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61-711: Héctor Eduardo Chumpitaz Gonzáles ( Latin American Spanish: [ˈeɣtoɾ ˈtʃumpitas] ; born 12 April 1943, in Cañete ) is a former footballer from Peru . He was voted one of the greatest defenders of all time, among the 30 best defenders in football history, and included within the 100 best players in the history of the World Cup by FIFA in 2018. He is also a member of the Historic Ideal Team of Copa América by CONMEBOL . In addition, he

122-459: A goalkeeper may also attempt to delay a penalty by cleaning their boots, asking the referee to see if the ball is placed properly and other delaying tactics. This method builds more pressure on the penalty taker, but the goalkeeper may risk punishments, most likely a yellow card. A goalkeeper can also try to distract the taker by talking to them prior to the penalty being taken. Netherlands national team goalkeeper Tim Krul used this technique during

183-430: A good chance of diving in time. Others try to read the kicker's motion pattern. On the other side, kickers often feign and prefer a relatively slow shot in an attempt to foil the goalkeeper. The potentially most fruitful approach, shooting high and centre, i.e., in the space that the goalkeeper will evacuate, also carries the highest risk of shooting above the bar (or even hitting it). As the shooter makes their approach to

244-465: A penalty kick is one of the most difficult tasks a goalkeeper can face. Owing to the short distance between the penalty spot and the goal, there is very little time to react to the shot. Because of this, the goalkeeper will usually start their dive before the ball is actually struck. In effect, the goalkeeper must act on their best prediction about where the shot will be aimed. Some goalkeepers decide which way they will dive beforehand, thus giving themselves

305-411: A penalty kick to confuse opponents is permitted as part of football", "feinting to kick the ball once the player has completed his run-up is considered an infringement of Law 14 and an act of unsporting behaviour for which the player must be cautioned". Since its introduction in 1891, a penalty kick has been awarded for two broad categories of offences: The number of offences eligible for punishment by

366-493: A penalty-kick, small when initially introduced in 1891, expanded rapidly thereafter. This led to some confusion: for example, in September 1891, a referee awarded a penalty kick against a goalkeeper who "[lost] his temper and [kicked] an opponent", even though under the 1891 laws this offence was punishable only by an indirect free-kick. The table below shows the punishments specified by the laws for offences involving handling

427-548: A shot in the penalty shoot out. This was because all of Chelsea's penalties went to the left. Anelka's shot instead went to Van der Sar's right, which was saved. Liverpool goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar used a method of distracting the players called the "spaghetti legs" trick to help his club defeat Roma to win the 1984 European Cup . This tactic was emulated in the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final , which Liverpool also won, by Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek , helping his team defeat Milan . An illegal method of saving penalties

488-411: Is also a mall called Sur Plaza Boulevard. This Lima Region geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Penalty kick (association football) A penalty kick (commonly known as a penalty or a spot kick ) is a method of restarting play in association football , in which a player is allowed to take a single shot at the goal while it is defended only by

549-587: Is considered one of the greatest South American defenders of all-time and was named to the list of best World Cup players of all time by Terra.com in 2006. He was elected the 35th best South American footballer of the 20th century in a poll by the IFFHS in 2000. At the age of 19, Chumpitaz joined a second division team in Peru , the Unidad Vecinal. Chumpitaz became a first division player in 1964, when he

610-434: Is dedicated to training minors. Chumpitaz was regarded one of the best defenders in the world during the late 1960s and early 1970s, and is widely considered one of the four best South American defenders of all time along with Elías Figueroa , José Nasazzi , and Daniel Passarella . With great defensive skills, excellent reading of the game, possession and distribution of the ball and an imposing leader role, he became one of

671-417: Is for the goalkeeper to make a quick and short jump forward just before the penalty taker connects with the ball. This not only shuts down the angle of the shot, but also distracts the penalty taker. The method was used by Brazilian goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel . FIFA was less strict on the rule during that time. In more recent times, FIFA has advised all referees to strictly obey the rule book. Similarly,

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732-439: Is kicked, but must remain on the goal-line between the goal-posts, facing the kicker, without touching the goalposts, crossbar, or goal net. At the moment the kick is taken, the goalkeeper must have at least part of one foot touching, or in line with, the goal line. The assistant referee responsible for the goal line where the penalty kick is being taken is positioned at the intersection of the penalty area and goal line, and assists

793-405: Is the seventh highest-scoring South American defender in football history, with 65 official goals. Considered by FIFA as one of the best South American defenders of all time, Chumpitaz is also one of the greatest exponents in the history of Peruvian football. He spent most of his career at Universitario de Deportes and Sporting Cristal . He currently has a football school named as him, where he

