Early New High German ( ENHG ) is a term for the period in the history of the German language generally defined, following Wilhelm Scherer , as the period 1350 to 1650, developing from Middle High German and into New High German .
77-709: Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid (" The Song of Horn-skinned Siegfried "; " Lay of Seyfrid with the Horny Skin "), or Hürnen Seyfrid for short, is an anonymous Early New High German heroic ballad . The poem concerns the adventures of young Siegfried , hero of the Nibelungenlied and an important figure in Germanic heroic legend . It preserves traditions about Siegfried that are otherwise only known from Old Norse sources and thus attest their existence in oral traditions about Siegfried that circulated outside of
154-530: A caesura into hemistichs , each hemistich being three metrical feet long (having three stresses). Thus it is similar to the Nibelungenstrophe [ de ] only simplified, since the scheme used by the Nibelungenlied adds an extra stress on the final (8th) hemistich. The long lines rhyme in couplets ( rhyme scheme AABB), with occasional rhymes occurring in the hemistiches (XX). In
231-456: A nanofabrication process as has become necessary with the other methods of cloaking. The nanofabrication process is time-consuming and limits the size of the cloaked region to a microscopic area. The system works best under green light. In addition the researchers appear to be optimistic about a practical cloaking device in the future: In summary, we have demonstrated the first macroscopic cloak operating at visible frequencies, which transforms
308-426: A carpet cloak, which serves as an optical cloaking device. According to the lead investigator: We have come up with a new solution to the problem of invisibility based on the use of dielectric (nonconducting) materials. Our optical cloak not only suggests that true invisibility materials are within reach, it also represents a major step towards transformation optics, opening the door to manipulating light at will for
385-526: A central plot element in Samuel R. Delany 's 1975 novel Dhalgren . Cloaks of invisibility also exist in the Harry Potter series of novels by J.K. Rowling . Harry Potter uses a Cloak of Invisibility, that was passed down to him by his father, to sneak into forbidden areas of his school and remain unseen. It is later revealed that this specific cloak was once owned by Death himself, making it one of
462-545: A change from Sîfrît's son Günther in the Nibelungenlied . Hürnen Seyfrid features numerous details that are known from the Nordic traditions about Sigurd but are absent in the Nibelungenlied . Among these are that Hagen is one of the sons of Gybich, as he is in the Nordic poems Atlakviða and the Thidrekssaga , that Gybich is the name of the king of Worms rather than Dancrat as in the Nibelungenlied , that Siegfried
539-677: A cloak of invisibility, which he does not realize apparently works only on elderly men. In The Lord of the Rings , Frodo, and the other members of the Fellowship of the Ring, were given cloaks by the Elves, and Samwise asked, "Are these magic cloaks?" The cloak given to Frodo camouflaged him so that the enemy could see "nothing more than a boulder where the Hobbits were." Camouflaging cloaks form
616-465: A deeply Christian background in which Siegfried represents good and the giants and dragons represent evil. Despite these modern complaints, the poem was very popular and the longest-lasting representative of the heroic tradition in Germany. Víctor Millet notes that this poem was the first chance many Early Modern Period readers had ever gotten to read about the adventures of the famous hero Siegfried, as
693-482: A deformed mirror into a flat one from all viewing angles. The cloak is capable of hiding three-dimensional objects three to four orders of magnitudes larger than optical wavelengths, and therefore, it satisfies a layman's definition of an invisibility cloak: namely, the cloaking effect can be directly observed without the help of microscopes. Because our work solves several major issues typically associated with cloaking : size, bandwidth, loss, and image distortion, it paves
770-498: A dragon appears, seizes the girl and flies away with her (to its lair, in the "rock" or mountain). The dragon does not mistreat Kriemhild, however, laying his head in her lap. On the Easter after four years of captivity, the dragons transforms into a man's shape for a day, and describes her lot. He will never grant permission for her to see her family again, and he will keep her by his side in dragon-form for another five years, after which
847-504: A human-sized object at visible wavelengths appears to have low probability. Indeed, there appears to be a fundamental problem with these devices as "invisibility cloaks": It's not yet clear that you're going to get the invisibility that everyone thinks about with Star Trek cloaking device or the Harry Potter's cloak. To make an object literally vanish before a person's eyes, a cloak would have to simultaneously interact with all of
