific power In engineering ,
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10500-403: A given weight of fuel. see also energy density Energy security Energy security Energy storage Energy storage is the storing of some form of energy that can be drawn upon at a later time to perform some useful operation. Engine An engine is a machine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy. Energy conversion efficiency Energy conversion efficiency
10750-461: A high operating temperature provides an advantage by removing the need for a precious metal catalyst like platinum, thereby reducing cost. Additionally, waste heat from SOFC systems may be captured and reused, increasing the theoretical overall efficiency to as high as 80–85%. The high operating temperature is largely due to the physical properties of the YSZ electrolyte. As temperature decreases, so does
11000-403: A higher current to be supplied. Such a design is called a fuel cell stack . The cell surface area can also be increased, to allow higher current from each cell. In the archetypical hydrogen–oxide proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) design, a proton-conducting polymer membrane (typically nafion ) contains the electrolyte solution that separates the anode and cathode sides. This
11250-432: A hot water storage tank to smooth out the thermal heat production was a serious disadvantage in the domestic market place where space in domestic properties is at a great premium. Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013 that with 64% of global sales the fuel cell micro-combined heat and power passed the conventional systems in sales in 2012. The Japanese ENE FARM project stated that 34.213 PEMFC and 2.224 SOFC were installed in
11500-589: A hydrogen source would create less than one ounce of pollution (other than CO 2 ) for every 1,000 kW·h produced, compared to 25 pounds of pollutants generated by conventional combustion systems. Fuel Cells also produce 97% less nitrogen oxide emissions than conventional coal-fired power plants. One such pilot program is operating on Stuart Island in Washington State. There the Stuart Island Energy Initiative has built
11750-455: A hydrogen-rich gas in the anode, eliminating the need to produce hydrogen externally. The reforming process creates CO 2 emissions. MCFC-compatible fuels include natural gas, biogas and gas produced from coal. The hydrogen in the gas reacts with carbonate ions from the electrolyte to produce water, carbon dioxide, electrons and small amounts of other chemicals. The electrons travel through an external circuit, creating electricity, and return to
12000-461: A hydrogen-rich gas stream. ( syngas ) Reformulated gasoline Gasoline that is blended so that, on average, it significantly reduces volatile organic compounds and air toxics emissions relative to conventional gasolines. Regenerative fuel cell A fuel cell that produces electricity from hydrogen and oxygen and can use electricity from solar power or some other source to divide the excess water into oxygen and hydrogen fuel to be re-used by
12250-406: A layer of a loosely bound dry ink or pigmented coating, usually bound with wax . Carnot cycle The Carnot cycle is a particular thermodynamic cycle , modeled on the hypothetical Carnot heat engine . Catalysis Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst . Catalyst A catalyst
12500-417: A line and stop the flow of material. Safety valve A safety valve is a valve mechanism for the automatic release of a gas from a boiler , pressure vessel , or other system when the pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits. Salt bridge A salt bridge , in chemistry , is a laboratory device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (voltaic cell),
12750-412: A macroscopic level within the finished structure. Compressed hydrogen Compressed hydrogen (CGH 2 , CH2 or CH 2 ) is the gaseous state of the element hydrogen which is kept under pressure . Compressed natural gas Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel , or propane fuel . Concentration In chemistry , concentration
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#173279396527713000-415: A material basis, the wt.% is the mass of hydrogen divided by the mass of material plus hydrogen. X [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References [REDACTED] This section
13250-657: A membrane prepared for separation tasks in laboratory and industry. Atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any given point in the Earth's atmosphere . Atom The atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element. An atom has an electron cloud consisting of negatively charged electrons surrounding a dense nucleus . The nucleus contains positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons . Autothermal reforming Autothermal reforming (ATR) uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in
13500-502: A meter. Milliwatt Milliwatt (mW), A unit of power equal to one-thousandth of a watt. Molten-carbonate fuel cells Molten-carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are high-temperature fuel cells N [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Nafion Nafion
13750-454: A molecular level such that there is no net (overall) vapor-liquid interconversion. Vapor pressure Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure ), is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases . Vapor recovery Vapor recovery (or vapour ) recovery is the process of recovering the vapors of gasoline or other fuels , so that they do not escape into
14000-407: A more specific meaning, namely converting electric power from one form to another. Electrochemistry Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (a metal or a semiconductor ) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte ), and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and
14250-531: A percentage, e.g. 0.5 pf = 50% pf). Power supply Power supply is a source of electrical power . Power-to-weight ratio Power-to-weight ratio (specific power) is a calculation commonly applied to engines and other mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another. Power per unit of mass Power per unit of mass is the power-to-weight ratio , measured in kilowatts per kilogram (generally, kW / kg ). PReferential OXidation Preferential oxidation (PROX)
14500-504: A place or hollow vessel where something fluid is kept in reserve , for later use. Response time In technology , response time is the time a system or functional unit takes to react to a given input. Reversible fuel cell Reversible fuel cell ( RFC ), a fuel cell that can consume chemical A to produce electricity and chemical B and be reversed to consume electricity and chemical B to produce chemical A. Reynolds number In fluid mechanics and heat transfer ,
14750-487: A positive or negative electrical charge. Ion exchange Ion exchange is an exchange of ions between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte solution and a complex . Ion-exchange resin An ion-exchange resin is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (1–2 mm diameter) beads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate. Ionomer An ionomer
15000-459: A potential of about 0.9 V. Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AAEMFC) is a type of AFC which employs a solid polymer electrolyte instead of aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) and it is superior to aqueous AFC. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) use a solid material, most commonly a ceramic material called yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), as the electrolyte . Because SOFCs are made entirely of solid materials, they are not limited to
15250-770: A power-plant-to-wheel efficiency of 22% if the hydrogen is stored as high-pressure gas, and 17% if it is stored as liquid hydrogen . Stationary fuel cells are used for commercial, industrial and residential primary and backup power generation. Fuel cells are very useful as power sources in remote locations, such as spacecraft, remote weather stations, large parks, communications centers, rural locations including research stations, and in certain military applications. A fuel cell system running on hydrogen can be compact and lightweight, and have no major moving parts. Because fuel cells have no moving parts and do not involve combustion, in ideal conditions they can achieve up to 99.9999% reliability. This equates to less than one minute of downtime in
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#173279396527715500-521: A range of about 369 miles (594 km). This improvement in range is due in part to the Tucson ix35 FCEV's greater space for holding Hydrogen tanks of compressed hydrogen , higher storage pressure, as well as fuel cell technology advances. The cars have made use of a "sandwich" design concept, aimed at maximizing room for both passengers and the propulsion components. The fuel cell is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The Hyundai ix35 FCEV
15750-430: A raw water source. Water vapor Water vapor or water vapour (see spelling differences ), also aqueous vapor , is the gas phase of water . Watt The watt (symbol: W ) is the SI derived unit of power , equal to one joule of energy per second . It measures a rate of energy use or production. Wet basis It is customary to report the product composition data in steam reforming reactions on
16000-718: A reaction with methane to form syngas . Auxiliary power unit An auxiliary power unit (APU) is a device on a vehicle whose purpose is to provide energy for functions other than propulsion. Availability factor The availability factor of a power plant is the amount of time that it is able to produce electricity over a certain period, divided by the amount of the time in the period. B [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Back pressure Back pressure
16250-425: A requirement, as in enclosed spaces such as warehouses, and where hydrogen is considered an acceptable reactant, a [PEM fuel cell] is becoming an increasingly attractive choice [if exchanging batteries is inconvenient]". In 2013 military organizations were evaluating fuel cells to determine if they could significantly reduce the battery weight carried by soldiers. In a fuel cell vehicle the tank-to-wheel efficiency
16500-447: A result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas , gasoline /petrol, diesel , fuel oil or coal . It is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe or flue gas stack . Exothermic In thermodynamics , exothermic processes or reactions are those that release energy, usually in the form of heat but also in the form of light (e.g. explosions), sound, or electricity. Expansion ratio Expansion ratio
16750-531: A series circuit has to flow through every component in the circuit. Therefore, all of the components in a series connection carry the same current. It has been noted that current flows in series. Service life A product's service life is its expected lifetime, or the acceptable period of use in service. It is the time that any manufactured item can be expected to be 'serviceable' or supported by its originating manufacturer. Short circuit A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c ) allows
17000-401: A six-year period. Since fuel cell electrolyzer systems do not store fuel in themselves, but rather rely on external storage units, they can be successfully applied in large-scale energy storage, rural areas being one example. There are many different types of stationary fuel cells so efficiencies vary, but most are between 40% and 60% energy efficient. However, when the fuel cell's waste heat