854-622: The FA Cup quarter-final against Stoke City . Finally after much debate, the International Football Association Board approved the idea on 2 June 1891. The penalty-kick law ran: If any player shall intentionally trip or hold an opposing player, or deliberately handle the ball, within twelve yards [11 m] from his own goal-line, the referee shall, on appeal, award the opposing side a penalty kick, to be taken from any point twelve yards [11 m] from

915-516: The Football League was awarded to Wolverhampton Wanderers in their match against Accrington at Molineux Stadium on 14 September 1891. The penalty was taken and scored by Billy Heath as Wolves went on to win the game 5–0. In 1892, the player taking the penalty-kick was forbidden to kick the ball again before the ball had touched another player. A provision was also added that "[i]f necessary, time of play shall be extended to admit of

976-597: The Pan-American Highway , where buses pause for passengers to get on or off. All buses heading south from Lima or north to Lima on the Pan-American Highway pass through Cañete. This is one of the most important homes of the most representative liquor from Peru: the Pisco . Cerro Azul, Peru is a district north of the city centre San Vicente de Cañete. The first inhabitants of these lands were

1037-864: The Peru national football team when Peru lost to Paraguay , 1–0, in Lima . On May 16, 1965, Chumpitaz played his debut World Cup qualifier game where Peru beat Venezuela , 1–0, in Lima . His debut international game came that same year as Peru and Venezuela held a rematch in Caracas , with Peru defeating the Venezuelans, 6–3. Chumpitaz secured his first World Cup action when Peru national football team , winning 1–0 in Lima, and soon tied with Argentina , 2–2, on August 31, 1969, in Buenos Aires . Chumpitaz played his first World Cup game on June 2, 1970, when

1098-475: The 78 penalty kicks taken during the 2005–06 English Premier League season , 57 resulted in a goal, thus almost 30% of the penalties were unsuccessful. A German professor who has been studying penalty statistics in the German Bundesliga for 16 years found 76% of all the penalties during those 16 years went in, and 99% of the shots in the higher half of the goal went in , although the higher half of

1159-698: The Colombian players as they went to take their penalties in the 2021 Copa América semifinal, and throwing the ball away when Aurélien Tchouaméni was about to kick in the 2022 FIFA World Cup final . Some goalkeepers have become well known for their ability to save penalty kicks. One such goalkeeper is Diego Alves , who boasts a 49 per cent save success rate. Other goalkeepers with high save rates include Claudio Bravo , Kevin Trapp , Samir Handanović , Gianluigi Buffon , Tim Krul , Danijel Subašić , Sergio Goycochea , Sergio Romero , and Manuel Neuer . Even if

1220-623: The Huarcos. Later, the area was inhabited by descendants of slaves forced to work on the plantations. The slaves and their descendants lived here. The slaves arrived from Guinea, the Congo, and Angola, brought to the Peruvian coast during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to work in the cotton and sugar cane fields and in the vineyards. It also has a district called Asia which has a lot of beaches which people from Lima rent houses and there

1281-793: The Peru defeated Bulgaria , 3–2, in León , Mexico. Although Peru advanced to the quarterfinals of that World Cup, they were eliminated by Brazil on June 14 in Guadalajara , by a score of 4–2. Chumpitaz played for Peru's national team in the Brazil Independence Cup , held between June 18 and 25, 1972, in Manaus , Brazil. He helped his team to the championship game with a 1–0 victory over Venezuela , but Peru lost in its group's final game to Yugoslavia , 2–1. In 1975, Chumpitaz played for

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1342-540: The appeals process, on April 8, 2005, the Supreme Court of Peru nullified the sentence against Chumpitaz. San Vicente de Ca%C3%B1ete The warm and peaceful town of Cañete is located just one and a half hour to the south of Lima (144 km) and serves, for tourists, primarily as a gateway to the Lunahuaná District . The Plaza de Armas lies on 2 de Mayo, a few blocks inland from the spot on

1403-405: The ball became in play as soon as it was kicked and moved forward. In 2016, it was specified that the ball must "clearly" move. In 1995, all other players were required to remain behind the penalty spot. The Scottish Football Association claimed that this new provision would "eliminate various problems which have arisen regarding the position of players who stand in front of the penalty-mark at

1464-463: The ball or physical contact, between 1890 and 1903: Since 1903, the offences for which a penalty kick is awarded within the defending team's penalty area have been identical to those for which a direct free kick is awarded outside the defending team's penalty area. These consisted of handball (excluding technical handling offences by the goalkeeper), and foul play, with the following exceptions (which were punished instead by an indirect free kick in