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#1732765354351924-581: A time when the Holy Roman Empire was rocked by repeated political instability and religious conflict. The poem's success led to it being translated into other genres: Hans Sachs wrote a tragedy in seven acts in 1557 called Der hürnen Seufrid , which also featured elements from the Rosengarten zu Worms and the printed Heldenbuch . In 1615, the poem was translated into Czech , in 1641 into Dutch . Early New High German The term
1001-469: A veil or net of invisibility gained from the dwarf Alberich . Raoul Walsh 's film The Thief of Bagdad , was released in the same year as Die Nibelungen and also features a cloak of invisibility playing a pivotal role. Edgar Rice Burroughs uses the idea of an invisibility cloak in his 1931 novel A Fighting Man of Mars . The movie Erik the Viking humorously depicts the title character using
1078-467: A way that made them emerge almost as if there were nothing there. The cloak was made from metamaterials . It cast a small shadow, which the designers hope to fix. The device obscures a defined two dimensional region and only at a particular microwave frequency. Work on achieving similar results with visible light is in progress. Other types of invisibility cloak are also possible, including ones that cloak events rather than objects. However, cloaking
1155-509: Is a cape that covers not just the head but enshrouds the body, though in later times tarnkappe came to be regarded as a cap of invisibility . The tarnkappe (or tarnkeppelin ) is also owned by the dwarf king who is the title character in Laurin . In different passages or variant manuscripts of these works, the tarnkappe is also referred to as the tarnhût (mod. Ger. Haut "skin") or hehlkappe (mod. Ger. hehlen "to hide"). In
1232-414: Is able to refract the light around a solid object positioned between the crystals. The system employs the natural birefringence of the calcite. From outside the system the object is not visible "for at least 3 orders of magnitude larger than the wavelength of light in all three dimensions." The calcite solves for the limitations of attempting to cloak with metallic inclusions - this method does not require
1309-465: Is based on that of the Saxon Chancery, which is followed by all the princes and kings in Germany"). He also recognized the standardising force of the two chanceries: " Kaiser Maximilian und Kurf. Friedrich, H. zu Sachsen etc. haben im römischen Reich die deutschen Sprachen also in eine gewisse Sprache gezogen " ("The Emperor Maximilian and Duke Frederick, Elector of Saxony etc. , have drawn
1386-417: Is impossible if detectors (such as microphones) and sources (such as loudspeakers) are placed round a volume and if a particular formula is used to calculate the signals to be fed to the sources, perfect cloaking is possible. Such perfect cloaking does require that the information can flow through the volume fast enough and the calculations can be performed fast enough so that the necessary information can get to
1463-587: Is not reflected directly in spelling, but it is the source of the Modern German spelling convention that a vowel ending a syllable is always long. Examples: 2. Shortening : MHG long vowels tend to be shortened in the ENHG period before certain consonants ( m , t and others) and before certain consonant combinations ( /xt/ , /ft/ , and /m/ , /n/ , /l/ , /r/ followed by another consonant). Examples: This shortening seems to have taken place later than
1540-403: Is out hunting one day comes upon the "dragon's rock". He follows it, but when he finally sees the dragon he is afraid and wants to run away. But Eugel, king of the dwarfs, now appears and addresses Seyfrid with his own name. Seyfrid, realizing that Eugel knows something about him, asks Eugel for the name of his parents, whom he has forgotten. The dwarf causes him to remember and also tells him about
1617-510: Is raised by a smith who tries to have him killed by a dragon, and the presence of a dragon who has transformed from being a man. This is generally taken to mean that the poet had access to an oral tradition outside of the Nibelungenlied which featured these elements. The poet of the Nibelungenlied , on the other hand, seems to have deliberately suppressed many elements that appear in Hürnen Seyfrid , with reports on Siegfried's killing of
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#17327653543511694-505: Is stored a mighty sword, the only one which is capable of defeating the dragon. Kuperan then attacks Seyfrid disloyally for the third time after crying mercy, but now that Seyfrid has found the hostage, he feels no need to spare the giant and pushes the giant off the mountain rock, shattering it to a hundred pieces. In this passage, Seyfrid defeats the dragon and saves Kriemhild; he also discovers Nyblung's treasure hoard and claims it, thinking it to be rightful spoils of victory confiscated from
