In formal language theory , a context-sensitive language is a language that can be defined by a context-sensitive grammar (and equivalently by a noncontracting grammar ). Context-sensitive is known as type-1 in the Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages.
98-653: (Redirected from I-Type ) Type 1 or Type I or variant , may refer to: Health [ edit ] Diabetes mellitus type 1 (also known as "Type 1 Diabetes"), insulin-dependent diabetes Type I female genital mutilation Type 1 personality Type I hypersensitivity (or immediate hypersensitivity), an allergic reaction Vehicles [ edit ] Type 1 diesel locomotives Civilian automotive [ edit ] US F1 Type 1 , 2010 F1 Car Bugatti Type 1 , an automobile Peugeot Type 1 , 1890s vis-a-vis Volkswagen Type 1, an automobile commonly known as
196-407: A 2 n : n ≥ 1 } {\displaystyle L_{\textit {EXP}}=\{a^{2^{n}}:n\geq 1\}} is a context-sensitive language. L PRIMES2 = { w : | w | is prime } {\displaystyle L_{\textit {PRIMES2}}=\{w:|w|{\mbox{ is prime }}\}} is a context-sensitive language (the "2" in
294-715: A m n : m > 1 , n > 1 } {\displaystyle L_{\textit {MUL1}}=\{a^{mn}:m>1,n>1\}} and, from this, to L m 2 = { a m 2 : m > 1 } {\displaystyle L_{m^{2}}=\{a^{m^{2}}:m>1\}} , L m 3 = { a m 3 : m > 1 } {\displaystyle L_{m^{3}}=\{a^{m^{3}}:m>1\}} , etc. L R E P = { w | w | : w ∈ Σ ∗ } {\displaystyle L_{REP}=\{w^{|w|}:w\in \Sigma ^{*}\}}
392-434: A p : p is prime } {\displaystyle L_{\textit {PRIMES1}}=\{a^{p}:p{\mbox{ is prime }}\}} is a context-sensitive language (the "1" in the name of this language is intended to mean a unary alphabet). This was credited by A. Salomaa to Matti Soittola by means of a linear bounded automaton over a unary alphabet (pages 213-214, exercise 6.8) and also to Marti Penttonen by means of
490-504: A 40% higher risk of death as compared to men with type 1 DM. About 12 percent of people with type 1 diabetes have clinical depression. About 6 percent of people with type 1 diabetes also have celiac disease , but in most cases there are no digestive symptoms or are mistakenly attributed to poor control of diabetes, gastroparesis, or diabetic neuropathy. In most cases, celiac disease is diagnosed after onset of type 1 diabetes. The association of celiac disease with type 1 diabetes increases
588-468: A Japanese weapon Type 1 47 mm Anti-Tank Gun , a Japanese weapon Type 01 LMAT , a Japanese fire-and-forget anti-tank missile Type 1 heavy machine gun , a Japanese weapon Type 1 machine gun , a Japanese weapon Type I Rifle , Arisaka; a Japanese combat rifle Other uses [ edit ] Type I and type II errors used in statistics Type 1 encryption , a cryptographical certification Type 1 fonts Type-1 Gumbel distribution ,
686-494: A broader benefit beyond just metabolic control. All three studies provide insight into the barriers to exercise in diabetes. The first study mentions fear of hypoglycemia and low motivation as challenges for T1DM, while the second reinforces the issue of blood sugar fluctuations and the unpredictability of exercise for those with T1DM. The third study is more focused on the broader implications of misdiagnosis, but it implies that exercise could be counterproductive or harmful if
784-606: A child's diabetes is misdiagnosed. When looking at other factors such as psychological and motivational, the first study places a strong emphasis on psychological factors like exercise enjoyment and intrinsic motivation, suggesting that overcoming psychological barriers is key to exercise adherence in T1DM. In contrast, the second study is more focused on the physical and metabolic effects of exercise, with less emphasis on motivation or enjoyment, although it does briefly mention that many individuals with T1DM are still motivated to exercise by
882-418: A context-sensitive language is equivalent to a linear bounded nondeterministic Turing machine , also called a linear bounded automaton . That is a non-deterministic Turing machine with a tape of only k n {\displaystyle kn} cells, where n {\displaystyle n} is the size of the input and k {\displaystyle k} is a constant associated with
980-492: A decrease in bladder sensation, which in turn, can cause increased residual urine, a risk factor for urinary tract infections. Sexual dysfunction in people with diabetes is often a result of physical factors such as nerve damage and poor circulation, and psychological factors such as stress and/or depression caused by the demands of the disease. The most common sexual issues in males with diabetes are problems with erections and ejaculation: "With diabetes, blood vessels supplying
