76-501: Hylaeosaurus ( / h aɪ ˌ l iː oʊ ˈ s ɔːr ə s / hy- LEE -o- SOR -əs ; Greek : hylaios / ὑλαῖος "belonging to the forest" and sauros / σαυρος "lizard") is a herbivorous ankylosaurian dinosaur that lived about 136 million years ago , in the late Valanginian stage of the early Cretaceous period of England . It was found in the Grinstead Clay Formation . Hylaeosaurus
152-475: A nomen dubium , an indeterminate member of the Thyreophora . Gideon Mantell originally estimated that Hylaeosaurus was about 7.6 metres (25 ft) long, or about half the size of the other two original dinosaurs, Iguanodon and Megalosaurus . At the time, he modelled the animal after a modern lizard. Modern estimates range up to 6 metres (20 ft) in length. Gregory S. Paul in 2010 estimated
228-404: A beak used to crop low-lying vegetation. In 2001 the skull and lower jaws remains were described by Kenneth Carpenter . The damaged and shifted skull elements provided little information. The quadrate is laterally bowed. The quadratojugal has a high attachment point on the shaft of the quadrate. A triangular postorbital horn was present. In 2020, it was concluded that the presumed quadrate
304-433: A junior objective synonym of H. armatus . In 1956 Alfred Romer renamed Regnosaurus into Hylaeosaurus northhamptoni . Polacanthus Owen 1865 was by Walter Coombs in 1971 renamed into Hylaeosaurus foxii . These last two names have found no acceptance; H. foxii remained an invalid nomen ex dissertatione . It has also been suggested that Polacanthus is simply the same species as Hylaeosaurus armatus and thus
380-543: A pitch accent . In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ ( iotacism ). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives , and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent . Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. The examples below represent Attic Greek in
456-651: A fictional connection with the medieval Barons De la Beche of Aldworth, Berkshire. Thomas (Henry's father) served as a brevet major (later lieutenant-colonel) in the Norfolk Yeomanry , a regiment of fencibles in the British Army , and his father was a slave owner with an estate in Jamaica . In 1800 the family travelled to the plantation in Jamaica when Thomas inherited the estate and Thomas died there in
532-509: A gunpowder explosion had demolished a quarry rock face in Tilgate Forest , several of the boulders freed showed the bones of a saurian. A local fossil dealer had assembled the about fifty pieces, described by him as a "great consarn of bites and boanes". Having doubts about the value of the fragments, Mantell had nevertheless purchased the pieces and soon discovered they could be united into a single skeleton, partially articulated. Mantell
608-470: A junior synonym, but there are a number of differences in their osteology . Sometimes bones from the Hylaeosaurus material have later been made separate species. In 1928 Franz Nopcsa made specimen BMNH 2584, a left scapula referred by Mantell to H. armatus , part of the type material of Polacanthoides ponderosus . Though in 1978 synonymised with Hylaeosaurus , Polacanthoides is today considered
684-477: A lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period is Mycenaean Greek , but its relationship to the historical dialects and
760-467: A legal separation and custody of their two daughters in 1826. Letitia moved in with her lover, Major-General Henry Wyndham , son of the earl of Egremont . Daughter Elizabeth (1819–1866), known as Bessie, married Lewis Llewelyn Dillwyn , a scientist, industrialist and long-serving Liberal MP for Swansea who campaigned for disestablishment in Wales on 16 August 1838. Elizabeth Llewellyn contributed to
836-419: A lesser degree. Pamphylian Greek , spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence. Regarding the speech of the ancient Macedonians diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in
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#1732783320581912-542: A new hypothesis about the spikes; noting they were asymmetrical he correctly rejected the notion they formed a row on the back but incorrectly assumed they were gastralia or belly-ribs. The original specimen, recovered by Gideon Mantell from the Tilgate Forest, was in 1838 acquired by the Natural History Museum of London . It has the inventory number NHMUK PV OR 3775 (earlier BMNH 3775). It
988-550: A prefix /e-/, called the augment . This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment
1064-608: A separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek , and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek . There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language , divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic , Aeolic , Arcadocypriot , and Doric , many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in literature , while others are attested only in inscriptions. There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek
1140-409: A sketch, in 1830, entitled Duria Antiquior – A More Ancient Dorset , which showed Mary Anning's finds: (three types of Ichthyosaur, a Plesiosaur and Dimorphodon ). It even appears to show the production of coprolites , from a terrified plesiosaur. De la Beche assisted Anning, who was having financial difficulties, by having a lithographic print made from his watercolour and donating the proceeds from
1216-544: A slave owner. The society was temporarily renamed Imperial College Geology Society pending consultation on a permanent new name. The society was permanently renamed Imperial College Geology Society in September 2020 following a department-wide referendum. He is buried in the Kensal Green Cemetery , London. A great supporter of the work and importance of Mary Anning, of Lyme Regis, Henry De la Beche drew