1771-551: Is the standard translation of the German Frühneuhochdeutsch (Frnhd., Fnhd.), introduced by Scherer. The term Early Modern High German is also occasionally used for this period (but the abbreviation EMHG is generally used for Early Middle High German ). The start and end dates of ENHG are, like all linguistic periodisations , somewhat arbitrary. In spite of many alternative suggestions, Scherer's dates still command widespread acceptance. Linguistically,
1848-611: Is the version that was found in later printings. Many of the editions feature woodcuts . Additionally, other printings are known to have existed but are now lost. The poem was rewritten as the prose Gehörnte Siegfried (exact full title uncertain) with a lost edition of 1657 known to have been printed in Hamburg. The earliest edition of this prose ( Volksbuch ) edition is the Eine wunderschöne Historie Von dem gehörnten Siegfried ( Braunschweig and Leipzig . 1726). The prose version changes
1925-489: The Rosengarten zu Worms and of Ortnit . A single manuscript fragment of Hürnen Seyfrid is known: discovered in 1996 in the National Archives of Sweden , it likely dates to around 1550. Twelve printed editions of Hürnen Seyfrid are known from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The earliest is from 1530, but it is possible that it was not the first. In 1561 the text was reworked stylistically, and this
2002-676: The Tale of Tom Thumb or from Norse mythology, but they also draw comparisons with the Celtic stories of the Mabinogion . The counterpart in Japan is the kakuremino ( 隠れ蓑 ) , a magical "straw cape" or "raincoat" of invisibility. In the folktale of the "Peach Boy" Momotarō , one of the treasures the hero collects from the ogres is a cape of invisibility, paralleling the story of Jack the giant-slayer. Although occurrences in fairy tales are rare,
2079-402: The ⟨s⟩ : ⟨z⟩ contrast are the only structural changes to the consonant system. As with phonology, the range of variation between dialects and time periods makes it impossible to cite a unified morphology for ENHG. The sound changes of the vowels had which brought consequent changes to Cloak of invisibility A cloak of invisibility is an item that prevents
2156-587: The Black Death , and the end of the Thirty Years' War . Arguably, the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, by ending religious wars and creating a Germany of many small sovereign states, brought about the essential political conditions for the final development of a universally acceptable standard language in the subsequent New High German period. Alternative periodisations take the period to begin later, such as
2233-473: The Deathly Hallows . In The Secret History by Donna Tartt (1992), the character Richard says, "I became expert at making myself invisible"..."Sunday afternoons, my cloak of invisibility around my shoulders, I would sit in the infirmary for sometimes six hours at a time..." On October 19, 2006, a cloak was produced that routed microwaves of a particular frequency around a copper cylinder in
2310-479: The Nibelungenlied in Germany. Hürnen Seyfrid tells how Siegfried was raised by a smith, killed a dragon, and made his skin invincible (got his skin as hard as horn ( hürnen )). Afterwards it tells how he rescued Kriemhild, daughter of the Burgundian king Gybich, with the help of the dwarf Eugel from a cursed man who has transformed into a dragon. In doing so, Siegfried fights the giant Kuperan. In defeating
2387-470: The Nibelungenlied itself never got printed during this ( incunabula to post-incunabula) period. Effectively, the more exciting and less intellectually complicated Hürnen Seyfrid seems to have replaced the Nibelungenlied . Werner Hoffmann [ de ] suggests that Hürnen Seyfrid's popularity in the Early Modern Period may owe some to its quality as exciting escapist fiction at
Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid - Misplaced Pages Continue
2464-1006: The Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain . A similar mantle appears in the Second Branch of the Mabinogi , in which it is used by Caswallawn to assassinate the seven stewards left behind by Bran the Blessed and usurp the throne. In the English fairy tale Jack the Giant Killer , the hero is rewarded with several magical gifts by a giant he has spared, among them a coat of invisibility. Iona and Peter Opie observe in The Classic Fairy Tales (1974), that Jack's coat may have been borrowed from
2541-438: The "dragon's rock". Seyfrid obtains the dragon's sword off the rock (probably the sword Balmunc mentioned in other works), whose location Kuperan had disclosed, and emerges from the hole, but his shield is torn by the blow of the dragon. The poem's attention turns to the treasure of the dwarfs (the so-called Nibelung hoard). The monster's attack frightens the two sons of Nybling [=Nibelung] (anotther son being Eugel) to transport