17250-497: A small amount from vegetable oil. Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula : CO 2 ) is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. Carbon dioxide sensor A carbon dioxide sensor (CO 2 ) is an instrument for the measurement of carbon dioxide gas. The most common principles for CO 2 sensors are infrared gas sensors ( NDIR ) and chemical gas sensors. Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide , with
17500-509: A steam free basis ( dry basis ) since the steam is not a constituent in any of the synthesis gases produced or in the reformed gas when used as a fuel; however, if steam is to be considered in the product composition data as well, then the calculation would be wet basis . W/kg Kilowatts per kilogram (generally, W / kg ).The power per unit of mass in relation to the power-to-weight ratio . Wt.% In hydrogen storage research, weight percent (wt.%, also called mass percent )
17750-578: A steam free basis ( dry basis ) since the steam is not a constituent in any of the synthesis gases produced or in the reformed gas when used as a fuel; however, if steam is to be considered in the product composition data as well, then the calculation would be wet basis . E [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Effluent Effluent
18000-473: A subcategory of proton-exchange fuel cells where, the fuel, methanol (CH 3 OH), is reformed, before being fed into the fuel cell . Reformer A hydrogen reformer another name for steam reforming a device that extracts hydrogen from other fuels, typically methanol or gasoline, not to be confused with the process catalytic reforming Reforming A chemical process in which hydrogen containing fuels react with steam, oxygen , or both to produce
18250-411: A system or device that converts energy is measured by the ratio of the amount of useful energy put out by the system ("output energy") to the total amount of energy that is put in ("input energy") or by useful output energy as a percentage of the total input energy. In the case of fuel cells, useful output energy is measured in electrical energy produced by the system. Input energy is the energy stored in
18500-520: A temperature difference. Thermoplastic A thermoplastic is a plastic that melts to a liquid when heated and freezes to a brittle , very glassy state when cooled sufficiently. Thermoplastic elastomer Thermoplastic elastomers ( TPE ), sometimes referred to as thermoplastic rubbers , are a class of copolymers or a physical mix of polymers (usually a plastic and a rubber) which consist of materials with both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties. Transducer A transducer
18750-685: A three-year period. The Tucson Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) is a test fuel cell vehicle for Hyundai's second generation hydrogen fuel cell. The vehicle includes an 80 kW electric motor by Enova Systems of Torrance, California , UTC Fuel Cells by South Windsor, Connecticut , 152V battery co developed by Hyundai Motor Co. and LG Chem in Seoul, Korea, 152 litres (33 imp gal; 40 US gal) hydrogen storage tanks developed by Dynetek Industries Ltd. of Calgary , Alberta , Canada. The vehicle has range of 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) and top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph). The vehicle
19000-581: A type of electrochemical cell . Salt bridge usually comes in two types: glass tube and filter paper . Scrubber Scrubber systems are a diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to remove some particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams. Sensor A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. Series circuit Series circuits are sometimes called current -coupled or daisy chain -coupled. The current that flows in
19250-565: A type of fuel cell based on a polymer electrolyte membrane . Protonic ceramic fuel cell Protonic ceramic fuel cell (PCFC) based on a ceramic electrolyte material that exhibits high protonic conductivity at elevated temperatures. Q [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References [REDACTED] This section
19500-414: A type of acid-based fuel cell in which the transport of protons (H+) from the anode to the cathode is through a solid, aqueous membrane impregnated with an appropriate acid. The electrolyte is a called a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). The fuel cells typically run at low temperatures (<100°C). Potential difference In physics , the potential difference or p.d. between two points
19750-502: A very small difference in temperature between the hotter and colder interfaces. Heat transfer In thermal physics , heat transfer is the passage of thermal energy from a hot to a colder body. Heating value The heating value (TOTAL) (ΔH c ) is the energy released as heat when a compound undergoes complete combustion with oxygen . (see also Higher heating value (HHV) and Lower heating value ) (LHV). Heat of combustion The heat of combustion (ΔH c )
20000-437: A welding machine. In the 1960s, Pratt & Whitney licensed Bacon's U.S. patents for use in the U.S. space program to supply electricity and drinking water (hydrogen and oxygen being readily available from the spacecraft tanks). In 1991, the first hydrogen fuel cell automobile was developed by Roger E. Billings. UTC Power was the first company to manufacture and commercialize a large, stationary fuel cell system for use as
20250-482: Is combusted and the products have returned to a temperature of 25 °C. High-temperature shift High-temperature shift (HTS), the water gas shift reaction at 350 °C (662 °F) in the presence of a metal-based catalyst ( nickel ) Hybrid electric vehicle A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a hybrid vehicle which combines a conventional propulsion system with a rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) to achieve better fuel economy than
20500-572: Is flow batteries , in which the fuel can be regenerated by recharging. Individual fuel cells produce relatively small electrical potentials, about 0.7 volts, so cells are "stacked", or placed in series, to create sufficient voltage to meet an application's requirements. In addition to electricity, fuel cells produce water vapor, heat and, depending on the fuel source, very small amounts of nitrogen dioxide and other emissions. PEMFC cells generally produce fewer nitrogen oxides than SOFC cells: they operate at lower temperatures, use hydrogen as fuel, and limit
20750-579: Is a chemical element with the atomic symbol Pt Polybenzimidazole fiber Polybenzimidazole (PBI) fiber (1983) is a synthetic fiber with an extremely high melting point that also does not ignite. Polyethylene Polyethylene or polythene ( IUPAC name poly(ethene) ) is a thermoplastic commodity Polymer A polymer is a large molecule ( macromolecule ) composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds . See also plastic . Polymer electrolyte membrane A polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM),
21000-423: Is a dimensionless performance measure of a thermal device Thermal expansion When the temperature of a substance changes, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. When the stored energy increases, so does the length of the molecular bonds. As a result, solids typically expand in response to heating and contract on cooling; this dimensional response to temperature change
21250-431: Is a fast-ion conductor material used as a membrane in several types of molten salt electrochemical cell . Boiling point The boiling point of a liquid is the water temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid. Borax Borax , also known as sodium borate , sodium tetraborate , or disodium tetraborate , is an important boron compound,
21500-537: Is a fuel cell based on the proton exchange membrane which can do the electrolysis of water in regenerative mode and function in the other mode as a fuel cell recombining oxygen and hydrogen gas to produce electricity. V [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Vacuum pump A vacuum pump
21750-407: Is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge . Emission Emission of air pollutants Emission standard Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. Endothermic In thermodynamics , the endothermic processes or reactions are those that absorb energy in
22000-415: Is a mineral (inorganic) acid having the chemical formula H 3 P O 4 . Phosphoric acid fuel cell Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), a type of fuel cell that uses liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte . Photoelectrochemical cell Photoelectrochemical cell (PEC), a solar cell that extracts electrical energy from light, including visible light . Platinum Platinum
22250-647: Is a polyelectrolyte that comprises copolymers containing both electrically neutral repeating units and a fraction of ionized units Islanding Islanding is the condition of a distributed Generation (DG) generator continuing to power a location even though power from the electric utility is no longer present. J [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References [REDACTED] This section
22500-479: Is a unit of length in the metric system , equal to one hundredth of a metre , which is the current SI base unit of length. Centrifugal governor A centrifugal governor is a specific type of governor that controls the speed by regulating the amount of fuel (or working fluid ) admitted, so as to maintain a near constant speed whatever the load or fuel supply conditions. Ceramic Ceramics are inorganic non- metallic materials formed by
22750-475: Is a zirconium-oxide based ceramic Z [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Zinc-air battery A Zinc-air battery (non-rechargeable), and zinc-air fuel cells , (mechanically-rechargeable) are electro-chemical batteries powered by
23000-415: Is a chemical substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed; after the reaction it can potentially be recovered from the reaction mixture chemically unchanged. Catalyst poisoning Catalyst poisoning is the effect that a catalyst can be 'poisoned' if it reacts with another compound that bonds chemically (similar to an inhibitor ) but does not release, or chemically alters
23250-404: Is a closed path formed by the interconnection of electronic components through which an electric current can flow. Circuit diagram A circuit diagram (also known as an electrical diagram, wiring diagram , elementary diagram, or electronic schematic ) is a simplified conventional pictorial representation of an electrical circuit . Circulation In fluid dynamics , circulation
23500-504: Is a colorless, odorless, tasteless and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions , constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere . Nitrogen oxide Nitrogen oxide (NO x ) is any binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen or a mixture of such compounds Nitrogen oxide sensor A nitrogen oxide sensor or NOx sensor is typically a high temperature device built to detect nitrogen oxides in combustion environments such as an automobile or truck tailpipe or
23750-554: Is a complex sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat or both heat and light in the form of either a glow or flames . Combustion chamber A combustion chamber is the part of an engine in which fuel is burned. Composite material Composite materials (or composites for short) are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties and which remain separate and distinct on
24000-436: Is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum . Vapor–liquid equilibrium Vapor–liquid equilibrium , abbreviated as VLE by some, is a condition where a liquid and its vapor (gas phase) are in equilibrium with each other, a condition or state where the rate of evaporation (liquid changing to vapor) equals the rate of condensation (vapor changing to liquid) on