1078-543: A diagnosis of diabetes for anyone with symptoms of hyperglycemia and blood sugar at any time at or above 11.1 mmol/L, or glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1C) levels at or above 48 mmol/mol. Once a diagnosis of diabetes is established, type 1 diabetes is distinguished from other types by a blood test for the presence of autoantibodies that target various components of the beta cell. The most commonly available tests detect antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase ,
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#17327721845301176-523: A distribution function Type I lattice Type 1 sequence Type I plug/socket , known formally as AS 3112, an Australian standard for mains power plugs Type 1 electrical connector , used by electric vehicles Type I superconductor Type I string theory Type I transmembrane protein Type I, part of the Kardashev scale of measuring a civilization's technology level IEC Type I , one of
1274-489: A glucagon-mediated rescue of glucose levels. Onset of type 1 diabetes is followed by an increase in glucagon secretion after meals. Increases have been measured up to 37% during the first year of diagnosis, while C-peptide levels (indicative of islet-derived insulin), decline by up to 45%. Insulin production will continue to fall as the immune system destroys beta cells, and islet-derived insulin will continue to be replaced by therapeutic exogenous insulin. Simultaneously, there
1372-453: A hypoglycemia event that requires assistance of another 16–20 times in 100 person-years, and an event leading to unconsciousness or seizure 2–8 times per 100 person-years. The American Diabetes Association recommends treating hypoglycemia by the "15–15 rule": eat 15 grams of carbohydrates, then wait 15 minutes before checking blood sugar; repeat until blood sugar is at least 70 mg/dL. Severe hypoglycemia that impairs someone's ability to eat
1470-415: A kidney transplant, with both organs from the same donor . The transplanted pancreas continues to function for at least five years in around three quarters of recipients, allowing them to stop taking insulin. Transplantations of islets alone have become increasingly common. Pancreatic islets are isolated from a donor pancreas, then injected into the recipient's portal vein from which they implant onto
1568-482: A linear bounded automaton which accepts L . The language can easily be shown to be neither regular nor context-free by applying the respective pumping lemmas for each of the language classes to L . Similarly: L Cross = { a m b n c m d n : m ≥ 1 , n ≥ 1 } {\displaystyle L_{\textit {Cross}}=\{a^{m}b^{n}c^{m}d^{n}:m\geq 1,n\geq 1\}}
1666-490: A negative effect on diabetes, a number of measures have been recommended including: exercising, taking up a new hobby, or joining a charity, among others. Regular exercise is important for maintaining general health, though the effect of exercise on blood sugar can be challenging to predict. Exogenous insulin can drive down blood sugar, leaving those with diabetes at risk of hypoglycemia during and immediately after exercise, then again seven to eleven hours after exercise (called
1764-427: A new starting symbol and standard syntactic sugar. L M U L 3 = { a m b n c m n : m ≥ 1 , n ≥ 1 } {\displaystyle L_{MUL3}=\{a^{m}b^{n}c^{mn}:m\geq 1,n\geq 1\}} is another context-sensitive language (the "3" in the name of this language is intended to mean a ternary alphabet); that is,
1862-581: A result of the disease. Antioxidants can be used to help combat this. Sexual problems are common in women who have diabetes, including reduced sensation in the genitals, dryness, difficulty/inability to orgasm, pain during sex, and decreased libido. Diabetes sometimes decreases estrogen levels in females, which can affect vaginal lubrication. Less is known about the correlation between diabetes and sexual dysfunction in females than in males. Oral contraceptive pills can cause blood sugar imbalances in women who have diabetes. Dosage changes can help address that, at
1960-404: A resurgence in beta-cell function, and can go some time with little-to-no insulin treatment – called the "honeymoon phase". This eventually fades as beta-cells continue to be destroyed, and insulin treatment is required again. Beta-cell destruction is not always complete, as 30–80% of type 1 diabetics produce small amounts of insulin years or decades after diagnosis. Onset of autoimmune diabetes