2618-635: The MHG spelling is retained and in Modern German ⟨ie⟩ indicates the long vowel. Examples: This change, sometimes called the Central German Monophthongisation, affects mainly the Central German dialects, along with South Franconian and East Franconian. The other Upper German dialects largely retain the original diphthongs. There are two changes in vowel quantity in ENHG, the lengthening of short vowels and
2695-599: The Stith Thompson motif index scheme. Cloaks of invisibility are magical items found in folklore and fairy tales . Such cloaks are common in Welsh mythology ; a "Mantle of Invisibility" is described in the tale Culhwch and Olwen (c. 1100) as one of King Arthur 's most prized possessions. The mantle is described again, and in more detail, in the Breuddwyd Rhonabwy , and is later listed as one of
2772-419: The anvil with his sword and abuses the other apprentices and the smith himself. The smith therefore sends Seyfrid to a lone linden tree under the pretense that the boy will meet a charcoal burner there. In reality, the smith has sent Seyfrid to the linden tree because a dragon lives next to it, and the smith hopes that the dragon will kill the boy. Seyfrid, however, kills the dragon easily and then, looking for
2849-402: The approach can be scaled down further in size, it was a major step towards a cloak that would work for visible light. The headlined claims that laboratory results with metamaterials are demonstrations of prototype invisibility cloaks conflicts with two facts resulting from fundamental characteristics of the underlying metamaterial technology: Though perfect cloaking based on invisible paint
2926-457: The charcoal burner, wanders into a forest where he encounters many dragons in a clearing. Seyfrid rips up trees and throws them at the dragons, trapping them. He finally finds the charcoal burner, and with his help he lights the trees over the dragons, killing them. Their horned (that is, impenetrable) skin melts from the heat and flows as a small stream. Seyfrid sticks his finger into it and realizes that it causes his own skin to harden, so he smears
3003-742: The cloak of invisibility appears in the German tale The Twelve Dancing Princesses (KHM 133) and in The King of the Golden Mountain (KHM 92) in Grimm's Fairy Tales . The cloak in German fairy tales may be traceable to the tarnkappe ("cloak of concealment"), such as the one that the hero Sîfrit (Siegfried) acquires from the dwarf Alberich in the Middle High German epic Nibelungenlied . The Grimms clarify that Sîfrit's kappe
3080-459: The composition of the Hürnen Seyfrid is impossible given the evidence. The current form of the poem likely came into being around 1500, possibly in Nuremberg . It is possible that the poem already existed around 1400, however, as version m of the Nibelungenlied appears to incorporate details from Hürnen Seyfrid . The Nibelungenlied n also references details from the poem, as do a version of
3157-418: The creation of powerful new microscopes and faster computers. Furthermore, a new cloaking system was announced in the beginning of 2011 that is effective in visible light and hides macroscopic objects, i.e. objects that can be seen with the human eye. The cloak is constructed from ordinary, and easily obtainable calcite . The crystal consists of two pieces configured according to specific parameters. The calcite
Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid - Misplaced Pages Continue
3234-494: The curse on him will break and he will regain the form of a handsome youth. After this he shall deflower her and make her his bride, taking her away with him to hell. In this passage, Seyfrid reaches the dragon's rock ("Mt. Trachenstein", or the "Drachenstein"), and learns of Kriemhild being held hostage, and seeks to rescue her with the aid of the dwarf Eugel and the unwilling and traitorous giant Kuperan. Gybich, meanwhile, has sent messengers out to search for his daughter. Seyfrid
3311-476: The depths. Seyfrid tenderizes the dragon's horny skin with sword blows, perhaps further soften by the heat of the dragon's breath, the horny layer melts off, and Seyfrid cleaves the dragon in two, knocking one half tumbling to the depths so it shatters into smithereens. The other half the hero shoves away. Seyfrid falls unconscious, and when he awakens, he finds that Kriemhild too has passed out. Eugel revives her with an herb. The dwarf then thanks Seyfrid for freeing
3388-405: The distribution and chronology of this sound change. In Bavarian, the original diphthongs are monophthongized , avoiding a merger with the new diphthongs. The MHG falling diphthongs /iə/ , /uə/ and /yə/ (spelt ⟨ie⟩ , ⟨uo⟩ and ⟨üe⟩ ) are monophthongised , replacing the long high vowels lost in the diphthongisation. In the case of /iə/ > /iː/
