Hämeenkatu is the main street of Tampere , Finland , located in the city center . The boulevard is roughly a kilometre long, and 28.5 metres (94 ft) wide (driveway and sidewalk) at its widest point.
74-652: Hämeenkatu is a boulevard, which begins from the east at the Tampere railway station , continues westward to the Hämeenpuisto park, and is covered with cobble stones for its entire length. The street also contains the Hämeensilta bridge crossing the Tammerkoski rapids with gorgeous views on both sides. The bridge that Hämeenkatu runs across Tammerkoski is decorated with four human statues, one at each corner of
148-407: A building which are not necessary for convenience, construction, or propriety" and "all ornament should consist of enrichment of the essential construction of the building". In 1896, Chicago architect Louis Sullivan coined the phrase Form follows function . However, this aphorism does not relate to a contemporary understanding of the term 'function' as utility or the satisfaction of user needs; it
222-523: A couple of trains arrived in Tampere per day. However, it soon became crowded, and the station had to be expanded several times. At that time, it was decided to build a new station in Tampere, and a design competition was held. Planning of the new station building was hindered by disagreements about the direction of the underpass to be built across the railway yard. The functionalist new station building in Tampere designed by Eero Seppälä and Otto Flodin
296-1031: A few years after the construction of Rietveld Schröder House , Polish architect Stanisław Brukalski built his own house in Warsaw in 1929 supposedly inspired by Schröder House he had visited. His Polish example of the modern house was awarded bronze medal in Paris world expo in 1937. Just before the Second World War, it was fashionable to build in Poland a lot of large districts of luxury houses in neighbourhoods full of greenery for wealthy Poles like, for example, district Saska Kępa in Warsaw or district Kamienna Góra in seaport Gdynia . The most characteristic features in Polish functionalist architecture 1918–1939 were portholes, roof terraces and marble interiors. Probably
370-399: A highway in the place of houses partly destroyed in the civil war became possible. Planning the construction of the present-day Hämeensilta started in 1923 and the bridge was completed in 1929. In the early 1930s the eastern end of Hämeenkatu was lowered because of the tunnel underneath the railway and the new railway station. From 1948 to 1976 Hämeenkatu had trolleybus traffic. In June 2014
444-656: A means to physically create a better world and a better life for people in the broadest sense. This new functionalist architecture had the strongest impact in Czechoslovakia , Germany , Poland , the USSR and the Netherlands , and from the 1930s also in Scandinavia and Finland . This principle is a matter of confusion and controversy within the profession, particularly in regard to modern architecture , as it
518-464: A new and better world for the people, as broadly and strongly expressed by the social and political movements of Europe after the extremely devastating world war. In this respect, functionalist architecture is often linked with the ideas of socialism and modern humanism . A new slight addition to this new wave of architecture was that not only should buildings and houses be designed around the purpose of functionality, architecture should also be used as
592-468: A roof. There are five tracks in total, but there are plans to add a fourth platform, making seven tracks in total. The Tampere cargo station is located south from the passenger station. It includes one of the busiest railway organisation yards in Finland. The green building on the east side of the tracks, opposite the old passenger station is the old cargo station. A track leads from the cargo station, over
666-418: A synonym for 'gauche'. For 70 years the influential American architect Philip Johnson held that the profession has no functional responsibility whatsoever, and this is one of the many views today. The position of postmodern architect Peter Eisenman is based on a user-hostile theoretical basis and even more extreme: "I don't do function." Popular notions of modern architecture are heavily influenced by
740-679: Is a functionalist building in Tampere , Finland , designed by Eero Seppälä and Otto Flodin, completed in 1936. The station is one of the most important railway stations in Finland. In 2015, the Tampere Central Station was the second busiest railway station in Finland in terms of numbers of passengers, after the Helsinki Central Station . The 36-metre clock tower was later added because the Finnish railway bureau required it (its total height from ground level