2058-463: A role for the adaptive immune system in beta cell destruction. Type 1 diabetics also tend to have reduced regulatory T cell function, which may exacerbate autoimmunity. Destruction of beta cells results in inflammation of the islet of Langerhans, called insulitis . These inflamed islets tend to contain CD8+ T-cells and – to a lesser extent – CD4+ T cells . Abnormalities in the pancreas or
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#17327721845302156-473: A sensor under the skin that constantly measures glucose levels and communicates those levels to an external device. Continuous glucose monitoring is associated with better blood sugar control than capillary blood testing alone; however, continuous glucose monitoring tends to be substantially more expensive. Healthcare providers can also monitor someone's hemoglobin A1C levels which reflect the average blood sugar over
2254-605: Is a context-sensitive language. The corresponding context-sensitive grammar can be obtained as a generalization of the context-sensitive grammars for L Square = { w 2 : w ∈ Σ ∗ } {\displaystyle L_{\textit {Square}}=\{w^{2}:w\in \Sigma ^{*}\}} , L Cube = { w 3 : w ∈ Σ ∗ } {\displaystyle L_{\textit {Cube}}=\{w^{3}:w\in \Sigma ^{*}\}} , etc. L EXP = {
2352-456: Is accompanied by impaired ability to regulate the hormone glucagon , which acts in antagonism with insulin to regulate blood sugar and metabolism. Progressive beta cell destruction leads to dysfunction in the neighboring alpha cells which secrete glucagon, exacerbating excursions away from euglycemia in both directions; overproduction of glucagon after meals causes sharper hyperglycemia, and failure to stimulate glucagon upon hypoglycemia prevents
2450-491: Is accomplished by combining different insulin preparations that act with differing speeds and durations. The standard of care for type 1 diabetes is a bolus of rapid-acting insulin 10–15 minutes before each meal or snack, and as-needed to correct hyperglycemia. In addition, constant low levels of insulin are achieved with one or two daily doses of long-acting insulin , or by steady infusion by an insulin pump. The exact dose of insulin appropriate for each injection depends on
2548-516: Is another context-sensitive language; the corresponding context-sensitive grammar can be easily projected starting with two context-free grammars generating sentential forms in the formats a m C m {\displaystyle a^{m}C^{m}} and B n d n {\displaystyle B^{n}d^{n}} and then supplementing them with a permutation production like C B → B C {\displaystyle CB\rightarrow BC} ,
2646-467: Is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas . Diabetes is diagnosed by testing the level of sugar or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in the blood. Type 1 diabetes can typically be distinguished from type 2 by testing for the presence of autoantibodies and/or declining levels/absence of C-peptide . There
2744-498: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Diabetes mellitus type 1 Type 1 diabetes ( T1D ), formerly known as juvenile diabetes , is an autoimmune disease that occurs when pancreatic (beta cells) are destroyed by the body's immune system . In healthy persons, beta cells produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone required by the body to store and convert blood sugar into energy. T1D results in high blood sugar levels in
2842-596: Is estimated to be one to three million. Rates of disease vary widely, with approximately one new case per 100,000 per year in East Asia and Latin America and around 30 new cases per 100,000 per year in Scandinavia and Kuwait . It typically begins in children and young adults but can begin at any age. Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, with a peak in onsets during childhood and adolescence. Adult onsets on
2940-491: Is inadequate to replace the lost intraislet signalling to alpha cells previously mediated by beta cell-derived pulsatile insulin secretion. Under this working hypothesis intensive insulin therapy has attempted to mimic natural insulin secretion profiles in exogenous insulin infusion therapies. In young people with type 1 diabetes, unexplained deaths could be due to nighttime hypoglycemia triggering abnormal heart rhythms or cardiac autonomic neuropathy, damage to nerves that control
3038-470: Is measurable alpha cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the early stage of the disease, leading to expanded alpha cell mass. This, together with failing beta cell insulin secretion, begins to account for rising glucagon levels that contribute to hyperglycemia. Some researchers believe glucagon dysregulation to be the primary cause of early stage hyperglycemia. Leading hypotheses for the cause of postprandial hyperglucagonemia suggest that exogenous insulin therapy