1525-405: The ball slightly forward so that a teammate can run on to it and shoot or pass. If properly executed, it is a legal play since the kicker is not required to shoot for goal and need only kick the ball forward. This strategy relies heavily on the element of surprise, as it first requires the goalkeeper to believe the kicker will actually shoot, then dive or move to one side in response. It then requires

1586-505: The ball, the goalkeeper has only a fraction of a second to "read" the shooter's motions and decide where the ball will go. If their guess is correct, this may result in a missed penalty. Helmuth Duckadam , Steaua București 's goalkeeper, saved a record four consecutive penalties in the 1986 European Cup Final against Barcelona . He dived three times to the right and a fourth time to his left to save all penalties taken, securing victory for his team. A goalkeeper may also rely on knowledge of

1647-408: The field of play, provided that the closest boundary line to the location of the offence is within the offending team's own penalty area. The original laws of the game, in 1863, had no defined punishments for infringements of the rules. In 1872, the indirect free kick was introduced as a punishment for illegal handling of the ball; it was later extended to other offences . This indirect free-kick

1708-591: The final. In 1973, All-Star teams from the American and European continents played against each other in Barcelona , Spain. Football greats such as Johan Cruyff and Franz Beckenbauer participated in that game. Chumpitaz was selected captain of the American continent's team, thus earning the nickname "America's Captain". The game finished 4–4 and in Penalty kicks , America won 7–6. The following year, Chumpitaz

1769-437: The goal is a more difficult target to aim at. During his career, Italian striker Roberto Baggio had two occurrences where his shot hit the upper bar, bounced downwards, rebounded off the keeper and passed the goal line for a goal. A penalty kick is awarded whenever an offence that would attract a direct free-kick is committed by a player within that player's own penalty area while the ball is in play (the ball must be in play at

1830-514: The goal-line, under the following conditions:— All players, with the exception of the player taking the penalty kick and the opposing goalkeeper (who shall not advance more than six yards [5.5 m] from the goal-line) shall stand at least six yards [5.5 m] behind the ball. The ball shall be in play when the kick is taken, and a goal may be scored from the penalty kick. Some notable differences between this original 1891 law and today's penalty-kick are listed below: The world's first penalty kick

1891-465: The goalkeeper succeeds in blocking the shot, the ball may rebound back to the penalty taker or one of their teammates for another shot, with the goalkeeper often in a poor position to make a second save. This makes saving penalty kicks more difficult. This is not a concern in penalty shoot-outs , where only a single shot is permitted. While penalty kicks are considerably more often successful than not, missed penalty kicks are not uncommon: for instance, of

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1952-534: The goalkeeper to remain out of position long enough for the kicker's teammate to reach the ball before any defenders, and for that teammate to place a shot on the undefended side of the goal. The first recorded tap penalty was taken by Jimmy McIlroy and Danny Blanchflower of Northern Ireland against Portugal on 1 May 1957. Another was taken by Rik Coppens and André Piters in the World Cup qualifying match Belgium versus Iceland on 5 June 1957. Another attempt

2013-450: The goalkeeper was required to remain on the goal-line. In 1923, all other players were required to be at least 10 yards (9.15 m) from the penalty-spot (in addition to being outside the penalty-area). This change was made in order to stop defenders from lining up on the edge of the penalty area to impede the player taking the kick. In 1930, a footnote was appended to the laws, stating that "the goal-keeper must not move his feet until

2074-403: The kick must be identified to the referee. Only the kicker and the defending team's goalkeeper are allowed to be within the penalty area; all other players must be within the field of play, outside the penalty area, behind the penalty mark, and a minimum of 9.15 m (10 yd) from the penalty mark (this distance is denoted by the penalty arc). The goalkeeper is allowed to move before the ball

2135-422: The kick, and it must be kicked forward. The ball is in play once it is kicked and moves, and at that time other players may enter the penalty area and the penalty arc. The kicker may not touch the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player of either team or goes out of play (including into the goal) . In case of an infringement of the laws of the game during a penalty kick, most commonly entering

2196-459: The kick, attempted to pass to the onrushing Henry, but miskicked and the ball hardly moved; as he had slightly touched the ball, he could not touch it again, and City defender Sylvain Distin cleared the ball before Henry could shoot. Lionel Messi tapped a penalty for Luis Suárez as Suárez completed his hat-trick on 14 February 2016 against league opponents Celta de Vigo . Defending against