24250-453: Is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled electrical conductors . Triple phase boundary Triple phase boundary (TPB) Triple point In thermodynamics , the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three phases (for example, gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium . Turbine A turbine
24500-520: Is a device, usually electrical , electronic , electro-mechanical , electromagnetic , photonic , or photovoltaic that converts one type of energy or physical attribute to another for various purposes including measurement or information transfer (for example, pressure sensors ). Transfer switch A transfer switch allows switching from a primary power source to a secondary or tertiary power source and are employed in some electrical power distribution systems. Transformer A transformer
24750-408: Is a fixed bed of pellets of the same catalytic material, see fixed bed reactor . H [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Half-reaction A half reaction is either
25000-482: Is a fuel cell incorporating a solid polymer membrane used as its electrolyte . Protons (H+) are transported from the anode to the cathode. The operating temperature range is generally 60–100°C. Polytetrafluoroethylene In chemistry , poly(tetrafluoroethene) or poly(tetrafluoroethylene) ( PTFE ) is a synthetic fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC or PEFC),
25250-453: Is a material that resists the flow of electric current . It is an object intended to support or separate electrical conductors without passing current through itself. Electrical resistance Electrical resistance is a ratio of the degree to which an object opposes an electric current through it, measured in Ohms . Electric circuit An electrical circuit is a network that has
25500-502: Is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current . Electrical efficiency The electrical efficiency of an entity (a device , component , or system ) in electronics and electrical engineering is defined as useful power output divided by the total electrical power consumed (a fractional expression ), typically denoted by the Greek letter small Eta (η). Electrical insulation An electrical insulator
25750-401: Is a measure of perpendicular force per unit area i.e. equivalent to one newton per square meter or one joule per cubic metre. Peak load Peak load PEDOT Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or PEDOT (or sometimes PEDT ) is a conducting polymer based on 3,4-ethylenedioxylthiophene or EDOT monomer . Permeation Permeation , in physics and engineering ,
26000-498: Is a mechanical feedback mechanism that regulates fluid level by using a float to drive an inlet valve so that a higher fluid level will force the valve closed while a lower fluid level will force the valve open. Flow battery Flow battery (FB) a form of rechargeable battery in which electrolyte containing one or more dissolved electroactive species flows through a power cell / reactor that converts chemical energy to electricity. Flow measurement Flow measurement
26250-638: Is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume . Gas detector A gas detector is a device which detects the presence of various gases within an area, usually as part of a system to warn about gases which might be harmful to humans or animals. Gas diffusion Mixing of two gases caused by random molecular motions. Gases diffuse very quickly; liquids diffuse much more slowly, and solids diffuse at very slow (but often measurable) rates. Molecular collisions make diffusion slower in liquids and solids. Gas diffusion electrode Gas diffusion electrodes are electrodes with
26500-418: Is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles Liquefaction In physics , to liquefy (sometimes spelled as "liquify") means to turn something into the liquid state. Liquefaction of gases Liquefaction of gases includes a number of phases used to convert a gas into a liquid state. List of chemical purification methods in chemistry Purification in
26750-440: Is a more general situation than dynamic equilibrium . If a system is in steady state, then the recently observed behavior of the system will continue into the future. SMR Steam methane reforming (SMR) another name for steam reforming Steam reforming Steam reforming (SR), hydrogen reforming or catalytic oxidation , is a method of producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons at high temperatures (700 – 1100 °C) in
27000-472: Is a physical-chemical process to generate Methane from a mixture of various gases out of biomass fermentation or thermo-chemical gasification . Methane Methane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula CH 4 . It is the simplest alkane , and the principal component of natural gas . Methane reformer A methane reformer is a device used in chemical engineering , which can produce pure hydrogen gas from natural gas using
27250-494: Is a procedure for analysis of potential failure modes within a system for classification by severity or determination of the effect of failures on the system. FCEV A Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle is a Fuel cell vehicle that has a battery it can charge from an external source as well as from its on-board fuel cell . FCV Fuel cell vehicle Feedstock purification Feedstock purification , The process of removing poisons like sulfur (S) and chloride (Cl) from
27500-404: Is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal with the symbol Pd , and its atomic number is 46. Parallel circuit Parallel circuit , if two or more components are connected in parallel they have the same potential difference ( voltage ) across their ends. The potential differences across the components are the same in magnitude, and they also have identical polarities. Hence, the same voltage
27750-400: Is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow. Turbocharger Turbocharger , a device used for increasing the pressure and density of a fluid entering a fuel cell power plant using a compressor driven by a turbine that extracts energy from the exhaust gas. Turbocompressor Turbocompressor , a machine for compressing air or other fluid ( reactant if supplied to
28000-481: Is a small pump , particularly one with functional dimensions in the micrometre range. Miles per gallon equivalent Miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent (MPGe) is a unit of measurement that relates efficiencies of different systems to the traditional unit of measurement for fuel efficiency ( miles per gallon of gasoline). Millimeter Millimeter (mm), Metric unit of length, equal to 0.04 inch (there are 25 mm in an inch). There are 1000 millimeters in
28250-646: Is a substance or compound consumed during a chemical reaction . Rectifier A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification . Redox Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction) is any chemical reaction in which atoms have their oxidation number ( oxidation state ) changed. Reformate Reformate, hydrocarbon fuel that has been processed into hydrogen and other products for use in fuel cells . Reformed Methanol Fuel Cell Reformed methanol fuel cell (RMFC) or Indirect Methanol Fuel Cell (IMFC)s are
28500-480: Is a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Nano iron powder Nano iron powder is an iron powder with granules' sizes ranging on the nanoscale . Nanowire A nanowire is a wire of diameter of the order of a nanometer (10 meters). Natural gas Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane , propane , butane , and pentane —heavier hydrocarbons removed prior to use as
28750-404: Is a surplus condition in the difference between the energy required to harvest an energy source and the energy provided by that same source. Nickel Nickel is a metallic chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. Nitrogen Nitrogen N 2 a chemical element that has the symbol N and atomic number 7 and atomic weight 14.0067. Molecular nitrogen (N 2 )
29000-708: Is a threaded metal plug, usually made out of bronze , brass , or gunmetal . G [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Gadolinium doped ceria Gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) – (for SOFC ) Gas Fuel gas, such as natural gas, undiluted liquefied petroleum gases (vapor phase only), liquefied petroleum gas–air mixtures, or mixtures of these gases. Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) as used in this standard, shall mean and include any material which
29250-401: Is a unit of energy. L [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Landfill gas landfill gas (LFG), see biogas . Lanthanum carbonate Lanthanum carbonate
29500-509: Is an electric current which reverses direction cyclically, as opposed to direct current , the direction of which remains constant. Ambient Air The air surrounding a given object or system. Ambient temperature Ambient temperature is the temperature within enclosed space. Ampere The ampere , in practice often shortened to amp , (symbol: A) is a unit of electric current , or amount of electric charge per second. Anion A negatively charged ion ; an ion that
29750-430: Is an electrochemical conversion device. Fuel cell poisoning The lowering of a fuel cell's efficiency due to impurities in the fuel binding to the catalyst. See catalyst poisoning . Fuel cell vehicle A fuel cell vehicle is any vehicle that uses a fuel cell to produce its on-board motive power. Fuel efficiency Fuel efficiency , in its basic sense, is the same as thermal efficiency , meaning
30000-440: Is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen ) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy usually comes from substances that are already present in
30250-447: Is an assembled stack of proton exchange membranes . Megawatt The megawatt (symbol: MW) is equal to one million (1000000) watts. Meter Meter (m), Basic metric unit of length equal to 3.28 feet, 1.09 yards or 39.37 inches. Related units are the decimeter (dm) at 10 per meter, the centimeter (cm) at 100 per meter, the millimeter (mm) at 1000 per meter and the kilometer (km) at 1000 meters. Methanation Methanation
30500-433: Is an electrically powered device used to produce an airflow for the purpose of creature comfort (particularly in the heat), ventilation , exhaust, or any other gaseous transport. Fahrenheit Fahrenheit is a temperature scale . In this scale, the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the boiling point 212 °F Failure mode and effects analysis A failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)
30750-401: Is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber . Inverter An inverter is an electrical or electro-mechanical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) Ion An ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more valence electrons , giving it
31000-459: Is an outflowing of water from a natural body of water, or from a man-made structure. Electrical Balance of Plant Electrical Balance of Plant (EBOP), the user interface panel, control equipment , and converting the fuel cell DC power to AC power. Electricity Electricity is any phenomenon resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge . Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity
31250-585: Is any process of transforming one form of energy to another. Enthalpy In thermodynamics and molecular chemistry , the enthalpy or heat content (denoted as H , h , or rarely as χ ) is a quotient or description of thermodynamic potential of a system that can be used to calculate the "useful" work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system under constant pressure and entropy . Enthalpy of vaporization The enthalpy of vaporization , (symbol Δ v H {\displaystyle \Delta {}_{v}H} ), also known as