1292-406: A spike, specimen DLM 537 and the lower end of a humerus, specimen GPMM A3D.3, which were referred to a Hylaeosaurus sp. Hylaeosaurus armatus Mantell 1833 is currently considered the only valid species in the genus . However, three others have been named. In 1844, Mantell named Hylaeosaurus oweni based on the same specimen as H. armatus , wanting to honour Richard Owen. This has been sunk as
1368-678: A staff of professors with laboratories and other appliances. The establishment, in which were combined the offices of the Geological Survey, the Museum of Practical Geology, the Royal School of Mines and the Mining Record Office , was opened in 1851. Conditions of scientific testing were rudimentary; as part of his colleague Lyon Playfair 's investigations into "overflowing privies", Sir Henry De la Beche once took
1444-630: A standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance . This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. From the Hellenistic period ( c. 300 BC ), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek , which is regarded as
1520-510: A vowel or /n s r/ ; final stops were lost, as in γάλα "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes, notably the following: The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek . Ancient Greek had long and short vowels ; many diphthongs ; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops ; and
1596-425: A year-long tour of the continent in 1819. The marriage was not a success and, in 1825, the couple split up with an acrimonious public controversy with Letitia requesting a legal separation on the grounds that "the union proved to be of the most unhappy nature: the treatment which Lady De la Beche received at the hands of her husband being such as to render it impossible for her to live with him." De la Beche obtained
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#17327833205811672-570: Is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey , and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of
1748-418: Is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r , however, add er ). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e → ei . The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of s between vowels, or that of the letter w , which affected
1824-666: Is called 'East Greek'. Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. Boeotian Greek had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the Boeotian poet Pindar who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to
1900-448: Is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian ) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ). Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics , ancient Greek words could end only in
1976-403: Is curved sideways. The sides of the centra of the neck vertebrae show a horizontal ridge. Apart from these autapomorphies, the undersides of the side processes of the back vertebrae are exceptionally concave. The spines at the shoulder are curved to the rear, long, flattened, narrow and pointed. Their underside shows a shallow trough. The front spine is the longest at 42.5 centimetres; to the rear
2052-564: Is the most obscure of the three animals used by Sir Richard Owen to first define the new group Dinosauria , in 1842, the other genera being Megalosaurus and Iguanodon . Not only has Hylaeosaurus received less public attention, despite being included in the life-sized models by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins placed in the Crystal Palace Park, it also never functioned as a "wastebasket taxon". Owen in 1840 developed
2128-517: Is unknown. It might have been a basal nodosaurid , although a recent cladistic analysis recovers it as a basal ankylosaurid . Hylaeosaurus was about five metres long. It was an armoured dinosaur that carried at least three long spines on its shoulder. The first Hylaeosaurus fossils were discovered in the Grinstead Clay Formation , West Sussex . On 20 July 1832, fossil collector Gideon Mantell wrote to Professor Benjamin Silliman that when
2204-759: The Greek region of Macedonia during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in Macedonian , such as the Pella curse tablet , as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note. Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet , Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that ancient Macedonian was a Northwest Doric dialect , which shares isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly . Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification. The Lesbian dialect
2280-702: The Ordnance Survey . This formed the starting point of the Geological Survey of Great Britain , which was officially recognised in 1835, when De la Beche was appointed as director. As the first director of the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street , in 1843 he donated many of his own books to establish the library. Increasing stores of valuable specimens began to arrive in London; and
2356-592: The Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset (1839). He likewise wrote A Geological Manual (1831; 3rd ed., 1833); and Researches in Theoretical Geology (1834), in which he enunciated a philosophical treatment of geological questions much in advance of his time. An early volume, How to Observe Geology (1835 and 1836), was rewritten and enlarged by him late in life, and published under
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2432-610: The ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek ( c. 1400–1200 BC ), Dark Ages ( c. 1200–800 BC ), the Archaic or Epic period ( c. 800–500 BC ), and the Classical period ( c. 500–300 BC ). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers . It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been