2257-601: The most legendary figures of Universitario de Deportes , a club with which he won five titles in the Peruvian League and was a finalist in the Copa Libertadores in 1972. In addition to having won three other national titles with Sporting Cristal , Chumpitaz is remembered for having been captain of the American team that played a friendly match against the stars of Europe, among them were Giacinto Facchetti , Eusébio da Silva Ferreira , Johan Cruyff —who

2318-657: The national team that won the Copa America held in Colombia . Chumpitaz returned to the World Cup in 1978, when Peru played for the FIFA 's most heralded championship in Argentina . Peru played six games in that World Cup, winning two of them. Peru were eliminated after losing to hosts Argentina, 6–0. This would turn out to be Chumpitaz's last World Cup participation; he retired from the Peru national football team after

2379-401: The opposing team's goalkeeper . It is awarded when an offence punishable by a direct free kick is committed by a player in their own penalty area . The shot is taken from the penalty spot, which is 11 metres (12 yards) from the goal line and centered between the touch lines. The ball is placed on the penalty spot, regardless of where in the penalty area the foul occurred. The player taking

2440-408: The penalty area illegally, the referee must consider both whether the ball entered the goal, and which team(s) committed the offence. If both teams commit an offence, a re-kick is taken. The following infringements committed by the kicking team result in an indirect free kick for the defending team, regardless of the outcome of the kick: In the case of a player repeatedly infringing the laws during

2501-427: The penalty kick being taken". In 1896, the ball was required to be kicked forward, and the requirement for an appeal was removed. In 1902, the penalty area was introduced with its current dimensions (a rectangle extending 18 yards (16 m) from the goal-posts). The penalty spot was also introduced, 12 yards (11 m) from the goal. All other players were required to be outside the penalty area. In 1905,

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2562-404: The penalty kick has been taken". In 1937, an arc (colloquially known as the "D") was added to the pitch markings, to assist in the enforcement of the 10-yard (9.15 m) restriction. The goalkeeper was required to stand between the goal-posts. In 1939, it was specified that the ball must travel the distance of its circumference before being in play. In 1997, this requirement was eliminated:

2623-434: The penalty kick, the referee may caution the player for persistent infringement. All offences that occur before kick may be dealt with in this manner, regardless of the location of the offence. If the ball touches an outside agent (i.e., an object foreign to the playing field) as it moves forward from the kick, the kick is retaken. A two-man penalty, or "tap" penalty, occurs when the kicker, instead of shooting for goal, taps

2684-592: The penalty shootout in the quarter-final match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup against Costa Rica . As the Costa Rican players were preparing to take the kick, Krul told them that he "knew where they were going to put their penalty" in order to "get in their heads". This resulted in him saving two penalties and the Netherlands winning the shootout 4–3. Argentine goalkeeper Emiliano Martínez is known for using mind games in shootouts, most notably when he talked to

2745-560: The penalty taker and also the goalkeeper must randomize their strategies in precise ways to avoid having the opponent take advantage of their predictability. The goalkeeper also may try to distract the penalty taker, as the expectation is on the penalty taker to succeed, hence more pressure on the penalty taker, making them more vulnerable to mistakes. For example, in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Chelsea , United goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar pointed to his left side when Nicolas Anelka stepped up to take

2806-466: The referee in looking for infringements and/or whether a goal is scored. The referee blows the whistle to indicate that the penalty kick may be taken. The penalty taker may not kick the ball before the whistle is blown. The kicker may make feinting (deceptive or distracting) movements during the run-up to the ball, but may not do so once the run-up is completed. The kick and the last step the kicker takes must be in motion. The ball must be stationary before

2867-403: The run-up to a penalty-kick was permitted. In 2007, this guidance emphasized that "if in the opinion of the referee the feinting is considered an act of unsporting behaviour, the player shall be cautioned". In 2010, because of concern over "an increasing trend in players feinting a penalty kick to deceive the goalkeeper", a proposal was adopted to specify that while "feinting in the run-up to take

2928-476: The shooter's past behaviour to inform their decision. An example of this would be by former Netherlands national team goalkeeper Hans van Breukelen , who always had a box with cards with all the information about the opponent's penalty specialist. Ecuadorian goalkeeper Marcelo Elizaga saving a penalty from Carlos Tevez in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier between Ecuador and Argentina , revealed that he had studied some penalty kicks from Tevez and suspected he

2989-536: The taking of a penalty-kick as is presently permitted". In 1997, the goalkeeper was once again allowed to move the feet, and was also required to face the kicker. The question of "feinting" during the run-up to a penalty was popularized by Pelé in the 1970s and it was called paradinha , which in Portuguese means "little stop". It has occupied the International FA Board since 1982, when it