31500-430: Is applicable to all circuit components connected in parallel. Partial oxidation In chemistry , a partial oxidation ( POX ) reaction occurs when a substoichiometric fuel-air mixture is partially combusted in a reformer. Partial pressure In a mixture of ideal gases , each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume. The total pressure of
31750-399: Is attracted to the anode. Anode An anode is an electrode through which electric current flows into a polarized electrical device. Aqueous phase reforming APR is the production of hydrogen from biomass-derived oxygenated compounds (such as glycerol, sugars and sugar alcohols). Artificial membrane An artificial membrane , also called a synthetic membrane , is
32000-546: Is composed predominantly of any of the following hydrocarbons , or mixtures of them: propane, propylene, butanes (normal butane or isobutane) and butylenes. LP gas–air mixture – Liquefied petroleum gases distributed at relatively low pressures and normal atmospheric temperatures which have been diluted with air to produce desired heating value and utilization characteristics. Natural gas – Mixtures of hydrocarbon gases and vapors consisting principally of methane (CH4) in gaseous form. Gas compressor A gas compressor
32250-573: Is empty. You can help by adding to it . ( July 2010 ) K [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Kröger–Vink notation Kröger–Vink notation is set of conventions used to describe electrical charge and lattice position for point defect species in crystals . Kilogram The kilogram or kilogramme (symbol: kg)
32500-468: Is empty. You can help by adding to it . ( July 2010 ) R [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Reactor Reactor, see: bioreactor , membrane reactor and chemical reactor . Reagent A reagent or reactant
32750-409: Is empty. You can help by adding to it . ( July 2010 ) Y [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Yttria-stabilized zirconia Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)
33000-431: Is expressed by its coefficient of thermal expansion . Thermal partial oxidation Thermal partial oxidation (TPOX) is a thermal partial oxidation reaction, which is dependent on the air-fuel ratio , proceed at temperatures of 1200 °C and above. Thermoelectricity Thermoelectricity is a class of phenomena in which a temperature difference creates an electric potential or an electric potential creates
33250-403: Is fixing any sort of mechanical or electrical device should it become out of order or broken (repair) as well as performing the routine actions which keep the device in working order (maintenance) or prevent trouble from arising ( preventive maintenance ). Mass flow sensor A mass flow sensor (MAF) responds to the amount of a fluid (usually a gas) flowing through a chamber containing
33500-651: Is greater than 45% at low loads and shows average values of about 36% when a driving cycle like the NEDC ( New European Driving Cycle ) is used as test procedure. The comparable NEDC value for a Diesel vehicle is 22%. In 2008 Honda released a demonstration fuel cell electric vehicle (the Honda FCX Clarity ) with fuel stack claiming a 60% tank-to-wheel efficiency. It is also important to take losses due to fuel production, transportation, and storage into account. Fuel cell vehicles running on compressed hydrogen may have
33750-400: Is in production since 2013, a production vehicle that is powered by a fuel cell with hydrogen . Hyundai indicates an output of 100 kW (136PS) and a torque of 300 Nm. A tank contains 5.64 kg of hydrogen and should last for a range of nearly 600 km. In February 2013, Hyundai announced that it started production at Ulsan , South Korea of Hyundai ix35 based FCEV's. In 2015,
34000-529: Is one of the allotropes of carbon . Greenhouse effect Gases in the Earth's atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect , effectively absorbing thermal infrared radiation, emitted by the Earth’s surface Greenhouse gases Warming of the Earth's atmosphere due to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that allow solar radiation (visible, ultraviolet) to reach the Earth's atmosphere but do not allow
34250-401: Is part of transport phenomena . Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration by random molecular motion. Direct borohydride fuel cell Direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) a subcategory of alkaline fuel cells Direct carbon fuel cell Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC), a fuel cell that uses a carbonaceous material as
34500-615: Is priced at KRW 85 million (US$ 77,300) with a South Korean government subsidy of KRW60 million (US$ 57,707), the start of mass production and the use of cheaper materials in the future should lead to lower prices. Discontinued due to launching the successor, the Hyundai Nexo in 2018. The first ix35 FCEV was delivered in June 2014 in Tustin (California) with a lease price of $ 499/mo, a $ 2,999 down payment with unlimited free fuelling for
34750-482: Is produced by steam methane reforming , which emits carbon dioxide. The overall efficiency (electricity to hydrogen and back to electricity) of such plants (known as round-trip efficiency ), using pure hydrogen and pure oxygen can be "from 35 up to 50 percent", depending on gas density and other conditions. The electrolyzer/fuel cell system can store indefinite quantities of hydrogen, and is therefore suited for long-term storage. Solid-oxide fuel cells produce heat from
35000-589: Is referred to as the heart of the PEMFC and is usually made of a proton-exchange membrane sandwiched between two catalyst -coated carbon papers . Platinum and/or similar types of noble metals are usually used as the catalyst for PEMFC, and these can be contaminated by carbon monoxide , necessitating a relatively pure hydrogen fuel. The electrolyte could be a polymer membrane . Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs) were first designed and introduced in 1961 by G. V. Elmore and H. A. Tanner . In these cells, phosphoric acid
35250-438: Is said to be the largest of the type. Small-scale (sub-5kWhr) fuel cells are being developed for use in residential off-grid deployment. Combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems, including micro combined heat and power (MicroCHP) systems are used to generate both electricity and heat for homes (see home fuel cell ), office building and factories. The system generates constant electric power (selling excess power back to
35500-401: Is the SI unit of electrical impedance or, in the direct current case, electrical resistance , named after Georg Ohm . Onboard reforming On-board reforming , reforming on board a vehicle , see steam reforming , methane reformer , methanol reformer Open-circuit voltage Open-circuit voltage or OCV is the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of
35750-554: Is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (known also by its French-language initials “SI”). The kilogram is almost exactly equal to the mass of one liter of water. Kilowatt The kilowatt (symbol: kW), equal to one thousand watts, is typically used to state the power output of engines and the power consumption of tools and machines. Kilowatt hour The kilowatt hour , also written kilowatt-hour (symbol kW·h , kW h or kWh )
36000-432: Is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H . At standard temperature and pressure , hydrogen is a colorless, odorless , nonmetallic , tasteless , highly flammable diatomic gas with the molecular formula H 2 . Hydrogen anion The hydrogen anion is a negative hydrogen ion , H . See also hydride ion . Hydrogen purity Hydrogen purity or hydrogen quality
36250-442: Is the line integral around a closed curve of the fluid velocity . Climate change Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences. Cogeneration Cogeneration (also combined heat and power , CHP ) is the use of a heat engine or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat . Combustion Combustion or burning
36500-611: Is the liquid state of the element hydrogen . Liquid–liquid extraction Liquid–liquid extraction , also known as solvent extraction and partitioning , is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent . Liquefied natural gas Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (primarily methane , CH 4 ) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. Liquefied petroleum gas Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG , GPL , LP Gas , or autogas )
36750-475: Is the mean (average) time between failures of a system, and is often attributed to the "useful life" of the device i.e. not including 'infant mortality' or 'end of life' if the device is not repairable. Mean time between outages In a system the mean time between outages ( MTBO ) is the mean time between equipment failures that result in loss of system continuity or unacceptable degradation . Mechanical energy In physics , mechanical energy
37000-403: Is the potential energy and kinetic energy present in the components of a mechanical system . Mechanical Balance of Plant Mechanical Balance of Plant (MBOP), the process equipment needed to provide steam, gas, and air to the fuel cell stack. Membrane See semipermeable membrane and artificial membrane Membrane electrode assembly Membrane electrode assembly (MEA)
37250-519: Is the pressure exerted on a moving fluid by obstructions or tight bends in the confinement vessel along which it is moving, such as piping or air vents, against its direction of flow. Baffle A device or construction used to restrain or regulate, e.g. gas, or a fluid. Balance of plant Balance of plant (BOP) is the infrastructure of a fuel cell, not including the fuel cells. (See also Mechanical Balance of Plant MBOP and Electrical Balance of Plant EBOP ). Battery In electronics,
37500-498: Is the reduction in voltage in an electrical circuit between the source and load. Voltage regulator A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. Volumetric energy density Volumetric energy density , potential energy in a given volume of fuel . Volumetric flow rate The volumetric flow rate in fluid dynamics and hydrometry , (also known as volume flow rate or rate of fluid flow )
37750-493: Is the temperature (at a given pressure ) at which the hydrocarbon components of any hydrocarbon-rich gas mixture, such as natural gas , will start to condense out of the gaseous phase. Hydrodesulfurization Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a catalytic chemical process widely used to remove sulfur (S) from natural gas and from refined petroleum products such as gasoline or petrol , jet fuel , kerosene , diesel fuel , and fuel oils . Hydrogen Hydrogen
38000-468: Is the ability to hold, receive or absorb, or a measure thereof, similar to the concept of volume . Capacity factor The net capacity factor of a power plant is the ratio of the actual output of a power plant over a period of time and its output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Capital cost Capital cost are costs incurred on the purchase of fuel cells , buildings , construction and equipment to be used in
38250-529: Is the amount of alternative fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of gasoline . Gibbs free energy In thermodynamics , the Gibbs free energy ( IUPAC recommended name: Gibbs energy or Gibbs function ) is a thermodynamic potential which measures the "useful" or process-initiating work obtainable from an isothermal , isobaric thermodynamic system . Graphite The mineral graphite , as with diamond and fullerene ,
38500-399: Is the amount of hydrogen stored on a weight basis. This can apply to materials that store hydrogen or for the entire storage system (e.g., material or compressed/liquid hydrogen as well as the tank and other equipment required to contain the hydrogen such as insulation, valves, regulators , etc.). For example, 6 wt.% on a system-basis means that 6% of the entire system by weight is hydrogen. On