3465-600: The dragon and Kriemhild. Seyfrid then decides to fight; Eugel tries to dissuade him, but Seyfrid forces the dwarf to help him. Eugel tells him that the giant Kuperan lives nearby, who has the key to the mountain. Kuperan and Seyfrid fight, but Seyfrid wounds the giant, whom he spares in exchange for help freeing Kriemhild. Yet while they are riding through the forest, Kuperan attacks Seyfrid, knocking him unconscious. Eugel covers Seyfrid with his cloak of invisibility to save him until Seyfrid regains consciousness. Seyfrid then attacks Kuperan and wants to kill him, but spares him so that
3542-668: The dragon and his invincibility mentioned only very briefly and in retrospect. The folk etymology of lindworm as " linden tree dragon" is present in both the Seyfrid lay and the Nibelungenlied ; in the latter, Siegfried's vulnerable spot is caused by a linden leaf fallen between his shoulders. Hürnen Seyfrid is written in the so-called "Hildebrandston", named after its use in the Jüngeres Hildebrandslied that had an accompanying melody. The four line stanza consists of four "Langzeilen" or "long lines", each divided bya
3619-497: The dragon, Siegfried acquires the treasure of the Nibelungen and marries Kriemhild. External evidence indicates that Seyfrid likely dates to around 1400, but the exact period of composition is unknown as the poem only survives in printings and a single manuscript fragment from after 1500. The poem, together with another heroic ballad, the Jüngeres Hildebrandslied , is the piece of German heroic tradition that remained popular
3696-454: The dragon; after learning his short-lived fate, he dumps the treasure into the Rhine. Seyfrid has eaten nothing for four days, and Eugel (who must have tagged along "in between") summons his dwarfs to bring sumptuous food. Just now the dragon returns. It is revealed the man had turned into a dragon because of a woman's curse in a lovers' quarrel, and he was being possessed by the devil. And after
3773-410: The dwarfs from Kuperan and brings him to his kingdom. Seyfrid asks Eugel to tell him his future: the dwarf responds that Seyfrid will be murdered in eight years, but Kriemhild will avenge him. On his way out of the mountain Seyfrid takes the treasure as rightfully conquered from the dragon (though he was mistaken and the treasure belonged to the dwarfs). As Seyfrid approaches Worms he thinks how little use
3850-412: The five years the curse would expire (the alternative interpretation is that sequestering a virgin for five years is the required recipe for breaking the curse) and the dragon should regain human form. The dragon is enraged to see Seyfrid trying to liberate the princess it had been grooming for so long, and spits fire all around. However Seyfrid and princess take refuge in the hole that runs deep down inside
3927-423: The geographical spread and the dialect map of German in the ENHG period remained the same as at the close of the MHG period. Ripuarian Moselle Franconian Rhine Franconian Hessian Thuringian Upper Saxon Silesian Bohemian High Prussian South Franconian Swabian Low Alemannic High Alemannic East Franconian North Bavarian Middle Bavarian South Bavarian Since
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#17327653543514004-414: The giant can guide the way to enter the mountain, that is, the two of them go inside the mountain wall, through the locked door which was hidden 8 klafters below ground. Seyfrid finds Kriemhild and converses with her, but he would have to defeat the dragon to complete the rescues, and she is not sure he is equal to the task. But by a stroke of luck, the treacherous giant Kuperan tells him that nearby there
4081-471: The invention of printing with moveable type in the 1450s. There was no standard Early New High German, and all forms of language display some local or regional characteristics. However, there was increasing harmonisation in the written and printed word, the start of developments towards the unified standard which was codified in the New High German period. With the end of eastward expansion ,
4158-502: The language of the printers remained regional, the period saw the gradual development of two forms of German (one Upper German, one Central German), which were supra-regional: the Schriftsprachen ("written languages", "documentary languages") of the chanceries of the two main political centres. The language of these centres had influence well beyond their own territorial and dialect boundaries. Emperor Maximilian's chancery
4235-613: The languages of Germany together"). Middle Low German , spoken across the whole of Northern Germany north of the Benrath Line in the Middle Ages , was a distinct West Germanic language. From the start of the 16th century, however, High German came increasingly to be used in this area not only in writing but also in the pulpit and in schools. By the end of the ENHG period, Low German had almost completely ceased to be used in writing or in formal and public speech and had become