814-681: Is a machine for living in"; his 1923 book Vers une architecture was, and still is, very influential, and his early built work such as the Villa Savoye in Poissy , France , is thought of as prototypically function. The former Czechoslovakia was an early adopter of the functionalist style, with notable examples such as Villa Tugendhat in Brno , designed by Mies van der Rohe in 1928, Villa Müller in Prague , designed by Adolf Loos in 1930, and
SECTION 10
#1732772650815888-602: Is about 50 metres). The city's main street Hämeenkatu begins at the railway station, continuing over the Hämeensilta bridge to its western end at the Aleksanteri Church . The Itsenäisyydenkatu (originally called Puolimatkankatu) street begins at the Tammela side of the station, continuing to the Kaleva Church . Situated in a central location, the station and its railway yard have served as divisors of
962-484: Is aimed for traffic to the railway station with free parking for half an hour. P-Hämppi and the parking garage P-Asema located near the station are intended for long-term parking. The Asema-aukio square on the Rautatienkatu side holds a taxi station, parking for buses and a small number of parking spaces. Parking spaces for bicycles are available at the level of platform 1 and at a site with camera surveillance at
1036-593: Is an unofficial name of type of low-cost, concrete- paneled or brick three- to five-storied apartment building which was developed in the Soviet Union during the early 1960s, during the time its namesake Nikita Khrushchev directed the Soviet government. The apartment buildings also went by the name of "Khruschoba" ( Хрущёв+трущоба , Khrushchev-slum). The development of functionalism in landscape architecture paralleled its development in building architecture. At
1110-553: Is less self-evident than it first appears. The theoretical articulation of functionalism in buildings can be traced back to the Vitruvian triad , where utilitas (variously translated as 'commodity', 'convenience', or 'utility') stands alongside firmitas (firmness) and venustas (beauty) as one of three classic goals of architecture. Functionalist views were typical of some Gothic Revival architects. In particular, Augustus Welby Pugin wrote that "there should be no features about
1184-526: Is thought to have been Knut Nylander. At the time, the station building bore a resemblance to the Lahti , Toijala and Vaasa railway stations, of which only the Vaasa railway station survives to this day. The engine stables were located to the east of the railway yard, of which the northern part with 12 places was completed already in 1874. The southern part was completed in 1896, and both stables were expanded in
1258-457: Is used to store and organise train carriages. The warehouses at the old cargo station were dismantled in early autumn 2009. The current cargo station in Tampere is located to the south of the passenger station in the district of Rautaharkko . It is connected to the Viinikka railway yard, which is one of the busiest railway organisation yards in Finland. The green building on the eastern side of
1332-449: The 1930 Stockholm Exhibition , under the guidance of director and Swedish architect Gunnar Asplund . Enthusiastic architects collected their ideas and inspirations in the manifesto acceptera and in the years thereafter, a functionalist architecture emerged throughout Scandinavia. The genre involves some peculiar features unique to Scandinavia and it is often referred to as "funkis", to distinguish it from functionalism in general. Some of
1406-601: The Bauhaus -style architecture that was emerging concurrently in Germany. Large urban extensions to Brno in particular contain numerous apartment buildings in the functionalist style, while the domestic interiors of Adolf Loos in Plzeň are also notable for their application of functionalist principles. In Scandinavia and Finland, the international movement and ideas of modernist architecture became widely known among architects at
1480-499: The Garden city movement . Zlín's distinctive architecture was guided by principles that were strictly observed during its whole inter-war development. Its central theme was the derivation of all architectural elements from the factory buildings. The central position of the industrial production in the life of all Zlín inhabitants was to be highlighted. Hence the same building materials (red bricks, glass, reinforced concrete) were used for
1554-459: The Helsinki commuter rail on the route Helsinki - Tampere. Tampere also has regional train connections to Keuruu . Today, the Tampere railway station has three platforms, of which the first two are covered. There are five tracks in total, which are divided into partial tracks with separate letter identifiers in case of lack of capacity. Many lines on the Tampere public transport travel past