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3136-498: Is more common in those who were younger at diabetes diagnosis, and in white people . Type 1 diabetics are also at increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis , lupus , autoimmune gastritis , pernicious anemia , vitiligo , and Addison's disease . Conversely, complex autoimmune syndromes caused by mutations in the immunity-related genes AIRE (causing autoimmune polyglandular syndrome ), FoxP3 (causing IPEX syndrome ), or STAT3 include type 1 diabetes in their effects. There
3234-587: Is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. Treatment with insulin is required for survival. Insulin therapy is usually given by injection just under the skin but can also be delivered by an insulin pump . A diabetic diet , exercise, and lifestyle modifications are considered cornerstones of management. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Complications of relatively rapid onset include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma . Long-term complications include heart disease , stroke, kidney failure , foot ulcers , and damage to
3332-467: Is no way to prevent type 1 diabetes; however, the development of diabetes symptoms can be delayed in some people who are at high risk of developing the disease. In 2022 the FDA approved an intravenous injection of teplizumab to delay the progression of type 1 diabetes in those older than eight who have already developed diabetes-related autoantibodies and problems with blood sugar control. In that population,
3430-455: Is partially caused by genetics, and family members of type 1 diabetics have a higher risk of developing the disease themselves. In the general population, the risk of developing type 1 diabetes is around 1 in 250. For someone whose parent has type 1 diabetes, the risk rises to 1–9%. If a sibling has type 1 diabetes, the risk is 6–7%. If someone's identical twin has type 1 diabetes, they have a 30–70% risk of developing it themselves. About half of
3528-622: Is the regular injection of insulin to manage hyperglycemia. Injections of insulin via subcutaneous injection using either a syringe or an insulin pump are necessary multiple times per day, adjusting dosages to account for food intake, blood glucose levels, and physical activity. The goal of treatment is to maintain blood sugar in a normal range—80–130 mg/dL before a meal; <180 mg/dL after—as often as possible. To achieve this, people with diabetes often monitor their blood glucose levels at home. Around 83% of type 1 diabetics monitor their blood glucose by capillary blood testing : pricking
3626-401: Is the same for children without T1DM or T2DM. Addressing challenges is vital for enhancing care and health outcomes for pediatric diabetes patients. Prior to engaging in physical activity, it is important to know your diagnosis and be able to manage it properly. When focusing on the type of exercise, the first two studies explicitly focus on the role of exercise in managing diabetes, with
3724-409: Is typically treated with injectable glucagon , which triggers glucose release from the liver into the bloodstream. People with repeated bouts of hypoglycemia can develop hypoglycemia unawareness , where the blood sugar threshold at which they experience symptoms of hypoglycemia decreases, increasing their risk of severe hypoglycemic events. Rates of severe hypoglycemia have generally declined due to
3822-668: The Volkswagen Beetle Military [ edit ] German Type I submarine Type 001 aircraft carrier , PLAN carrier class variant of the Soviet Kuznetsov class Nakajima Ki-43 , officially designated Army Type 1 Fighter Japanese armoured vehicles of World War II [ edit ] Type 1 Chi-He , a tank Type 1 Ho-Ni I , a tank Type 1 Ho-Ha , an armoured personnel carrier Type 1 Ho-Ki , an armoured personnel carrier Weapons [ edit ] Type 1 37 mm Anti-Tank Gun ,
3920-787: The anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody teplizumab can delay the development of type 1 diabetes symptoms by around two years. In addition to anti-CD3 antibodies, several other immunosuppressive agents have been trialled with the aim of preventing beta cell destruction. Large trials of cyclosporine treatment suggested that cyclosporine could improve insulin secretion in those recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes; however, people who stopped taking cyclosporine rapidly stopped making insulin, and cyclosporine's kidney toxicity and increased risk of cancer prevented people from using it long-term. Several other immunosuppressive agents – prednisone , azathioprine , anti-thymocyte globulin , mycophenolate , and antibodies against CD20 and IL2 receptor α – have been