38750-594: Is the cells' short life span. The high-temperature and carbonate electrolyte lead to corrosion of the anode and cathode. These factors accelerate the degradation of MCFC components, decreasing the durability and cell life. Researchers are addressing this problem by exploring corrosion-resistant materials for components as well as fuel cell designs that may increase cell life without decreasing performance. MCFCs hold several advantages over other fuel cell technologies, including their resistance to impurities. They are not prone to "carbon coking", which refers to carbon build-up on
39000-424: Is the commercial gain of a product from its research and development phase to its vital life phase before it becomes outdated and replaced. More mature technology has been tested and tweaked so as to reduce faults and flaws Technology readiness level Technology readiness level (TRL) is a measure used by some United States government agencies and many of the world's major companies (and agencies) to assess
39250-626: Is the conductive material in a fuel cell that collects electrons (on the anode side) or disburses electrons (on the cathode side). Current collectors are microporous (to allow for fluid flow through them) and lie in between the catalyst / electrolyte surfaces and the bipolar plates . D [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References DC to DC converter In electronic engineering ,
39500-449: Is the difference of the points' scalar potential , equivalent to the line integral of the field strength between the two points. Portable fuel cell applications Portable fuel cell applications (or portable fuel cell power systems) are portable (Movable) fuel cell applications Potassium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula K OH . Power In physics , power (symbol: P )
39750-446: Is the energy released as heat when a compound undergoes complete combustion with oxygen . The chemical reaction is typically a hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide , water and heat. Higher heating value The higher heating value (HHV) (also known as the gross calorific value or gross energy) of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by a specified quantity (initially at 25 °C) once it
40000-721: Is the lack of impurities in hydrogen as a fuel gas. Hydrogen-rich fuel A fuel that contains a significant amount of hydrogen , such as gasoline, diesel fuel, methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (CH3CH2OH), natural gas , and coal. Hydrogen sulfide sensor A hydrogen sulfide sensor or H 2 S sensor is a gas sensor for the measurement of hydrogen sulfide in a gas stream. I [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Impurity Impurities are substances inside
40250-406: Is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with other substances. Condensate Condensate, the liquid phase produced by the condensation of steam or any other gas Condensation Condensation is the change of the physical state of aggregation (or simply state) of matter from gaseous phase into liquid phase. Condenser In systems involving heat transfer ,
40500-431: Is the motion of liquid induced by an applied potential across a capillary tube or microchannel. Electroosmotic flow is an essential component in chemical separation techniques, notably capillary electrophoresis. Electroosmotic pump An electroosmotic pump (EOP), or EO pump, is used for removing liquid flooding water from channels and gas diffusion layers and direct hydration of the proton exchange membrane in
40750-460: Is the penetration of a permeate (such as a liquid, gas, or vapor ) through a solid, and is related to a material's intrinsic permeability . Permeability is tested by permeation measurement. Phase transition In thermodynamics , phase transition or phase change is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another. Phosphoric acid Phosphoric acid , also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid ,
41000-534: Is the potential for carbon dust to build up on the anode, which slows down the internal reforming process. Research to address this "carbon coking" issue at the University of Pennsylvania has shown that the use of copper-based cermet (heat-resistant materials made of ceramic and metal) can reduce coking and the loss of performance. Another disadvantage of SOFC systems is the long start-up, making SOFCs less useful for mobile applications. Despite these disadvantages,
41250-439: Is the preferential oxidation of a gas on a catalyst . Pressure regulator A pressure regulator is a valve that automatically cuts off the flow of a liquid or gas at a certain pressure. Pressure relief valve A pressure relief valve (PRV), also called a pressure safety valve (PSV), is a safety device that relieves in case of overpressure in vessel or piping. Pressure sensor A pressure sensor measures
41500-413: Is the process of intentionally introducing impurities into an extremely pure (also referred to as intrinsic ) semiconductor in order to change its electrical properties. Downtime Downtime or outage is a period of time or a percentage of a timespan that a system is unavailable or offline . Dry basis It is customary to report the product composition data in steam reforming reactions on
41750-522: Is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. It can be measured in a variety of ways. Flue gas Flue gas is gas that exits to the atmosphere via a flue . Flue-gas desulfurization Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) is the technology used for removing sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) from the exhaust flue gases . Fluid dynamics Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of fluid mechanics dealing with fluid flow : fluids (liquids and gases) in motion. Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics
42000-407: Is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transmitted, or the amount of energy required or expended for a given unit of time. Power density Power density (Pv), see specific power Power factor The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the real power to the apparent power , and is a number between 0 and 1 (frequently expressed as
42250-444: Is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. Energy density Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume , or per unit mass , depending on the context, although the latter is more formally specific energy Energy transformation In physics and engineering , energy transformation or energy conversion ,
42500-409: Is the simplest carboxylic acid . Its formula is H C O OH or CH 2 O 2 . Formic acid fuel cell Formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC), a subcategory of proton-exchange fuel cells where, the fuel, formic acid, is not reformed, but fed directly to the fuel cell. Fossil fuel Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source fuels , that is, hydrocarbons found within the top layer of
42750-497: Is the study of how fluids move and the forces on them. (Fluids include liquids and gases.) Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics , the study of fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics , the study of fluids in motion. Flux In the study of transport phenomena ( heat transfer , mass transfer and fluid dynamics ), flux is defined as the amount that flows through a unit area per unit time . Formic acid Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid )
43000-433: Is the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time (for example cubic meters per second [m s ] in SI units, or cubic feet per second [cu ft/s]). It is usually represented by the symbol Q . Volumetric heat capacity Volumetric heat capacity (VHC) is the ability of a given volume of a substance to store internal energy while undergoing a given temperature change, but without undergoing
43250-467: Is used as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperatures, together with ZrO 2 . Thermal conductivity In physics , thermal conductivity , k {\displaystyle k} , is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat . Thermal efficiency In thermodynamics , the thermal efficiency ( η t h {\displaystyle \eta _{th}\,} )
43500-407: Is used as a lanthanum source for solid-state production of lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM), primarily for solid oxide fuel cell applications. LH 2 See liquid hydrogen . Life cycle assessment A life cycle assessment ( LCA , also known as life cycle analysis , ecobalance , and cradle-to-grave analysis ) is the investigation and valuation of the environmental impacts of
43750-506: Is used as a non-conductive electrolyte to pass protons from the anode to the cathode and to force electrons to travel from anode to cathode through an external electrical circuit. These cells commonly work in temperatures of 150 to 200 °C. This high temperature will cause heat and energy loss if the heat is not removed and used properly. This heat can be used to produce steam for air conditioning systems or any other thermal energy-consuming system. Using this heat in cogeneration can enhance
44000-563: Is used in the context of liquefied and cryogenic substances. The expansion ratio of a substance is the volume of a given amount of that substance in liquid form compared to the volume of the same amount of substance in gaseous form, at a given temperature. F [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Fan A mechanical fan
44250-436: Is used to heat a building in a cogeneration system this efficiency can increase to 85%. This is significantly more efficient than traditional coal power plants, which are only about one third energy efficient. Assuming production at scale, fuel cells could save 20–40% on energy costs when used in cogeneration systems. Fuel cells are also much cleaner than traditional power generation; a fuel cell power plant using natural gas as
44500-693: Is used, the CO 2 is released when methane from natural gas is combined with steam, in a process called steam methane reforming , to produce the hydrogen. This can take place in a different location to the fuel cell, potentially allowing the hydrogen fuel cell to be used indoors—for example, in forklifts. The different components of a PEMFC are The materials used for different parts of the fuel cells differ by type. The bipolar plates may be made of different types of materials, such as, metal, coated metal, graphite , flexible graphite, C–C composite , carbon – polymer composites etc. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA)
44750-455: The Bacon fuel cell. Alloy An alloy is a solid solution or homogeneous mixture of two or more elements , at least one of which is a metal , which itself has metallic properties. Alternator An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to alternating current electrical energy. Alternating current An alternating current ( AC )
45000-623: The Electrochemical Society journal Interface in 2008, wrote, "While fuel cells are efficient relative to combustion engines, they are not as efficient as batteries, primarily due to the inefficiency of the oxygen reduction reaction (and ... the oxygen evolution reaction, should the hydrogen be formed by electrolysis of water). ... [T]hey make the most sense for operation disconnected from the grid, or when fuel can be provided continuously. For applications that require frequent and relatively rapid start-ups ... where zero emissions are
45250-460: The Reynolds number R e {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} } is a dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio of inertial forces ( V ρ {\displaystyle {\mathbf {\mathrm {V} } }\rho } ) to viscous forces ( μ / L {\displaystyle \mu /L} ) and, consequently, it quantifies
