Hünenberg is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland .
42-397: Hünenberg is first mentioned in 1173 as de Hunberg , though this document is considered a forgery . In 1185 it was mentioned as de Hunoberg and in 1239 as de Hunaberc . Hünenberg has an area, as of 2006, of 18.4 km (7.1 sq mi). Of this area, 63.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 17% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 12.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and
84-452: A bill of exchange, see section 24 of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882 . Rumor A rumor ( American English ), or rumour ( British English ; see spelling differences ; derived from Latin rumorem 'noise'), is "a tall tale of explanations of events circulating from person to person and pertaining to an object, event, or issue in public concern." In the social sciences ,
126-499: A community or region). In their book, Narrative Landmines: Rumors, Islamist Extremism and the Struggle for Strategic Influence , co-authors Daniel Bernardi, Pauline Hope Cheong, Chris Lundry and Scott W. Ruston coin the term narrative IED to help explain the function and danger of rumors in a strategic communication context. Rumors, as narrative IEDs, are low-cost, low-tech communication weapons that can be used by anyone to disrupt
168-422: A distortion in the transmission of information as a result of subconscious motivations. Assimilation was observed when test subjects described the illustrations as they ought to be but not as they actually were. For example, in an illustration depicting a battle-scene, test subjects often incorrectly reported an ambulance truck in the background of the illustration as carrying "medical supplies," when, in fact, it
210-553: A fine, or to both. Any offence at common law of forgery is abolished. The abolition of a common law offence of forgery does not affect proceedings for any such offence committed before its abolition. Except as regards offences committed before the commencement of the Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001 and except where the context otherwise requires, without prejudice to section 65(4)(a) of that Act, references to forgery must be construed in accordance with
252-459: A forged physical object. The similar crime of fraud is the crime of deceiving another, including through the use of objects obtained through forgery. Forgery is one of the techniques of fraud, including identity theft . Forgery is one of the threats addressed by security engineering . In the 16th century, imitators of Albrecht Dürer 's style of printmaking improved the market for their own prints by signing them "AD", making them forgeries. In
294-494: A government source given to the media or a foreign government). French and German social science research on rumor locates the modern scholarly definition of it to the pioneering work of the German William Stern in 1902. Stern experimented on rumor involving a "chain of subjects" who passed a story from "mouth to ear" without the right to repeat or explain it. He found that the story was shortened and changed by
336-484: A proposition for belief of topical reference disseminated without official verification . So formidably defined, rumor is but a special case of informal social communications, including myth, legend, and current humor. From myth and legend it is distinguished by its emphasis on the topical. Where humor is designed to provoke laughter, rumor begs for belief. Knapp identified three basic characteristics that apply to rumor: Crucial to this definition and its characteristics
378-450: A rumor involves a form of a statement whose veracity is not quickly or ever confirmed. In addition, some scholars have identified rumor as a subset of propaganda . Sociology , psychology , and communication studies have widely varying definitions of rumor. Rumors are also often discussed with regard to misinformation and disinformation (the former often seen as simply false and the latter seen as deliberately false, though usually from
420-420: A rumor was introduced for discussion, information was volunteered and discussed, and finally a resolution was drawn or interest was lost. For the study, archived discussions concerning rumors on the internet and other computer networks such as BITnet were retrieved. As a rule, each discussion had a minimum of five statements posted over a period of at least two days. The statements were then coded as being one of
462-438: A rumor's diffusion. The Internet's recent appearance as a new media technology has shown ever new possibilities for the fast diffusion of rumor, as the debunking sites such as snopes.com, urbanlegend.com, and factcheck.org demonstrate. Nor had previous research taken into consideration the particular form or style of deliberately chosen rumors for political purposes in particular circumstances (even though significant attention to
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#1732802136565504-461: A third, and so forth and so on. Each person's reproduction was recorded. This process was repeated with different illustrations with very different settings and contents. Allport and Postman used three terms to describe the movement of rumor. They are: leveling , sharpening , and assimilation . Leveling refers to the loss of detail during the transmission process; sharpening to the selection of certain details of which to transmit; and assimilation to
546-425: Is triable either way . A person guilty of forgery is liable, on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or, on summary conviction , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum , or to both. For offences akin to forgery, see English criminal law#Forgery, personation, and cheating . The common law offence of forgery
588-652: Is abolished for all purposes not relating to offences committed before the commencement of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981. Forgery is not an official offence under the law of Scotland, except in cases where statute provides otherwise. The Forgery of Foreign Bills Act 1803 was repealed in 2013. In the Republic of Ireland , forgery is an offence under section 25(1) of the Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001 which provides: A person