4018-531: The immune system . Some medicines can reduce insulin production or damage β cells, resulting in disease that resembles type 1 diabetes. The antiviral drug didanosine triggers pancreas inflammation in 5 to 10% of those who take it, sometimes causing lasting β-cell damage. Similarly, up to 5% of those who take the anti- protozoal drug pentamidine experience β-cell destruction and diabetes. Several other drugs cause diabetes by reversibly reducing insulin secretion, namely statins (which may also damage β cells),
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4116-475: The perineum , irritability, and reduced scholastic performance. Adults with type 1 diabetes tend to have more varied symptoms, which come on over months, rather than days or weeks. Prolonged lack of insulin can cause diabetic ketoacidosis , characterized by fruity breath odor, mental confusion, persistent fatigue, dry or flushed skin, abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, and labored breathing. Blood and urine tests reveal unusually high glucose and ketones in
4214-401: The "lag effect"). Conversely, high-intensity exercise can result in a shortage of insulin, and consequent hyperglycemia. The risk of hypoglycemia can be managed by beginning exercise when blood sugar is relatively high (above 100 mg/dL), ingesting carbohydrates during or shortly after exercise, and reducing the amount of injected insulin within two hours of the planned exercise. Similarly,
4312-407: The "product" operation defines a context-sensitive language (but the "sum" defines only a context-free language as the grammar S → a S c | R {\displaystyle S\rightarrow aSc|R} and R → b R c | b c {\displaystyle R\rightarrow bRc|bc} shows). Because of the commutative property of the product,
4410-536: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating type 1 diabetes is the amylin analog pramlintide , which replaces the beta-cell hormone amylin. Addition of pramlintide to mealtime insulin injections reduces the boost in blood sugar after a meal, improving blood sugar control. Occasionally, metformin , GLP-1 receptor agonists , dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors , or SGLT2 inhibitor are prescribed off-label to people with type 1 diabetes, although fewer than 5% of type 1 diabetics use these drugs. Besides insulin,
4508-464: The activation of pruning factors and the loss of protective factors to the islet sympathetic nerves. This unique form of neuropathy is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes, and plays a part in the loss of glucagon rescue of severe hypoglycemia. The most pressing complication of type 1 diabetes are the always present risks of poor blood sugar control: severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. Hypoglycemia – typically blood sugar below 70 mg/dL – triggers
4606-695: The advent of rapid-acting and long-acting insulin products in the 1990s and early 2000s; however, acute hypoglycemia still causes 4–10% of type 1 diabetes-related deaths. The other persistent risk is diabetic ketoacidosis – a state where lack of insulin results in cells burning fat rather than sugar, producing toxic ketones as a byproduct. Ketoacidosis symptoms can develop rapidly, with frequent urination, excessive thirst, nausea, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain all common. More severe ketoacidosis can result in labored breathing , and loss of consciousness due to cerebral edema . People with type 1 diabetes experience diabetic ketoacidosis 1–5 times per 100 person-years,
4704-476: The autoimmune event, the axon pruning is activated in islet sympathetic nerves. Increased BDNF and ROS that result from insulitis and beta cell death stimulate the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75 ), which acts to prune off axons. Axons are normally protected from pruning by activation of tropomyosin receptor kinase A (Trk A) receptors by NGF , which in islets is primarily produced by beta cells. Progressive autoimmune beta cell destruction, therefore, causes both
4802-490: The beta cell cytoplasm, or insulin, each of which are targeted by antibodies in around 80% of type 1 diabetics. Some healthcare providers also have access to tests for antibodies targeting the beta cell proteins IA-2 and ZnT8 ; these antibodies are present in around 58% and 80% of type 1 diabetics respectively. Some also test for C-peptide , a byproduct of insulin synthesis. Very low C-peptide levels are suggestive of type 1 diabetes. The mainstay of type 1 diabetes treatment