SECTION 20
#17327726508151628-466: The highway to Helsinki, to the Nekala district, which previously contained many private tracks servicing stock companies. Nowadays, some of the tracks have been disassembled and some are disused. The starting point of the track is used to store train carriages. About 150 trains arrive at and depart from the Tampere railway station every day, with 4.7 million passengers using the station in 2017. Most of
1702-540: The 1920s and 1930s. A cargo station designed by Bruno Granholm was built to the north of the engine stables in 1905, which was expanded in 1922 and 1980. Tampere was originally the northern terminus of the Hämeenlinna-Tampere railway opened in 1876. Until 1882 it was Finland's northernmost station until Vaasa replaced it. However, Tampere soon became an important intersection station for railways in three directions. The so-called old Ostrobothnia railway
1776-595: The CIAM IV ), Roman Piotrowski and Maciej Nowicki . Le Corbusier said about Poles ( When the Cathedrals Were White , Paris 1937) "Academism has sent down roots everywhere. Nevertheless, the Dutch are relatively free of bias. The Czechs believe in 'modern' and the Polish also." Other Polish architects like Stanisław Brukalski was meeting with Gerrit Rietveld and inspired by him and his neoplasticism . Only
1850-701: The Nordic version of functionalist architecture, in particular in buildings from the 1930s, and carried over into modernist architecture when industrial serial production became much more prevalent after World War II. As most architectural styles, Nordic funkis was international in its scope and several architects designed Nordic funkis buildings throughout the region. Some of the most active architects working internationally with this style, includes Edvard Heiberg , Arne Jacobsen and Alvar Aalto . Nordic funkis features prominently in Scandinavian urban architecture, as
1924-631: The Tammerkoski rapids at Ratinanniemi and the railway station would have been located at the site of the Hämeenpuisto park. A branch terminal line to the Mustalahti harbour on the shore of lake Näsijärvi would also have been constructed. In the eastern option, the railway to Ostrobothnia would have been directed towards Orivesi , leaving the station located far away in the municipality of Messukylä . The citizens of Tampere were in favour of
1998-401: The area of the Tampere Central Station as a nationally important protected site. The station building has been protected via the so-called railway agreement in 1998. Connections between Tammela and the city centre were greatly improved when a tunnel was built underneath the station yard, completed at the same time as the new station. Before the new station building was built, traffic from
2072-435: The bridge. Of these statues, three represent men and one represents a woman. Eastwards from the railway station, Hämeenkatu is followed by the 700-metre (2,300 ft)-long Itsenäisyydenkatu , which then diverges into Sammonkatu and Teiskontie . In the west, Hämeenkatu continues first as Pirkankatu and then as Pispalan valtatie. Construction of the Tampere light rail on the street started in 2017, and in connection to
2146-403: The city centre to Tammela went via a wooden bridge over the railway tracks starting from the end of Hämeenkatu. As traffic increased, the bridge became cramped and difficult to cross. In the early 1930s it was decided to build a tunnel underneath the railway tracks to ease traffic. Construction of the tunnel was difficult because Tammela was located much higher than the city centre. Because of this,
2220-501: The city centre. The tunnel has elevator and stair connections to all platforms. The tracks were greatly renewed in the late 1990s, and the loading tracks of the old cargo station were disassembled and the locomotive garage houses were disused. Many tracks leading to nearby storage buildings were also disassembled. In 2004, the track from the track yard to the Naistenlahti power station was cut from its northern end. The southern end
2294-402: The city of Tampere leading over the highway to Helsinki to the district of Vihioja , where the track branched off into private tracks serving several wholesale companies. The railway connection between the railway yard and Nekala has since been cut off, and most of the tracks have been dismantled. The railway bridge leading over the highway has been used for storing carriages for the last years of
Hämeenkatu - Misplaced Pages Continue
2368-554: The city's districts almost in the same way as Tammerkoski : Tamperean places are often located by saying which side of the station they are on. For decades, there has been discussion of a unified travel centre in Tampere: currently, the long-distance bus terminal , the Tampere Bus Station , is quite far away from the railway station. There are currently three platforms in the Tampere railway station, two of which have