630-537: Is an offence under section 1 of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981 , which provides: A person is guilty of forgery if he makes a false instrument, with the intention that he or another shall use it to induce somebody to accept it as genuine, and by reason of so accepting it to do or not to do some act to his own or any other person’s prejudice. "Instrument" is defined by section 8, "makes" and "false" by section 9, and "induce" and "prejudice" by section 10. Forgery
672-409: Is essentially concerned with a produced or altered object. Where the prime concern of a forgery is less focused on the object itself – what it is worth or what it "proves" – than on a tacit statement of criticism that is revealed by the reactions the object provokes in others, then the larger process is a hoax . In a hoax, a rumor or a genuine object planted in a concocted situation, may substitute for
714-405: Is guilty of forgery if he or she makes a false instrument with the intention that it shall be used to induce another person to accept it as genuine and, by reason of so accepting it, to do some act, or to make some omission, to the prejudice of that person or any other person. A person guilty of forgery is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or to
756-418: Is listed as a heritage sites of national significance . Forgery Forgery is a white-collar crime that generally consists of the false making or material alteration of a legal instrument with the specific intent to defraud . Tampering with a certain legal instrument may be forbidden by law in some jurisdictions but such an offense is not related to forgery unless the tampered legal instrument
798-478: Is proven to be true. That is why people say to never trust the tabloids. Rumor has always played a major role in politics, with negative rumors about an opponent typically more effective than positive rumors about one's own side. " Propaganda is neutrally defined as a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that attempts to influence the emotions, attitudes, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for ideological, political or commercial purposes through
840-448: Is the emphasis on transmission (word of mouth, which then was heard and reported in the newspaper); on content ("topical" means that it can somehow be distinguished from trivial and private subjects—its domain is public issues); and on reception ("emotional needs of the community" suggests that though it is received by an individual from an individual, it is not comprehended in individual but community or social terms). Based on his study of
882-409: Is usually concerned with governments, militaries and Non-Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ). Adroit strategic communication requires an understanding of stories, trends and memes circulating within a culture. Rumors can be viewed as stories that seem rational but that are steeped into speculation, in connection with a certain narrative landscape (the vast array of cultural expression circulating within
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#1732802136565924-710: The 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 27.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (26.7%), the FDP (21.9%) and the Green Party (15.3%). In Hünenberg about 85.9% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). Hünenberg has an unemployment rate of 1.39%. As of 2005, there were 253 people employed in
966-561: The primary economic sector and about 74 businesses involved in this sector. 1,092 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 95 businesses in this sector. 2,881 people are employed in the tertiary sector , with 445 businesses in this sector. The historical population is given in the following table: The International School of Zug and Luzern has its Riverside campus, housing upper secondary (senior high school) classes, in Hünenberg. The Catholic Church of St. Wolfgang
1008-450: The 20th century the art market made forgeries highly profitable. There are widespread forgeries of especially valued artists, such as drawings originally by Pablo Picasso , Paul Klee , and Henri Matisse . A special case of double forgery is the forging of Vermeer 's paintings by Han van Meegeren , and in its turn the forging of Van Meegeren's work by his son Jacques van Meegeren . In England and Wales and Northern Ireland , forgery
1050-603: The amount of the loss, yielding eight years in prison. In Connecticut , forgery in the Third Degree, which is a class B misdemeanor is punishable by up to 6 months in jail, a $ 1000 fine, and probation; forgery in the First Degree, which is a class C felony, is punishable by a maximum 10 years in prison, a fine of up to $ 10,000 fine, or both. As to the effect, in the United Kingdom, of a forged signature on
1092-498: The controlled transmission of one-sided messages (which may or may not be factual) via mass and direct media channels. A propaganda organization employs propagandists who engage in propagandism—the applied creation and distribution of such forms of persuasion." Richard Alan Nelson, A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States , 1996 In the past, much research on rumor came from psychological approaches (as
1134-405: The damage to personal reputations. Similar to their appearance and function in political communication, wherein rumors can be deployed for specific deleterious effect (rumor bomb) or can otherwise plague a candidate for office, rumors also play an important role in strategic communication . Strategic communication is the process of crafting messages in support of specific organizational goals, and
1176-474: The designated manufacturer or producer given on the label or flagged by the trademark symbol. When the object forged is a record or document it is often called a false document . This usage of "forgery" does not derive from metalwork done at a blacksmith's forge , but it has a parallel history. A sense of "to counterfeit " is already in the Anglo-French verb forger , meaning "falsify". A forgery