45500-444: The atmosphere . Voltage Electrical tension (or voltage after its SI unit , the volt ) is the difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical or electronic circuit , expressed in volts . Voltage converter A voltage converter changes the voltage of an electrical power source and is usually combined with other components to create a power supply . Voltage drop Voltage drop
45750-494: The detection limit , lower limit of detection , or LOD (limit of detection), is the lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance (a blank value ) within a stated confidence limit (generally 1%). Dew point The dew point (sometimes spelled dewpoint ) is the temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure , for water vapor to condense into water. Diffusion Diffusion
46000-415: The exergy of a system is the maximum work possible during a process that brings the system into equilibrium with a heat reservoir . Exergy efficiency Exergy efficiency (also known as the second-law efficiency or rational efficiency ) computes the efficiency of a process taking the second law of thermodynamics into account. Exhaust gas Exhaust gas is flue gas which occurs as
46250-498: The feedstock . Flammability Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite, causing fire or combustion . Flammability limit Flammability limits , also called flammable limits, give the proportion of combustible gases in a mixture, between which limits this mixture is flammable . Flash point The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air. Float valve A float valve
46500-415: The gasification of a carbon-containing fuel to a gaseous product with a heating value. T [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Tafel equation The Tafel equation relates
46750-469: The heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation , is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas. Ethanol Ethanol , also called ethyl alcohol , grain alcohol , or drinking alcohol , is a volatile , flammable , colorless liquid. Evaporation Evaporation is the process by which molecules in a liquid state (e.g. water ) spontaneously become gaseous (e.g. water vapor ). Exergy In thermodynamics ,
47000-511: The ionic conductivity of YSZ. Therefore, to obtain the optimum performance of the fuel cell, a high operating temperature is required. According to their website, Ceres Power , a UK SOFC fuel cell manufacturer, has developed a method of reducing the operating temperature of their SOFC system to 500–600 degrees Celsius. They replaced the commonly used YSZ electrolyte with a CGO (cerium gadolinium oxide) electrolyte. The lower operating temperature allows them to use stainless steel instead of ceramic as
47250-421: The maturity of evolving technologies (materials, components, devices, etc.) prior to incorporating that technology into a system or subsystem. Technology validation Technology validation, confirming that technical targets for a given technology have been met. Temperature Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold Terbium Terbium
47500-435: The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell Electrolysis In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. Electrolyte An electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium. Electron The electron
47750-602: The methanol (CH 3 OH) fuel is not reformed as in the indirect methanol fuel cell , but fed directly to the fuel cell Dispersion Dispersion , in fluid dynamics is dispersive mass transfer , which is the spreading of mass from areas of high to low concentration Distributed Generation Distributed generation , also called on-site generation , dispersed generation , embedded generation , decentralized generation , decentralized energy or distributed energy , generates electricity from many small energy sources. Doping In semiconductor production, doping
48000-7740: The oxidation of zinc with oxygen from the air. Zinc oxide Zinc oxide is a chemical compound with the formula ZnO. ( sulfur sorbent) Acronyms [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Acronym – AAEM alkali anion exchange membrane AC alternating current AFC alkaline fuel cell ATR autothermal reforming APU auxiliary power unit BASE beta-alumina solid electrolyte BOP balance of plant BTU British thermal unit °C celsius C carbon C coulomb ca. or c. circa CGH 2 compressed hydrogen CH 4 methane CH 3 CH 2 OH ethanol CH 3 OH methanol CHP combined heat and power CI chloride ion CNG compressed natural gas CNT carbon nanotube CO 2 carbon dioxide CO carbon monoxide CPOX catalytic partial oxidation CPS continuous power supply DBFC direct borohydride fuel cell DC direct current DCFC direct carbon fuel cell DEFC direct-ethanol fuel cell DER distributed energy resource DFAFC formic acid fuel cell DMFC direct methanol fuel cell E standard electrode potential EBOP electrical balance of plant EGFC electro-galvanic fuel cell EOF electroosmotic flow EOP electroosmotic pump °F fahrenheit FB flow battery FC fuel cell FGD flue-gas desulfurization FMEA failure mode and effects analysis FPS fuel processing system GDC gadolinium doped ceria GEG gasoline-equivalent gallon GGE gasoline gallon equivalent GHSV gas hourly space velocity (see space velocity ) H 2 hydrogen H 2 O water HC hydrocarbon HCDP hydrocarbon dew point HCOOH formic acid HDP hydrocarbon dew point HDS hydrodesulfurization HEV hybrid electric vehicle HHV higher heating value HTS high temperature shift ICE internal combustion engine IMFC indirect methanol fuel cell KG kilogram KOH potassium hydroxide kW kilowatt kWh kilowatt hour kW/kg Kilowatts per kilogram kW/m3 Kilowatts per cubic meter kW/sq.m Kilowatts per square meter LCA life cycle assessment LDH layered double hydroxide LEL lower explosive limit LFG landfill gas LFL lower flammable limit LH 2 liquid hydrogen LHSV liquid hourly space velocity (see space velocity ) LHV lower heating value LNG liquefied natural gas LOD limit of detection LPG liquefied petroleum gas LSM lanthanum strontium manganite LTS low temperature shift MAF mass flow sensor MAOP maximum allowable operating pressure MBOP mechanical balance of plant MCFC molten-carbonate fuel cell mCHP micro combined heat and power MDT mean down time MEA membrane electrode assembly MeOH methanol MFC microbial fuel cell mm millimeter MPGe miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent MRO maintenance, repair and operations MSR methanol steam reforming MTBF mean time between failures MTBO mean time between outages MW megawatt mW milliwatt N 2 nitrogen NEG net energy gain NO x nitrogen oxide O oxygen OCV open-circuit voltage OEM original equipment manufacturer Pa pascal PAFC phosphoric acid fuel cell PBI polybenzimidazole fiber PCFC protonic ceramic fuel cell Pd palladium p.d. potential difference PEC photoelectrochemical cell PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PEFC polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell PEM polymer electrolyte membrane or proton exchange membrane PEMFC polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell or proton exchange membrane fuel cell PM particulate matter POX partial oxidation ppm parts per million ppmv parts per million volume PROX preferential oxidation PRV pressure relief valve PSA pressure swing adsorption PSU power supply unit Pt platinum PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene Pv power density Re reynolds number RESS rechargeable energy storage system RFC reversible fuel cell RMFC reformed methanol fuel cell RWGS reversed water-gas shift reaction s/c short circuit or steam to carbon ratio (carbon = hydrocarbon used for SR) SFC standard cubic foot or sometimes solid oxide fuel cell SMPS switched-mode power supply SMR steam methane reforming SOEC solid oxide electrolyser cell SOFC solid oxide fuel cell SR steam reforming TA technology assessment TGC tail-gas combustor TOF turnover frequency TOS time on stream (also T.O.S) TPB triple-phase boundary TPE thermoplastic elastomers TPOX thermal partial oxidation TRL technology readiness level UEL upper explosive limit UPS uninterruptible power supply URFC unitized regenerative fuel cell VHC volumetric heat capacity VLE vapor–liquid equilibrium W watt WGS water–gas shift reaction WHSV weight hourly space velocity (see space velocity ) Wt.% weight percent YSZ yttria-stabilized zirconia ZnO zinc oxide References [ edit ] ^ Mass Balance Calculation Method in Methane-Steam Reforming (PDF) . Mrs. Zulekha Soomro . Retrieved 2011-02-11 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_fuel_cell_terms&oldid=1241662124#Bipolar_plate " Categories : Glossaries of technology Fuel cells Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Articles to be expanded from July 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from July 2010 All articles with empty sections Misplaced Pages glossaries using description lists Fuel cell A fuel cell
48250-404: The pressure , typically of gases or liquids . Pressure swing adsorption Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is a technology used to separate some gas species from a mixture of gases under pressure according to the species' molecular characteristics and affinity for an adsorbent material. Pressure vessel A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at
48500-468: The sensor . Maximum allowable operating pressure Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) is the wall strength of a pressurized cylinder such as a pipeline or storage tank and how much pressure the walls may safely hold before rupturing. Mean down time In organizational management , mean down time (MDT) is the average time that a system is non-operational. Mean time between failures Mean time between failures (MTBF)
48750-566: The standard electrode potential , abbreviated E , E , or E (with a superscript plimsoll character, pronounced nought ), is the measure of individual potential of a reversible electrode (at equilibrium) at standard state , which is with solutes at an effective concentration of 1 mol/kg, and gases at a pressure of 1 atmosphere / 100 kPa (kilopascals). Stationary fuel cell applications Stationary fuel cell applications (or stationary fuel cell power systems) are stationary (not moving) fuel cell applications Steady state Steady state
49000-406: The voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above its upper design limit, this is known as overvoltage . Oxidant An oxidizing agent (also called an oxidant or oxidizer ) can be defined as either: a chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms, or a substance that gains electrons in a redox chemical reaction . In both cases, the oxidizing agent becomes reduced in
49250-428: The waste heat produced by the primary power cycle - whether fuel cell, nuclear fission or combustion - is captured and put to use, increasing the efficiency of the system to up to 85–90%. The theoretical maximum efficiency of any type of power generation system is never reached in practice, and it does not consider other steps in power generation, such as production, transportation and storage of fuel and conversion of
49500-494: The DFC-ERG, is combined with a gas turbine and, according to the company, it achieves an electrical efficiency of 65%. The electric storage fuel cell is a conventional battery chargeable by electric power input, using the conventional electro-chemical effect. However, the battery further includes hydrogen (and oxygen) inputs for alternatively charging the battery chemically. Glossary of terms in table: The energy efficiency of