2442-401: The common features are flat roofing, stuccoed walls, architectural glazing and well-lit rooms, an industrial expression and nautical-inspired details, including round windows. The global stock market crisis and economic meltdown in 1929 , instigated the needs to use affordable materials, such as brick and concrete, and to build quickly and efficiently. These needs became another signature of
2516-412: The complaint stage coming up and to political difficulties. Functionalism (architecture) In architecture , functionalism is the principle that buildings should be designed based solely on their purpose and function. An international functionalist architecture movement emerged in the wake of World War I , as part of the wave of Modernism . Its ideas were largely inspired by a desire to build
2590-404: The construction of all public (and most private) edifices. The common structural element of Zlín architecture is a square bay of 20x20 feet (6.15x6.15 m). Although modified by several variations, this high modernist style leads to a high degree of uniformity of all buildings. It highlights the central and unique idea of an industrial garden city at the same time. Architectural and urban functionalism
2664-611: The east of the railway station into Tammela, and the focus of the city centre moved from the west of Tammerkoski to the east of it. Tampere's significance as a hub point for railway traffic increased further when the Tampere–Seinäjoki railway leading from the Lielahti railway station on the Tampere-Pori railway to Seinäjoki was opened for traffic in 1971. Commuter traffic from Tampere to Orivesi and Toijala, along with
2738-626: The eastern end of Hämeenkatu was changed to use public transport only (although private car traffic was allowed for a short time from February to June 2017). This experiment was in preparation for the construction of the Tampere light rail starting in 2017, where Hämeenkatu was fully converted for use of public transport only, and only light traffic, trams, buses, taxis and service traffic are allowed on it. The light rail traffic started in 2021. 61°29′52″N 23°45′37″E / 61.49778°N 23.76028°E / 61.49778; 23.76028 Tampere railway station Tampere Central Station
2812-403: The elevation of Itsenäisyydenkatu was lowered by several metres. The tunnel was completed at the same time as the new station building, and so the connections between Tammela and the city centre were greatly improved. The station square was lowered to the same elevation as the tunnel. Only very few changes have been made to the Tampere railway station over the years. In contrast, the area around
2886-504: The fire. The bridge, completed in 1884, was called Isosilta ("Large bridge") in contrast to Pikkusilta ("Little bridge"), located at the place of present-day Satakunnansilta (the "Satakunta Bridge"), which was meant only for pedestrian traffic. When Satakunnansilta was completed in 1900, Isosilta was renamed Hämeensilta. The intersection with Hatanpään valtatie was built in the 1920 after the Finnish Civil War , when building
2960-554: The ground floor of P-Asema. The stations is accessible on foot from the Asema-aukio square and from the Itsenäisyydenkatu and Ratapihankatu streets. When the railway from Hämeenlinna to Tampere was being planned, there were two options for the location for the Tampere railway station. The western option assumed the railway would eventually continue to Ostrobothnia via Kyröskoski , so the railway would have crossed
3034-463: The growth of the industry and business, which in turn caused an increase in the population; between 1870 and 1935 Tampere's population grew eightfold. The business centre of the city expanded from the old town area to the east and the old shanty town in Kyttälä was replaced with a new modern district in the first decades of the 20th century. After World War II the business centre continued expanding to
Hämeenkatu - Misplaced Pages Continue
3108-404: The handling of the matter later in the same year, as the cost of the moving operation increased from 1.2 million euro to over three million euro during the investigation. The current zoning plan only allows for a solution either to move the station or keep it in place, so the city started investigation for a new zoning plan. In 2018 the city council decided to move the station after all, referring to
3182-498: The iconic Paimio Sanatorium , designed in 1929 and built in 1933. Aalto introduced standardised, precast concrete elements as early as the late 1920s, when he designed residential buildings in Turku. This technique became a cornerstone of later developments in modernist architecture after World War II, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. He also introduced serial produced wooden housing. Interbellum avant-garde Polish architects in