1218-604: The discussion of Allport and DiFonzio demonstrates above). The focus was especially on how statements of questionable veracity (absolutely false to the ears of some listeners) circulated orally from person to person. Scholarly attention to political rumors is at least as old as Aristotle's Rhetoric ; however, not until recently has any sustained attention and conceptual development been directed at political uses of rumor, outside of its role in war situations. Almost no work had been done until recently on how different forms of media and particular cultural-historical conditions may facilitate
1260-495: The following: prudent , apprehensive , authenticating , interrogatory , providing information , belief , disbelief , sense-making , digressive , or un-codable . Each rumor discussion was then analysed based on this coding system. A similar coding system based on statistical analysis was applied to each discussion as a whole, and the aforementioned four-stage pattern of rumor discussion emerged. There are four components of managing rumors that both of you need to understand for
1302-434: The intent to defraud, knowing that he or she has no authority to do so." The written document usually has to be an instrument of legal significance. Punishments for forgery vary widely. In California, forgery for an amount under $ 950 can result in misdemeanor charges and no jail time, while a forgery involving a loss of over $ 500,000 can result in three years in prison for the forgery plus a five-year "conduct enhancement" for
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1344-473: The newspaper column, Knapp divided those rumors into three types: Knapp also found that negative rumors were more likely to be disseminated than positive rumors. These types also differentiate between positive (pipe dream) and negative (bogie and wedge-driving) rumors. In the 1947 study, The Psychology of Rumor , Gordon Allport and Leo Postman concluded that, "as rumor travels it [...] grows shorter, more concise, more easily grasped and told." This conclusion
1386-421: The power of rumor for mass-media-diffused war propaganda has been in vogue since World War I; see Lasswell 1927). In the early part of the 21st century, some legal scholars have attended to political uses of rumor, though their conceptualization of it remains social psychological and their solutions to it as public problem are from a legal scholarly perspective, largely having to do with libel and privacy laws and
1428-542: The provisions of that Act. Forgery is an offence under sections 366, 367 and 368 of the Canadian Criminal Code . The offence is a hybrid offence , subject to a maximum prison sentence of: Forgery is a crime in all jurisdictions within the United States , both state and federal. Most states, including California , describe forgery as occurring when a person alters a written document "with
1470-552: The remainder (7.3%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The municipality is located between the Reuss river, Lorze river Lake Zug . Hünenberg has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 8,768. As of 2007, 12.1% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 21.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (91.7%), with English being second most common ( 1.8%) and French being third ( 1.3%). In
1512-426: The sake of your relationship's success. The first, anxiety (situational and personality) , is when people who either have a more anxious personality, or people who are in an anxiety- lifting situation are more likely to create rumors in order to relieve some of their insecurities. The second component of managing rumors is ambiguity . Ambiguity is when someone is not sure about what is going on, so they end up assuming
1554-503: The time it reached the end of the chain. His student was another pioneer in the field, Gordon Allport . The experiment is similar to the children's game Chinese whispers . "A Psychology of Rumor" was published by Robert H. Knapp [ fr ] in 1944, in which he reports on his analysis of over one thousand rumors during World War II that were printed in the Boston Herald ' s " Rumor Clinic " Column. He defines rumor as
1596-402: The worst. The third component is information importance . . Information is key, and if that information is not juicy or if it does not interest people, there won't be rumors, but information can often be false. Information can also be ambiguous. The last component of managing rumors is credibility. Rumors are often spread by sources that are not credible. A rumor itself is not credible unless it
1638-406: Was actually used in the course of the crime to defraud another person or entity. Copies, studio replicas, and reproductions are not considered forgeries, though they may later become forgeries through knowing and willful misrepresentations . Forging money or currency is more often called counterfeiting . But consumer goods may also be counterfeits if they are not manufactured or produced by
1680-406: Was based on a test of message diffusion between persons, which found that about 70% of details in a message were lost in the first 5-6 mouth-to-mouth transmissions. In the experiment, a test subject was shown an illustration and given time to look it over. They were then asked to describe the scene from memory to a second test subject. This second test subject was then asked to describe the scene to
1722-585: Was clearly carrying boxes marked "TNT (102)." In 2004, Prashant Bordia and Nicholas DiFonzo published their Problem Solving in Social Interactions on the Internet: Rumor As Social Cognition and found that rumor transmission is probably reflective of a "collective explanation process." This conclusion was based on an analysis of archived message board discussions in which the statements were coded and analysed. It
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1764-422: Was found that 29% (the majority) of statements within these discussions could be coded as "sense-making" statements, which involved, "[...] attempts at solving a problem." It was noted that the rest of the discussion was constructed around these statements, further reinforcing the idea of collective problem solving. The researchers also found that each rumor went through a four-stage pattern of development in which
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