49750-494: The Earth’s crust . Fouling Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces, Frequency changer A frequency changer or frequency converter is an electronic device that converts alternating current ( AC ) of one frequency to alternating current of another frequency. Fuel Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy. Fuel cell A fuel cell (FC)
50000-669: The TPOX procedure is used for such fuels. Cathode A cathode is an electrode through which (positive) electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device. Cation A cation is a positively charged ion. Celsius The degree Celsius ( °C ) is a designation for specific temperatures on the Celsius scale as well as units of increment to indicate a temperature interval (a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty ). Centimeter A centimetre ( American spelling : centimeter , symbol cm )
50250-424: The action of heat. Cermet A cermet is a composite material composed of ceramic (cer) and metallic (met) materials. Chemical thermodynamics In thermodynamics , chemical thermodynamics is the mathematical study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with a physical change of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics . Circuit A circuit
50500-493: The anode that results in reduced performance by slowing down the internal fuel reforming process. Therefore, carbon-rich fuels like gases made from coal are compatible with the system. The United States Department of Energy claims that coal, itself, might even be a fuel option in the future, assuming the system can be made resistant to impurities such as sulfur and particulates that result from converting coal into hydrogen. MCFCs also have relatively high efficiencies. They can reach
50750-478: The anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct current electricity. At the cathode, another catalyst causes ions, electrons, and oxygen to react, forming water and possibly other products. Fuel cells are classified by the type of electrolyte they use and by the difference in start-up time ranging from 1 second for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM fuel cells, or PEMFC) to 10 minutes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). A related technology
51000-423: The anode to the cathode), as is the case in all other types of fuel cells. Oxygen gas is fed through the cathode, where it absorbs electrons to create oxygen ions. The oxygen ions then travel through the electrolyte to react with hydrogen gas at the anode. The reaction at the anode produces electricity and water as by-products. Carbon dioxide may also be a by-product depending on the fuel, but the carbon emissions from
51250-561: The battery. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied. The first fuel cells were invented by Sir William Grove in 1838. The first commercial use of fuel cells came almost a century later following the invention of the hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell by Francis Thomas Bacon in 1932. The alkaline fuel cell , also known as the Bacon fuel cell after its inventor, has been used in NASA space programs since
51500-465: The biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen . Biogas originates from biogenic material and is a type of biofuel . Bioreactor A bioreactor is any device or system that supports a biologically active environment Biosensor A biosensor is a device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component. Bipolar plate Bipolar plate, conductive plate in
51750-404: The catalyst. Catalytic partial oxidation In catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) the use of a catalyst for partial oxidation reduces the required temperature to around 800°C – 900°C. The choice of reforming technique depends on the sulfur content of the fuel being used. CPOX can be employed if the sulfur content is below 50 ppm . A higher sulfur content would poison the catalyst, so
52000-548: The cathode. There, oxygen from the air and carbon dioxide recycled from the anode react with the electrons to form carbonate ions that replenish the electrolyte, completing the circuit. The chemical reactions for an MCFC system can be expressed as follows: As with SOFCs, MCFC disadvantages include slow start-up times because of their high operating temperature. This makes MCFC systems not suitable for mobile applications, and this technology will most likely be used for stationary fuel cell purposes. The main challenge of MCFC technology
52250-462: The cell substrate, which reduces cost and start-up time of the system. Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) require a high operating temperature, 650 °C (1,200 °F), similar to SOFCs . MCFCs use lithium potassium carbonate salt as an electrolyte, and this salt liquefies at high temperatures, allowing for the movement of charge within the cell – in this case, negative carbonate ions. Like SOFCs, MCFCs are capable of converting fossil fuel to
52500-423: The chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, tasteless yet highly toxic gas. Carbon monoxide detector A carbon monoxide detector is a device that detects the presence of the toxic gas carbon monoxide (CO), a colorless and odorless compound produced by incomplete combustion and lethal at high levels. Carbon paper Carbon paper (originally carbonic paper ) is paper coated on one side with
52750-555: The development of his first crude fuel cells. He used a combination of sheet iron, copper, and porcelain plates, and a solution of sulphate of copper and dilute acid. In a letter to the same publication written in December 1838 but published in June 1839, German physicist Christian Friedrich Schönbein discussed the first crude fuel cell that he had invented. His letter discussed the current generated from hydrogen and oxygen dissolved in water. Grove later sketched his design, in 1842, in
53000-549: The diffusion of nitrogen into the anode via the proton exchange membrane, which forms NOx. The energy efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 40 and 60%; however, if waste heat is captured in a cogeneration scheme, efficiencies of up to 85% can be obtained. The first references to hydrogen fuel cells appeared in 1838. In a letter dated October 1838 but published in the December 1838 edition of The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science , Welsh physicist and barrister Sir William Grove wrote about
53250-507: The efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or work . Fuel efficiency in transportation Fuel efficiency in transportation Fuel processor Device used to generate hydrogen from fuels such as natural gas , propane , gasoline , methanol , and ethanol , for use in fuel cells . Fuel processing system Fuel processing system (FPS) Fuel pump Fuel pump Fusible plug A fusible plug
53500-404: The efficiency of phosphoric acid fuel cells from 40 to 50% to about 80%. Since the proton production rate on the anode is small, platinum is used as a catalyst to increase this ionization rate. A key disadvantage of these cells is the use of an acidic electrolyte. This increases the corrosion or oxidation of components exposed to phosphoric acid. Solid acid fuel cells (SAFCs) are characterized by
53750-447: The electricity into mechanical power. However, this calculation allows the comparison of different types of power generation. The theoretical maximum efficiency of a fuel cell approaches 100%, while the theoretical maximum efficiency of internal combustion engines is approximately 58%. Values are given from 40% for acidic, 50% for molten carbonate, to 60% for alkaline, solid oxide and PEM fuel cells. Fuel cells cannot store energy like
54000-403: The electrolyte or species in solution. Electrochemical cell An electrochemical cell is a device used for generating an electromotive force ( voltage ) and current from chemical reactions . Electrochemical gas sensor Electrochemical gas sensors are gas detectors that measure the volume of a target gas by oxidizing or reducing the target gas at an electrode and measuring
54250-583: The emitted infrared radiation to pass back out of the Earth's atmosphere. Grid connection Grid connection Grid-tied electrical system A grid-tied electrical system , also called Tied to grid or Grid tie system, is a semi-autonomous electrical generation or grid energy storage system which links to the mains to feed excess capacity back to the local mains electrical grid. Grid tie inverter Grid tie inverter Guard bed Guard bed , see guard catalyst bed and liquid-phase guard bed . Guard catalyst bed A guard catalyst bed
54500-442: The flat plane configuration of other types of fuel cells and are often designed as rolled tubes. They require high operating temperatures (800–1000 °C) and can be run on a variety of fuels including natural gas. SOFCs are unique because negatively charged oxygen ions travel from the cathode (positive side of the fuel cell) to the anode (negative side of the fuel cell) instead of protons travelling vice versa (i.e., from
54750-464: The form of heat . Energy In physics and other sciences , energy is a scalar physical quantity that is a property of objects and systems which is conserved by nature. Energy is often defined as the ability to do work . Energy carrier An energy carrier is a substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes (ISO 13600). Energy content Amount of energy for
55000-543: The fuel cell. See Regenerative fuel cell . Relief valve The relief valve is a type of valve used to control or limit the pressure in a system or vessel which can build up by a process upset, instrument or equipment failure, or fire. Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources —such as sunlight , Including solar and radiant energy , wind , rain , tides and geothermal heat —which are renewable (naturally replenished). Reservoir A reservoir is, most broadly,
55250-463: The fuel. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, fuel cells are generally between 40 and 60% energy efficient. This is higher than some other systems for energy generation. For example, the internal combustion engine of a car can be about 43% energy efficient. Steam power plants usually achieve efficiencies of 30-40% while combined cycle gas turbine and steam plants can achieve efficiencies above 60%. In combined heat and power (CHP) systems,
55500-506: The grid when it is not consumed), and at the same time produces hot air and water from the waste heat . As the result CHP systems have the potential to save primary energy as they can make use of waste heat which is generally rejected by thermal energy conversion systems. A typical capacity range of home fuel cell is 1–3 kW el , 4–8 kW th . CHP systems linked to absorption chillers use their waste heat for refrigeration . The waste heat from fuel cells can be diverted during
55750-462: The ions are reunited with the electrons and the two react with a third chemical, usually oxygen, to create water or carbon dioxide. Design features in a fuel cell include: A typical fuel cell produces a voltage from 0.6 to 0.7 V at a full-rated load. Voltage decreases as current increases, due to several factors: To deliver the desired amount of energy, the fuel cells can be combined in series to yield higher voltage , and in parallel to allow
56000-400: The load. At the anode a catalyst ionizes the fuel, turning the fuel into a positively charged ion and a negatively charged electron. The electrolyte is a substance specifically designed so ions can pass through it, but the electrons cannot. The freed electrons travel through a wire creating an electric current. The ions travel through the electrolyte to the cathode. Once reaching the cathode,