3256-483: The line. The bridge itself has not been dismantled. A train accident at the railway station on 2 November 2001 led to 47 passengers being slightly injured as a locomotive collided with a passenger train that was leaving towards Seinäjoki. The driver was moving the locomotive to another end of the train leaving towards Turku as the train switched directions and failed to notice that the track was not yet free. The station served its task well in its early days, because only
3330-412: The main track at Hatanpää . As the railway was built, the Tampere railway station was still located outside the city in the municipality of Messukylä. The Kyttälä area to the west of the station was annexed to the city of Tampere already one year after the railway was opened for traffic, and was made a part of the city centre of Tampere during the next couple of decades. The railway had a great effect on
3404-457: The majority of the city of Zlín , developed by the Bata shoe company as a factory town in the 1920s and designed by Le Corbusier 's student František Lydie Gahura . Numerous villas, apartment buildings and interiors, factories, office blocks and department stores can be found in the functionalist style throughout the country, which industrialised rapidly in the early 20th century while embracing
3478-516: The most outstanding work of Polish functionalist architecture is the entire city of Gdynia , modern Polish seaport established 1926. In Russia and the former Soviet Union , functionalism was known as Constructivist architecture , and was the dominant style for major building projects between 1918 and 1932. The 1932 competition for the Palace of the Soviets and the winning entry by Boris Iofan marked
3552-608: The most prolific and notable architects in Finland, working in the funkis style, includes Alvar Aalto and Erik Bryggman who were both engaged from the very start in the 1930s. The Turku region pioneered this new style and the journal Arkkitehti mediated and discussed functionalism in a Finnish context. Many of the first buildings in the funkis style were industrial structures, institutions and offices but spread to other kinds of structures such as residential buildings, individual housing and churches. The functionalist design also spread to interior designs and furniture as exemplified by
3626-440: The need for urban housing and new institutions for the growing welfare states exploded after World War II. Funkis had its heyday in the 1930s and 1940s, but functionalist architecture continued to be built long into the 1960s. These later structures, however, tend to be categorized as modernism in a Nordic context. Vilhelm Lauritzen , Arne Jacobsen and C.F. Møller were among the most active and influential Danish architects of
3700-682: The new functionalist ideas and Arne Jacobsen, Poul Kjærholm , Kaare Klint , and others, extended the new approach to design in general, most notably furniture which evolved to become Danish modern . Some Danish designers and artists who did not work as architects are sometimes also included in the Danish functionalist movement, such as Finn Juhl , Louis Poulsen and Poul Henningsen . In Denmark, bricks were largely preferred over reinforced concrete as construction material, and this included funkis buildings. Apart from institutions and apartment blocks, more than 100,000 single-family funkis houses were built in
3774-476: The north of the Hämeensilta bridge, at the shallowest point of the rapids, was an ancient crossing point, later the first bridge across Tammerkoski. When Tampere was founded in 1779, the present-day Hämeenkatu was part of the city plan, but the original main street of Tampere was Kauppiaskatu (later known as Kauppakatu ), ending at an old wooden bridge in the east. The street Raatihuoneen Poikkikatu, located at
SECTION 50
#17327726508153848-469: The now listed Kastrup Airport 1939 terminal by Vilhelm Lauritzen, Aarhus University (by C. F. Møller et al.) and Aarhus City Hall (by Arne Jacobsen et al.), all including furniture and lamps specially designed for these buildings in the functionalist spirit. The largest functionalist complex in the Nordic countries is the 30,000-sq. m. residential compound of Hostrups Have in Copenhagen. Some of
3922-434: The original western option. In its northern end, the railway was extended to the Naistenlahti harbour on the shore of lake Näsijärvi. The first, wooden station building, predating the current station, was built in 1876 to service traffic in the recently completed track Turku-Tampere- Hämeenlinna . The old station was built into a 2nd class station according to specific plans contradicting the overall track design. Its designer