2508-501: The present , future , and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist , present perfect , pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least)
2584-853: The 1990s, the polacanthines were sometimes seen as basal ankylosaurids , because they were mistakenly believed to have small tail-clubs. A more popular alternative today is that they formed a Polacanthidae , a basal group outside of the nodosaurids + ankylosaurids clade . A 2012 study finding Hylaeosaurus to be a basal nodosaurid but not a polacanthine is shown in this cladogram : Antarctopelta Mymoorapelta Hylaeosaurus Anoplosaurus Tatankacephalus Horshamosaurus Gargoyleosaurus Hoplitosaurus Gastonia Peloroplites Polacanthus Struthiosaurus Zhejiangosaurus Hungarosaurus Animantarx Niobrarasaurus Nodosaurus Pawpawsaurus Sauropelta Silvisaurus Stegopelta Texasetes Edmontonia Panoplosaurus It
2660-1031: The 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. /oː/ raised to [uː] , probably by the 4th century BC. Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages , is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In ancient Greek, nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , and vocative ), three genders ( masculine , feminine , and neuter ), and three numbers (singular, dual , and plural ). Verbs have four moods ( indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and optative ) and three voices (active, middle, and passive ), as well as three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):
2736-495: The Archaic period of ancient Greek (see Homeric Greek for more details): Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή· ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from
2812-587: The Classical period of ancient Greek. (The second line is the IPA , the third is transliterated into the Latin alphabet using a modern version of the Erasmian scheme .) Ὅτι [hóti Hóti μὲν men mèn ὑμεῖς, hyːmêːs hūmeîs, Henry De la Beche Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche KCB , FRS (10 February 1796 – 13 April 1855 ) was an English geologist and palaeontologist ,
2888-471: The Society, in which he for the first time personally met Richard Owen , reported on the find to large acclaim. However, he was also informed that a paper he had already prepared, was a third too long. On advice of his friend Charles Lyell , Mantell decided instead of rewriting the paper, to publish an entire book on his fossil finds and dedicate a chapter to Hylaeosaurus . Within three weeks Mantell composed
2964-434: The acids used tended to dissolve the glue and gypsum with which the fossils had been repaired, causing the blocks to fall apart. The limited information gained by the preparations by Mark Graham since 2003, was published in 2020, together with a revised description. Several finds from the mainland of Britain have been referred to Hylaeosaurus armatus . However, in 2011 Paul Barrett and Susannah Maidment concluded that only
3040-873: The age of twenty-one De la Beche joined the Geological Society of London . He became an avid fossil collector and illustrator, collaborating with William Conybeare on an important paper on ichthyosaur and plesiosaur anatomy that was presented before the Society in 1821. He continued throughout life to be one of its most active, useful and honoured members, serving as president of the Society from 1848 to 1849. He visited many localities of geological interest, not only in Britain, but also in France, Jamaica and Switzerland . In Jamaica he stayed on his estate, Halse Hall , Clarendon Parish , in 1823–1824 and published his geological account of Jamaica in 1827. Returning to
3116-550: The aorist. Following Homer 's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry , especially epic poetry. The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lambanō (root lab ) has
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3192-419: The augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, προσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to προσ έ βαλoν in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: αὐτο(-)μολῶ goes to ηὐ τομόλησα in
3268-464: The building at Craig's Court, off Whitehall , where the young Museum of Economic (afterwards Practical) Geology was placed, became too small. De la Beche appealed to the authorities to provide a larger structure and to widen the whole scope of the scientific establishment of which he was the head. Parliament sanctioned the erection of a museum in Jermyn Street, London, and the organisation of
3344-438: The center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is: West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West
3420-670: The close of his life he was awarded the Wollaston medal . In 1852, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . After his death, students at the Royal College of Mines and other institutions competed for the bursary of the De la Beche medal. The medal was in fact the second imprint, of a medal De la Beche had originally had engraved and struck for the slaves he inherited from his father on
3496-430: The coracoid, even when the animal was of a considerable size; there were three long spines on its shoulder. Even these traits are not very distinctive: Mantell and Owen had attributed the lack of fusion to ontogeny and the total number of spines cannot be observed. Hylaeosaurus is often styled as a fairly typical nodosaur, with rows of armour plating on the back and tail combined with a relatively long head, equipped with
3572-468: The designs of the Cambrian Pottery owned by her husband, particularly their Etruscan ware. They had four children, Henry (b. 1843) who became a barrister, and three daughters: Mary De la Beche Nicholl (1839–1922), an alpinist and lepidopterist ; Amy Dillwyn (1845–1935), a novelist and industrialist; and Sarah, known as Essie (b. 1852), who became an actress after a divorce. Elizabeth was