4900-412: The beta cells actually die likely involves both necroptosis and apoptosis , induced or exacerbated by CD8+ T-cells and macrophages . Necroptosis can be triggered by activated T cells – which secrete toxic granzymes and perforin – or indirectly as a result of reduced blood flow or the generation of reactive oxygen species . As some beta cells die, they may release cellular components that amplify
4998-579: The beta cells themselves may also contribute to beta-cell destruction. The pancreases of people with type 1 diabetes tend to be smaller, lighter, and have abnormal blood vessels, nerve innervations, and extracellular matrix organization. In addition, beta cells from people with type 1 diabetes sometimes overexpress HLA class I molecules (responsible for signaling to the immune system) and have increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and issues with synthesizing and folding new proteins, any of which could contribute to their demise. The mechanism by which
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#17327721845305096-409: The blood and urine. Untreated ketoacidosis can rapidly progress to loss of consciousness, coma, and death. The percentage of children whose type 1 diabetes begins with an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis varies widely by geography, as low as 15% in parts of Europe and North America, and as high as 80% in the developing world. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the destruction of β-cells —the only cells in
5194-515: The body prior to treatment. Common symptoms include frequent urination , increased thirst , increased hunger , weight loss, and other complications. Additional symptoms may include blurry vision , tiredness , and slow wound healing (owing to impaired blood flow). While some cases take longer, symptoms usually appear within weeks or a few months. The cause of type 1 diabetes is not completely understood, though there have been recent studies that suggest linkage with HLA-DR3/DR4-DQ8. Further, it
5292-452: The body that produce insulin—and the consequent progressive insulin deficiency. Without insulin, the body cannot respond effectively to increases in blood sugar. Due to this, people with diabetes have persistent hyperglycemia. In 70–90% of cases, β-cells are destroyed by one's own immune system, for reasons that are not entirely clear. The best-studied components of this autoimmune response are β-cell-targeted antibodies that begin to develop in
5390-916: The connection between each risk and diabetes often remains unclear. Type 1 diabetes risk is slightly higher for children whose mothers are obese or older than 35, or for children born by caesarean section . Similarly, a child's weight gain in the first year of life, total weight, and BMI are associated with slightly increased type 1 diabetes risk. Some dietary habits have also been associated with type 1 diabetes risk, namely consumption of cow's milk and dietary sugar intake. Animal studies and some large human studies have found small associations between type 1 diabetes risk and intake of gluten or dietary fiber ; however, other large human studies have found no such association. Many potential environmental triggers have been investigated in large human studies and found to be unassociated with type 1 diabetes risk including duration of breastfeeding, time of introduction of cow milk into
5488-758: The content of the meal/snack, and the individual person's sensitivity to insulin, and is therefore typically calculated by the individual with diabetes or a family member by hand or assistive device (calculator, chart, mobile app , etc.). People unable to manage these intensive insulin regimens are sometimes prescribed alternate plans relying on mixtures of rapid- or short-acting and intermediate-acting insulin, which are administered at fixed times along with meals of pre-planned times and carbohydrate composition. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence now recommends closed-loop insulin systems as an option for all women with type 1 diabetes who are pregnant or planning pregnancy. A non-insulin medication approved by