3996-453: The place of present-day Hämeenkatu, was narrower than Hämeenkatu and did not have a bridge. The wooden bridge was renovated many times and the last wooden bridge was built in 1848. After the 1865 fire of Tampere, the new zoning plan of chief architect Carl Albert Edelfelt in 1868 changed Hämeenkatu to a main street with a width of 30 metres. When the Kyttälä area to the east of Tammerkoski
4070-407: The railway station either via Hämeenkatu and Itsenäisyydenkatu or via Rautatienkatu. The stops are located at the intersection between Rautatienkatu and Hämeenkatu. The Rautatieasema tram stop is located near the railway station, used by Tampere light rail lines 1 and 3. The station building has direct connections to the underground Noutoparkki and P-Hämppi parking garages, of which the first one
4144-489: The residential scale, designers like Christopher Tunnard , James Rose , and Garrett Eckbo advocated a design philosophy based on the creation of spaces for outdoor living and the integration of house and garden. At a larger scale, the German landscape architect and planner Leberecht Migge advocated the use of edible gardens in social housing projects as a way to counteract hunger and increase self-sufficiency of families. At
4218-570: The start of eclectic historicism of Stalinist Architecture and the end of constructivist domination in Soviet Union. Notable representations of functionalist architecture include: The residential area of Södra Ängby in western Stockholm , Sweden , blended a functionalist or international style with garden city ideals. Encompassing more than 500 buildings, it remains the largest coherent functionalistic villa area in Sweden and possibly
4292-457: The station has changed. In 1983, a shopping and parking building was built on the south side of the station. In 1989, a 98-metre shopping tunnel, known as Asematunneli (station tunnel) was built throughout the station building, containing about twenty shops. Thus pedestrians no longer had to use the cramped and noisy underpass at Itsenäisyydenkatu. At the same time, the station's ticket office moved to its new premises. A new storage area for luggage
4366-461: The stops along the line, was discontinued on 29 May 1988 when the Tampere Central Station became the only passenger railway station in the city of Tampere. The branch terminal line leading from the railway yard to the Naistenlahti power plant was cut from its northern end in 2004. The southern end of the track is used for storing and organising carriages. There previously was a track owned by
4440-530: The track opposite the passenger station is the old cargo station, whose conservation has been subject to intense debate in municipal politics throughout the 2010s. According to the zoning plan of the area, which came into force in February 2016, the cargo station will be moved slightly to the east, so an adjustment of the Ratapihankatu street can be built in its place. However, the city council stopped
4514-415: The traffic is towards Helsinki . Tampere also has railway connections northwards, and towards the cities of Turku , Jyväskylä , and Pori . Pendolino trains go from Tampere to Helsinki, Kuopio via Jyväskylä, and Oulu via Seinäjoki . Since 15 December 2019, commuter train traffic in Tampere is served by M trains on the Tampere commuter rail on the route Nokia - Tampere - Toijala and R trains on
SECTION 60
#17327726508154588-449: The western option, as the city of Tampere was entirely located to the west of the Tammerkoski rapids at the time and the eastern option would have left the railway station behind the then-notorious suburb of Kyttälä . However, the railway was still built according to the eastern option, as there was an area suitable for the station to the southeast of Kyttälä, allowing the railway to extend towards Orivesi as well as to Kyröskoski according to
4662-590: The work of the Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier and the German architect Mies van der Rohe . Both were functionalists at least to the extent that their buildings were radical simplifications of previous styles. In 1923, Mies van der Rohe was working in Weimar Germany, and had begun his career of producing radically simplified, lovingly detailed structures that achieved Sullivan's goal of inherent architectural beauty. Le Corbusier famously said "a house
4736-408: The work, the pedestrian walkways, trees along the street and lighting were renovated and the Hämeensilta bridge was repaired. The Tampere light rail started operating in 2021. There originally was an old travel route in the village of Tammerkoski in the locality of Messukylä , located at the place of present-day Tampere, whose route approximately corresponded to the present-day Hämeenkatu. Slightly to