4312-607: The laws of physics," said lead researcher Vladimir Shalaev , a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Purdue. "Ideally, if we make it real it would work exactly like Harry Potter 's invisibility cloak," he said. "It's not going to be heavy because there's going to be very little metal in it." Furthermore, on April 30, 2009, two teams of scientists developed a cloak that rendered objects invisible to near-infrared light. Unlike its predecessors, this technology did not utilize metals, which improves cloaking since metals cause some light to be lost. Researchers mentioned that since
4389-613: The linguistic admixture in the course of eastward German settlement. In addition, many Bohemians had fled to Saxony during the Hussite Wars, reinforcing the similarities between the dialects. The influence of the Saxon Chancery was due in part to its adoption for his own published works by Martin Luther, who stated, " Ich rede nach der sächsischen Canzley, welcher nachfolgen alle Fürsten und Könige in Deutschland " ("My language
4466-438: The longest and the only part of the tradition surrounding the Nibelungenlied to enter early print culture . The poem was re-printed into the eighteenth century, and a prose version continued to be re-printed into the nineteenth century. Seyfrid (or Sewfrid), son of king Sigmund, is sent away from his father's court due to his bad behavior. He comes across a smith in a village who takes him as his apprentice, but Seyfrid destroys
4543-444: The low-status variant in a diglossic situation, with High German as the high-status variant. For a number of reasons it is not possible to give a single phonological system for ENHG: Also, the difficulty of deriving phonological information from the complexity of ENHG orthography means that many reference works do not treat orthography and phonology separately for this period. The MHG vowel system undergoes significant changes in
4620-421: The mid-14th century is marked by the phonological changes to the vowel system that characterise the modern standard language; the mid-17th sees the loss of status for regional forms of language, and the triumph of German over Latin as the dominant, and then sole, language for public discourse. Scherer's dates also have the merit of coinciding with two major demographic catastrophes with linguistic consequences:
4697-687: The molten horned-skin over himself, covering everywhere except between his shoulder blades. Later, the poem tells us, Seyfrid will go to the court of King Gybich in Worms , to marry Gybich's daughter Kriemhild. He will also find the treasure that Nibelung, king of the dwarfs , had hidden away in a mountain for his sons. Because of this treasure there was a great slaughter among the Huns, which only Dietrich von Bern and Hildebrand survived. In Worms, meanwhile, king Gybich rules with his three sons Gunther, Gyrnot, and Hagen, along with his daughter Kriemhild. One day
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#17327653543514774-489: The monophthongisation, since the long vowels which result from that change are often shortened. Examples: The overall consonant system of German remains largely unchanged in the transition from MHG to Modern German. However, in many cases sounds changed in particular environments and therefore changed in distribution. Some of the more significant are the following. (In addition, there are many other changes in particular dialects or in particular words.) The loss of /w/ and
4851-465: The original MHG diphthongs ⟨ei⟩ , ⟨ou⟩ and ⟨öu⟩ /øy/ , which are all lowered . Examples: This change started as early as the 12th century in Upper Bavarian, and only reached Moselle Franconian in the 16th century. It does not affect Alemannic (apart from Swabian ) or Ripuarian dialects, which still retain the original long vowels. The map shows
4928-571: The original epic Nibelungenlied, the hero's cloak not only grants him invisibility , but also increases his strength, to win over the Icelandic queen Brünhild . In Richard Wagner 's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen , the cloak becomes a magic helmet called the Tarnhelm , which also imparts the ability to transform upon its wearer. When Fritz Lang adapted Nibelungenlied for the movie screen in his 1924 film Die Nibelungen , Siegfried uses
5005-453: The printed versions of Hürnen Seyfrid , the hemistichs are printed as individual lines, producing an eight-line stanza. An example is the first stanza of the 1642 edition: Scholars frequently decry Hürnen Seyfrid's artistic deficiencies: the plot has many inconsistencies and the verse is of low quality. The poem appears to have been haphazardly put together from various parts. The poem does not problematize any of Siegfried's actions and has