3648-615: The dialect of Sparta ), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including Corinthian ). All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as Koine or Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek , but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of
3724-546: The first director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain , who helped pioneer early geological survey methods. He was the first President of the Palaeontographical Society . De la Beche was born in Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, London. He was the only son of Thomas De la Beche (1755–1801) and his wife, Elizabeth. The family name was originally Beach, but his father changed it to create
3800-656: The following year. Mother and son (Henry) returned to England, having been shipwrecked to the north of San Domingo on their journey. Henry De la Beche spent his early life living with his mother in Lyme Regis , where he acquired a love for geology through his friendship with Mary Anning . At the age of fourteen he entered the Royal Military College , then at Great Marlow in Buckinghamshire . The peace of 1815, however, changed his career. At
3876-561: The historical Dorians . The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from
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#17327833205813952-476: The historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasions —and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to
4028-590: The holotype could with certainty be associated with the species, in view of the presence of Polacanthus in the same layers. Additional remains have been referred to Hylaeosaurus , from the Isle of Wight , (the Ardennes of) France , Bückeberg Formation , Germany , Spain and Romania . The remains from France may actually belong to Polacanthus and the other references are today also considered dubious. However, possible remains were reported from Germany in 2013:
4104-482: The identification. Clift was the first to point out that several plates and spikes were probably part of a body armour, attached to the back or sides of the rump. In November 1832 Mantell decided to create a new generic name: Hylaeosaurus . It is derived from the Greek ὑλαῖος, hylaios , "of the wood". Mantell originally claimed the name Hylaeosaurus meant " forest lizard", after the Tilgate Forest in which it
4180-422: The length at 5 metres (16 ft), the weight at 2 tonnes (2.0 long tons; 2.2 short tons). Some estimates are considerably lower: in 2001 Darren Naish e.a. gave a length of 3–4 metres (9.8–13.1 ft). Many details about the build of Hylaeosaurus are unknown, especially if the material is strictly limited to the holotype. Maidment gave two autapomorphies , unique derived traits: the scapula did not fuse with
4256-508: The older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the Tsakonian language , which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic Greek . By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into Medieval Greek . Phrygian is an extinct Indo-European language of West and Central Anatolia , which
4332-487: The perfect stem eilēpha (not * lelēpha ) because it was originally slambanō , with perfect seslēpha , becoming eilēpha through compensatory lengthening. Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by i . A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs. The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing ( c. 1450 BC ) are in
4408-686: The plantation in Jamaica on his return to Lyme Regis in 1825. The second version of the medal, in silver and bronze, was engraved by William Wyon of the Royal Mint – with De la Beche's portrait on one side, and the plantation on the other – the plantation being replaced with crossed hammers for the School of Mines. In June 2020, the De La Beche Society, a student-run geology society at Imperial College, announced they were distancing themselves from Henry De la Beche because of his legacy as
4484-590: The role of test-vomiter, to judge sewage flow. In 1830, De la Beche published Sections and views, illustrative of geological phaenomena , a series of line drawings to encourage more accurate depictions of geological formations. He also published numerous memoirs on English geology in the Transactions of the Geological Society of London , as well as in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey , notably
4560-411: The sale of the prints to her. This became the first such scene from deep time to be widely circulated. He was a great and objective scientist and poked fun at some of the more outlandish theories of the time, such as that put forward by Charles Lyell , proposing that geological and biological history were cyclical and that ancient life forms would again walk the earth. His cartoon, also drawn in 1830,
4636-420: The skull and perhaps lower jaws, ten vertebrae, both scapulae, both coracoids and several spikes and armour plates. The skeleton is viewed from below. For a long time no further preparation had taken place, beyond the assembly and chiselling out by Mantell himself, but in the early twenty-first century the museum began to further free the bones by both chemical and mechanical means. This has proven difficult because
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#17327833205814712-481: The south-west of England he began the detailed investigation of the rocks of Cornwall and Devon . Contact with the mining community of that part of the country gave him the idea that the nation ought to compile a geological map of the United Kingdom, and collect and preserve specimens to illustrate, and aid in further developing, its mineral industries. The government then appointed De la Beche to work with