4810-489: The world, still well-preserved more than a half-century after its construction 1933–40 and protected as a national cultural heritage . Zlín is a city in the Czech Republic which was in the 1930s completely reconstructed on principles of functionalism. In that time the city was a headquarters of Bata Shoes company and Tomáš Baťa initiated a complex reconstruction of the city which was inspired by functionalism and
4884-508: The years 1918–1939 made a notable impact in the legacy of European modern architecture and functionalism. A lot of Polish architects were fascinated by Le Corbusier like his Polish students and coworkers Jerzy Sołtan , Aleksander Kujawski (both co-authors of Unité d'habitation in Marseille ) and his coworkers Helena Syrkus (Le Corbusier's companion on board of the S.S. Patris, an ocean liner journeying from Marseille to Athens in 1933 during
4958-482: The years 1925–1945. However, the truly dedicated funkis design was often approached with caution. Many residential buildings only included some signature funkis elements such as round windows, corner windows or architectural glazing to signal modernity while not provoking conservative traditionalists too much. This branch of restrained approach to the funkis design created the Danish version of the bungalow building. Fine examples of Danish functionalist architecture are
5032-495: Was added to the plans afterwards through a demand from the railway administration (its total height from the street level being about 47 metres The tower and the northern wing of the station containing a restaurant were built in 1937. In 1948 one additional floor was built onto the southern wing of the station. The station building was moved to the administration of the VR Group in 1995. The Finnish Heritage Agency has designated
5106-477: Was built in 1936. The baggage handling facilities and the large, two-floor high central hall with offices and cafés were located on the ground floor. Passenger and cargo traffic tunnels were built from the hall to the platforms. Offices, restaurants and postal facilities were located on the second floor. The platform roofs were made with a structurally special folded plate technique from steel-reinforced concrete. The 36-metre tall clock tower designed by Aulis Blomstedt
5180-468: Was built next to the ticket office in 1994. The new Matkakeskustunneli tunnel passing under the railway yard was built in 2008, and in 2012 a third, 60-metre long Pendolino tunnel parallel to the railway tracks was built, connecting the two previous tunnels. The Pendolino tunnel was closed for passage in 2016. In 2012 a new 75-metre long underpass tunnel under Rongankatu was opened for the use of pedestrians and bicyclists to help travel between Tammela and
5254-589: Was instead based in metaphysics, as the expression of organic essence and could be paraphrased as meaning 'destiny'. In the mid-1930s, functionalism began to be discussed as an aesthetic approach rather than a matter of design integrity (use). The idea of functionalism was conflated with a lack of ornamentation, which is a different matter. It became a pejorative term associated with the baldest and most brutal ways to cover space, like cheap commercial buildings and sheds, then finally used, for example in academic criticism of Buckminster Fuller 's geodesic domes , simply as
5328-405: Was joined to the city in 1871, Hämeenkatu was expanded with the same width to the east of the rapids. Traffic quickly increased on the wooden bridge, which had also been damaged in the floods. Because of this, the city council made a plan to build a new bridge in 1881. The bridge was built on Hämeenkatu instead of Kauppakatu, as Hämeenkatu had already been widened to serve as the new main street after
5402-410: Was opened in 1883, curving to the east from the southern end of the railway yard. The Tampere–Pori railway , opened in 1895, started from the northern end of the railway yard and curved across the Tammerkoski rapids to the west, bypassing the city centre to the north. As traffic increased, an overpass bridge connecting the districts of Kyttälä and Tammela was built in 1898. A rail yard was built along
5476-646: Was to serve the demands of a modern city. The simplicity of its buildings which also translated into its functional adaptability was to prescribe (and also react to) the needs of everyday life. The urban plan of Zlín was the creation of František Lydie Gahura , a student at Le Corbusier's atelier in Paris. Architectural highlights of the city are e.g. the Villa of Tomáš Baťa, Baťa's Hospital, Tomas Bata Memorial , The Grand Cinema or Baťa's Skyscraper . Khrushchyovka (Russian: хрущёвка , IPA: [xrʊˈɕːɵfkə] )
#814185