5082-421: The printers had a commercial interest in making their texts acceptable to a wide readership, they often strove to avoid purely local forms of language. This gave rise to so-called Druckersprachen ("printers' languages"), which are not necessarily identical to the spoken dialect of the town where the press was located. The most important centres of printing, with their regional Druckersprachen are: While
5159-473: The prose text alludes to the story of Seyfrid's son Löwhardus (or Löwhard) by Florigunda, and a single copy of Ritter Louhardus from the printer Martha Hertz in Erfurt survives, tentatively dated to 1665, though others give a range around the early 1660s or earlier while the range 1661–1667 is given by others. The name changes in prose Siegfried are more or less reflected in this sequel, and Löwhardus represents
5236-436: The queen's name from Kriemhild, Florigunda, altering all the names except Siegrfried's. In a major departure from the lay, the printed version concludes with the widow Florigunda (=Kriemhild) and Seyfrid's surviving son taking refuge with Sieghardus (=Sigmund). Sieghardus is then responsible for taking revenge on Seyfrid's murderers. This prose Seyfried version continued to be re-printed into the nineteenth century. The end of
5313-399: The shortening of long vowels. Both show wide variation between dialects but appear earlier and more completely in Central German dialects. Many individual words form exceptions to these changes, though the lengthening is carried out more consistently. 1. Lengthening : MHG short vowels in open syllables (that is, syllables that end in a vowel) tend to be lengthened in the ENHG period. This
5390-418: The sources on the far side of the volume fast enough. As a result, perfect cloaking for light is still probably at least very difficult if not impossible. For sound waves, though, such perfect cloaking is possible in principle; an object could therefore be made invisible to sonar, for example. According to Fermat's Principle, light follows the trajectory of the shortest optical path, that is, the path over which
5467-414: The transition to ENHG and their uneven geographical distribution has served to further differentiate the modern dialects. The long high vowels /iː/ , /uː/ and /yː/ (spelt ⟨î⟩ , ⟨û⟩ and ⟨iu⟩ ) are diphthongized to /aɪ/ , /aʊ/ and /ɔʏ/ , spelt ⟨ei⟩ , ⟨au⟩ and ⟨eu/äu⟩ . In many dialects they fall together with
5544-534: The treasure and hide it in the wall of the cave-hole, and as already foreshadowed, Seyfrid will find and obtain the treasure. The poem intertwines here Seyfrid's combat with the dragon. Seyfrid had to flee from the "blue and red" flames spit by the elder dragon, and hide until the heat cooled off. and in the side-hole of his refuge finds the treasure. Though the dragon was accompanied by sixty pup dragons, all venomous, they fell off and flew back whence they came. The dragon attempts to snag with its tail and hurl its foe to
5621-513: The treasure will be to him as he will soon die, and dumps it into the Rhine . Seyfrid is well received in Worms and marries Kriemhild, ruling together with Gybich's children, but soon Kriemhild's brothers begin to hate him and later on they kill him at a spring. The ballad ends by stating that anyone who wishes to learn more should read "Seyfrid's Wedding ( Seyfrides hochzeit )". An exact dating of
5698-461: The wavelengths, or colors, that make up light. On the other hand, a group of researchers connected with Berkeley Lab and the University of California, Berkeley believe that cloaking at optical frequencies is indeed possible. Furthermore, it appears within reach. Their solution to the hurdles presented by cloaking issues are dielectrics. These nonconducting materials ( dielectrics ) are used for
5775-401: The way for future practical cloaking devices Another design calls for tiny metal needles to be fitted into a hairbrush-shaped cone at angles and lengths that would force light to pass around the cloak. This would make everything inside the cone appear to vanish because the light would no longer reflect off it. "It looks pretty much like fiction, I do realize, but it's completely in agreement with
5852-410: The wearer from being seen. In folklore, mythology and fairy tales, a cloak of invisibility appears either as a magical item used by duplicitous characters or an item worn by a hero to fulfill a quest. It is a common theme in Welsh mythology and Germanic folklore , and may originate with the cap of invisibility seen in ancient Greek myths. The motif falls under "D1361.12 magic cloak of invisibility" in
5929-401: Was the first concerted and successful effort to introduce a standardised form of German for all German chanceries, and hence avoided the most idiosyncratic features of Austrian Upper German standards in favour of Central German alternatives. Emperor Maximilian's Prague Chancery and the Saxon Chancery used similar standards of German as they were bordering each other, both dialects originating from
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