4788-417: The spines become gradually shorter and wider. A fourth spine, of about the same build but more forward-pointing, is present immediately behind the skull. In 2013 Sven Sachs and Jahn Hornung suggested a configuration in which there were five lateral neck spines, the new German spine having a morphology adapted to fit in the third position. Hylaeosaurus was the first ankylosaur discovered. Until well into
4864-517: The syllabic script Linear B . Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the Greek alphabet became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing marks , interword spacing , modern punctuation , and sometimes mixed case , but these were all introduced later. The beginning of Homer 's Iliad exemplifies
4940-469: The title of The Geological Observer (1851; 2nd ed., 1853). De la Beche was the principal antagonist of Roderick Murchison and Adam Sedgwick in what has been labelled The Great Devonian Controversy . He frequently used cartoons as a tactful way to express his frustrations on this and other issues. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1819. He was knighted on 13 April 1842 and, near
5016-582: The twentieth century its exact affinities would remain uncertain. In 1978 Coombs assigned it to the Nodosauridae within the Ankylosauria . This is still a usual classification, Hylaeosaurus being recovered as a basal nodosaurid in most exact cladistic analyses, sometimes more precisely as a member of the Polacanthinae , and thus being related to Gastonia and Polacanthus . However, in
5092-470: The volume from earlier notes. On 17 December Henry De la Beche warned him that the changed conventions in nomenclature implied that only he who provided a full species name was recognised as the author: to Hylaeosaurus a specific name needed to be added. Mantell on 19 December chose armatus , Latin for "armed" or "armoured", in reference to the spikes and armour plates. As Mantell himself put it: "there appears every reason to conclude that either its back
5168-480: Was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet Sappho from the island of Lesbos are in Aeolian. Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric ), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian ,
5244-560: Was armed with a formidable row of spines, constituting a dermal fringe, or that its tail possessed the same appendage". In May 1833 his The Geology of the South-East of England appeared, hereby validly naming the type species Hylaeosaurus armatus . Mantell published a lithograph of his find in The Geology of the South-East of England ; and another drawing in the fourth edition of The Wonders of Geology , in 1840. Hylaeosaurus
5320-439: Was defined as a non-ankylosaurine ankylosaurid in a phylogenetic analysis by Zheng et al . (2018). Below is a simplified cladogram from that study: Kunbarrasaurus Hylaeosaurus Liaoningosaurus Chuanqilong Cedarpelta Shamosaurus Ancient Greek Ancient Greek ( Ἑλληνῐκή , Hellēnikḗ ; [hellɛːnikɛ́ː] ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and
5396-471: Was delighted with the find because previous specimens of Megalosaurus and Iguanodon had consisted of single bone elements. The discovery in fact represented the most complete non-avian dinosaur skeleton known at the time. He was strongly inclined to describe the find as belonging to the latter genus, but during a visit by William Clift , the curator of the Royal College of Surgeons of England museum, and his assistant John Edward Gray , he began to doubt
5472-468: Was discovered. Later, he claimed that it meant " Wealden lizard" ("wealden" being another word for forest ), in reference to the Wealden Group , the name for the early Cretaceous geological formation in which the dinosaur was first found. On 30 November Mantell sent the piece to the Geological Society of London . Shortly afterwards he himself went to London and on 5 December during a meeting of
5548-596: Was entitled Awful Changes and depicted an ichthyosaur professor lecturing on a fossilised human skull: " 'You will at once perceive' continued Professor Ichthyosaurus, 'that the skull before us belonged to some of the lower order of animals; the teeth are very insignificant, the power of the jaws trifling, and altogether it seems wonderful how the creature could have procured food.'" He married Letitia Whyte (1801–1844), daughter of Captain Charles Whyte of Loughbrickland, County Down, Ireland in 1817. They set off on
5624-547: Was found in a layer of the Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation dating from the Valanginian , about 137 million years old. This holotype is the best specimen and is composed of the front end of a skeleton minus most of the head and the forelimbs, though only the parts on the face of the stone block are easily studied. The block measures about 135 by 75 centimetres. The holotype consists of the rear of
5700-411: Was in fact the jugal. Several distinguishing traits were established in 2020. On the shoulder blade, there is a sharp angle of 120° between the acromion and the proximal plate. The acromial process is shelf-shaped instead of thumb-like or folded, from a point positioned at a third from the top edge projecting obliquely to below and sideways instead of strictly laterally. The top edge of the proximal plate
5776-471: Was one of the first dinosaurs to be discovered, in 1832 by Gideon Mantell . In 1842 it was one of the three dinosaurs Richard Owen based the Dinosauria on, the others being Iguanodon and Megalosaurus . Four species were named in the genus , but only the type species Hylaeosaurus armatus is today considered valid. Only limited remains have been found of Hylaeosaurus and much of its anatomy
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