3050-608: The team qualified for the 1982 World Cup , held in Spain. Chumpitaz played a total of 105 games with the national team. Despite retiring, Chumpitaz continued being a public figure, and, on December 3, 2004, he was found guilty and sentenced to four years of suspended sentence (probation), for allegedly accepting US$ 30,000 from presidential advisor and right-hand man Vladimiro Montesinos , supposedly after joining former minister Juan Carlos Hurtado in latter's quest to become mayor of Lima in 1998, during Alberto Fujimori 's presidency. After

3111-415: The time of the offence, but it does not need to be within the penalty area at that time). These include: A penalty kick is also awarded if, while the ball is in play, a player, substitute, substituted player, sent-off player or team official commits any direct free-kick offence against a match official or against an opposing player, substitute, substituted player, sent-off player, or team official outside

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3172-586: The time. Another possibility is that it was simply not seen as necessary, as the indirect free kick was thought to be a sufficient punishment for most handball offenses. The invention of the penalty kick is credited to the goalkeeper and businessman William McCrum in 1890 in Milford, County Armagh . The Irish Football Association presented the idea to the International Football Association Board 's 1890 meeting, where it

3233-628: Was awarded just 5 days after the change had been approved and introduced to the rules of the game by the Scottish Football Association. It was awarded to Airdrieonians against Royal Albert in the final of the Airdrie Charity Cup on 6 June 1891 at Airdrieonians' then home ground of Mavisbank Park 15 minutes into the match, with the eventual spot-kick being buried past the Albert keeper. The first penalty kick in

3294-511: Was decided that "if a player stops in his run-up it is an offence for which he shall be cautioned (for ungentlemanly conduct) by the referee". However, in 1985 the same body reversed itself, deciding that the "assumption that feigning was an offence" was "wrong", and that it was up to the Referee to decide whether any instance should be penalized as ungentlemanly conduct. From 2000 to 2006, documents produced by IFAB specified that feinting during

3355-464: Was deferred until the next meeting in 1891. Two incidents in the 1890–1 season lent additional force to the argument for the penalty kick. On 20 December 1890, in the Scottish Cup quarter-final between East Stirlingshire and Heart of Midlothian Jimmy Adams fisted the ball out from under the bar, and on 14 February 1891, there was a blatant goal-line handball by a Notts County player in

3416-413: Was going to shoot to the goalkeeper's left side. Two other examples occurred during the 2006 FIFA World Cup : This approach may not always be successful; the player may intentionally switch from their favoured spot after witnessing the goalkeeper obtaining knowledge of their kicks. Most times, especially in amateur football, the goalkeeper is often forced to guess. Game theoretic research shows that both

3477-420: Was made by Mike Trebilcock and John Newman , playing for Plymouth Argyle in 1964. In 1982, Johan Cruyff passed to his Ajax team-mate Jesper Olsen , who then passed back, allowing Cruyff to tap in for a goal. Arsenal players Thierry Henry and Robert Pires failed in an attempt at a similar penalty in 2005, during a Premier League match against Manchester City at Highbury . Pires ran in to take

3538-475: Was signed by Deportivo Municipal , a team where he stayed until 1965. During 1966, Chumpitaz began playing for Universitario de Deportes , where he was part of the team that won five Peruvian league championships (1966, 1967, 1969, 1971 and 1974). Chumpitaz captained the Universitario de Deportes side to a runner-up in the Copa Libertadores 1972 , losing 2–1 to Independiente of the Argentina in

3599-439: Was signed for the first time by an international club, Club Atlas of Mexico. In 1977, Chumpitaz went on to play for Sporting Cristal , a team he would play with until 1984. He won three Peruvian league championships (1979, 1980 and 1983) with the team. Chumpitaz became the national soccer top scoring defender of Peruvian Primera División , with 65 goals in 456 matches. On April 3, 1965, Chumpitaz played his debut game with

3660-547: Was the captain of Europe, among other figures. It was there that he was given the nickname "El Capitán de America" ("America's Captain "). At the national team level, for almost fifteen years Chumpitaz was the captain and great defensive bulwark of the Peru national football team that won the Copa América 1975 and reached the quarterfinals in the FIFA World Cup of Mexico 1970 and Argentina 1978 . Chumpitaz

3721-422: Was thought to be an inadequate remedy for a handball which prevented an otherwise-certain goal. As a result of this, in 1882 a law was introduced to award a goal to a team prevented from scoring by an opponent's handball . This law lasted only one season before being abolished in 1883. One possible reason for its abolition is that it was felt to be too harsh, especially given the imprecise nature of refereeing at

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