56250-609: The membrane to the cathode, but the electrons are forced to travel in an external circuit (supplying power) because the membrane is electrically insulating. On the cathode catalyst, oxygen molecules react with the electrons (which have traveled through the external circuit) and protons to form water. In addition to this pure hydrogen type, there are hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cells, including diesel , methanol ( see: direct-methanol fuel cells and indirect methanol fuel cells ) and chemical hydrides. The waste products with these types of fuel are carbon dioxide and water. When hydrogen
56500-485: The mid-1960s to generate power for satellites and space capsules . Since then, fuel cells have been used in many other applications. Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial, industrial and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible areas. They are also used to power fuel cell vehicles , including forklifts, automobiles, buses, trains, boats, motorcycles, and submarines. There are many types of fuel cells, but they all consist of an anode ,
56750-490: The original fuel cell design by using a sulphonated polystyrene ion-exchange membrane as the electrolyte. Three years later another GE chemist, Leonard Niedrach, devised a way of depositing platinum onto the membrane, which served as a catalyst for the necessary hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions. This became known as the "Grubb-Niedrach fuel cell". GE went on to develop this technology with NASA and McDonnell Aircraft, leading to its use during Project Gemini . This
57000-406: The oxidation or reduction reaction component of a redox reaction . Heat exchanger A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another, whether the media are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix, or the media are in direct contact. Heat pipe A heat pipe is a heat transfer mechanism that can transport large quantities of heat with
57250-709: The period 2012–2014, 30,000 units on LNG and 6,000 on LPG . Four fuel cell electric vehicles have been introduced for commercial lease and sale: the Honda Clarity , Toyota Mirai , Hyundai ix35 FCEV , and the Hyundai Nexo . By year-end 2019, about 18,000 FCEVs had been leased or sold worldwide. Fuel cell electric vehicles feature an average range of 505 km (314 mi) between refuelings and can be refueled in about 5 minutes. The U.S. Department of Energy's Fuel Cell Technology Program states that, as of 2011, fuel cells achieved 53–59% efficiency at one-quarter power and 42–53% vehicle efficiency at full power, and
57500-411: The presence of a metal-based catalyst ( nickel ). Switched-mode power supply A switched-mode power supply , switching-mode power supply or SMPS , is an electronic power supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching regulator. Syngas Syngas (from syn thesis gas ) is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen generated by
57750-618: The process. Oxidation See redox Oxygen Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O . Oxygen sensor An oxygen sensor , or lambda sensor, is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O 2 ) in the gas or liquid being analyzed. P [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Palladium Palladium
58000-705: The production of 10,000 units started. The first fifteen cars went to the hydrogen link network, Copenhagen and two to Hydrogen Sweden , Skåne . In 2015, vehicles were ordered or delivered in eleven countries in the EU , and fifteen countries in total worldwide. Up to June 2015, 273 cars had been shipped out for sales (including 29 in Korea, 116 in the United States, and 117 in Europe). The 700 Bar (10,153 PSI ) hydrogen tanks for hydrogen storage contain enough fuel for
58250-446: The rate of an electrochemical reaction to the overpotential . Tail gas combustor Tail gas combustor (TGC) Tar Tar is a viscous black liquid derived from the destructive distillation of organic matter. Technology assessment Technology assessment ( TA , German Technikfolgenabschätzung ) is the study and evaluation of new technologies . Technology life cycle The technology maturity lifecycle
58500-498: The recombination of the oxygen and hydrogen. The ceramic can run as hot as 800 °C (1,470 °F). This heat can be captured and used to heat water in a micro combined heat and power (m-CHP) application. When the heat is captured, total efficiency can reach 80–90% at the unit, but does not consider production and distribution losses. CHP units are being developed today for the European home market. Professor Jeremy P. Meyers, in
58750-754: The relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions. Rupture disc A rupture disk or bursting disc is a pressure relief device that protects a vessel or system from overpressurization. Ruthenium Ruthenium is used in Platinum-Ruthenium electrodes for Methanol-fuel cells S [ edit ] Contents: Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Acronyms References Safety shutoff valve Safety shut-off valves are safety valves used to close
59000-490: The resulting current. Electrode An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor , an electrolyte or a vacuum ). Electro-galvanic fuel cell Electro-galvanic fuel cell (EGFC)an electrical device used to measure the concentration of oxygen gas in scuba diving and medical equipment. Electroosmotic flow Electroosmotic flow (or Electro-osmotic flow , often abbreviated EOF)
59250-405: The same general manner. They are made up of three adjacent segments: the anode , the electrolyte , and the cathode . Two chemical reactions occur at the interfaces of the three different segments. The net result of the two reactions is that fuel is consumed, water or carbon dioxide is created, and an electric current is created, which can be used to power electrical devices, normally referred to as
59500-514: The same journal. The fuel cell he made used similar materials to today's phosphoric acid fuel cell . In 1932, English engineer Francis Thomas Bacon successfully developed a 5 kW stationary fuel cell. NASA used the alkaline fuel cell (AFC), also known as the Bacon fuel cell after its inventor, from the mid-1960s. In 1955, W. Thomas Grubb, a chemist working for the General Electric Company (GE), further modified
59750-418: The same. e.g. 1 milligram per kilogram. 1 part in 106. Parts per million by volume In atmospheric chemistry and in air pollution regulations, the parts per notation is commonly expressed with a v following, such as ppmv , to indicate parts per million by volume . Pascal The pascal (symbol: Pa ) is the SI derived unit of pressure , stress , Young's modulus and tensile strength . It
60000-427: The specific power is power either per unit of mass , volume , or area . Specific weight The specific weight (also known as the unit weight ) is the weight per unit volume of a material Stack Stack, to deliver the desired amount of energy, the fuel cells can be combined in series and parallel circuits , where series yield higher voltage, and parallel allows a stronger current to be drawn. Such
60250-429: The state of the valve. Solid oxide electrolyser cell A solid oxide electrolyser cell (SOEC) is a solid oxide fuel cell set in regenerative mode for the electrolysis of water with a solid oxide, or ceramic , electrolyte to produce oxygen and hydrogen gas . Solid oxide fuel cell A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an electrochemical conversion device that produces electricity directly from oxidizing
60500-409: The substance also has a solid state, ice , and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam . Water gas shift reaction The water gas shift reaction (WGS) is a chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen Water purification Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from
60750-764: The summer directly into the ground providing further cooling while the waste heat during winter can be pumped directly into the building. The University of Minnesota owns the patent rights to this type of system. Co-generation systems can reach 85% efficiency (40–60% electric and the remainder as thermal). Phosphoric-acid fuel cells (PAFC) comprise the largest segment of existing CHP products worldwide and can provide combined efficiencies close to 90%. Molten carbonate (MCFC) and solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are also used for combined heat and power generation and have electrical energy efficiencies around 60%. Disadvantages of co-generation systems include slow ramping up and down rates, high cost and short lifetime. Also their need to have
61000-545: The surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent), forming a film of molecules or atoms (the adsorbate ). Alkali In chemistry , an alkali is a basic , ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal element . Alkali anion exchange membrane An alkali anion exchange membrane (AAEM) is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct anions while being impermeable to gases such as oxygen or hydrogen . Alkaline fuel cell Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) also known as
61250-463: The thousands of hours. The alkaline fuel cell (AFC) or hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell was designed and first demonstrated publicly by Francis Thomas Bacon in 1959. It was used as a primary source of electrical energy in the Apollo space program. The cell consists of two porous carbon electrodes impregnated with a suitable catalyst such as Pt, Ag, CoO, etc. The space between the two electrodes is filled with
61500-579: The use of a solid acid material as the electrolyte. At low temperatures, solid acids have an ordered molecular structure like most salts. At warmer temperatures (between 140 and 150 °C for CsHSO 4 ), some solid acids undergo a phase transition to become highly disordered "superprotonic" structures, which increases conductivity by several orders of magnitude. The first proof-of-concept SAFCs were developed in 2000 using cesium hydrogen sulfate (CsHSO 4 ). Current SAFC systems use cesium dihydrogen phosphate (CsH 2 PO 4 ) and have demonstrated lifetimes in
61750-430: The use of fuel cells or the rendering of it. Carbon Carbon (C), an atom and primary constituent of hydrocarbon fuels. Carbon is routinely left as a black deposit on engine parts, such as pistons, rings, and valves, by the combustion of fuel. Carbon black Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, and
62000-540: Was called a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell ( SPEFC ) in the early 1970s, before the proton-exchange mechanism was well understood. (Notice that the synonyms polymer electrolyte membrane and proton-exchange mechanism result in the same acronym .) On the anode side, hydrogen diffuses to the anode catalyst where it later dissociates into protons and electrons. These protons often react with oxidants causing them to become what are commonly referred to as multi-facilitated proton membranes. The protons are conducted through
62250-408: Was the first commercial use of a fuel cell. In 1959, a team led by Harry Ihrig built a 15 kW fuel cell tractor for Allis-Chalmers , which was demonstrated across the U.S. at state fairs. This system used potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte and compressed hydrogen and oxygen as the reactants. Later in 1959, Bacon and his colleagues demonstrated a practical five-kilowatt unit capable of powering
62500-652: Was unveiled in 2005 at the Los Angeles Auto Show and completed a 4,300-mile (6,900 km) journey as part of the Hydrogen Road Tour in 2008. Bipolar plate (Redirected from Bipolar plate ) The Glossary of fuel cell terms lists the definitions of many terms used within the fuel cell industry. The terms in this fuel cell glossary may be used by fuel cell industry associations, in education material and fuel cell codes and standards to name but
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