5586-625: The development of these antibodies remains unclear. A number of explanatory theories have been put forward, and the cause may involve genetic susceptibility, a diabetogenic trigger, and/or exposure to an antigen . The remaining 10–30% of type 1 diabetics have β-cell destruction but no sign of autoimmunity; this is called idiopathic type 1 diabetes and its cause is unknown. Various environmental risks have been studied in an attempt to understand what triggers β-cell destroying autoimmunity . Many aspects of environment and life history are associated with slight increases in type 1 diabetes risk, however
5684-558: The diet, vitamin D consumption, blood levels of active vitamin D, and maternal intake of omega-3 fatty acids . A longstanding hypothesis for an environmental trigger is that some viral infection early in life contributes to type 1 diabetes development. Much of this work has focused on enteroviruses , with some studies finding slight associations with type 1 diabetes, and others finding none. Large human studies have searched for, but not yet found an association between type 1 diabetes and various other viral infections, including infections of
5782-559: The disease's heritability is due to variations in three HLA class II genes involved in antigen presentation : HLA-DRB1 , HLA-DQA1 , and HLA-DQB1 . The variation patterns associated with increased risk of type 1 diabetes are called HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4 - HLA-DQ8 , and are common in people of European descent. A pattern associated with reduced risk of type 1 diabetes is called HLA-DR15 - HLA-DQ6 . Large genome-wide association studies have identified dozens of other genes associated with type 1 diabetes risk, mostly genes involved in
5880-482: The eyes . Furthermore, since insulin lowers blood sugar levels, complications may arise from low blood sugar if more insulin is taken than necessary. Type 1 diabetes makes up an estimated 5–10% of all diabetes cases. The number of people affected globally is unknown, although it is estimated that about 80,000 children develop the disease each year. Within the United States the number of people affected
5978-509: The eyes, nerves, and kidneys causing diabetic retinopathy , diabetic neuropathy , and diabetic nephropathy respectively. In the eyes, prolonged high blood sugar causes the blood vessels in the retina to become fragile. People with type 1 diabetes also have increased risk of cardiovascular disease , which is estimated to shorten the life of the average type 1 diabetic by 8–13 years. Cardiovascular disease as well as neuropathy may have an autoimmune basis, as well. Women with type 1 DM have
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#17327721845306076-410: The finger to draw a drop of blood, and determining blood glucose with a glucose meter . The American Diabetes Association recommends testing blood glucose around 6–10 times per day: before each meal, before exercise, at bedtime, occasionally after a meal, and any time someone feels the symptoms of hypoglycemia . Around 17% of people with type 1 diabetes use a continuous glucose monitor , a device with
6174-610: The first and second studies highlight exercise as a beneficial tool for managing diabetes, but they present different outcomes. In T2DM, exercise is shown to be a powerful tool for improving glycemic control and reducing cardiovascular risk. In T1DM, while exercise can improve lipid profiles and other aspects of health, it doesn't necessarily lead to better blood sugar control, and there are additional barriers such as fear of hypoglycemia. The first study, however, finds that HIIT can still be effective in improving psychological well-being and exercise adherence for T1DM, showing that exercise has
6272-465: The first study exploring the benefits of HIIT for psychological and physical health in T1DM and the second focusing on the effectiveness of exercise in T2DM. The third study, however, discusses the implications of diabetes misdiagnosis, which indirectly relates to exercise by stressing the importance of managing diabetes properly before engaging in physical activity. For the impacts that exercise has,
6370-516: The first two studies explore the benefits and challenges of exercise in different diabetes types, the third study stresses the importance of accurate diagnosis and management before engaging in physical activity. Together, these studies highlight the complex interactions between exercise, diabetes type, treatment, and individual challenges. In some cases, people can receive transplants of the pancreas or isolated islet cells to restore insulin production and alleviate diabetic symptoms. Transplantation of
6468-415: The following table: In addition, autoimmune diabetes is characterized by a loss of islet specific sympathetic innervation. This loss constitutes an 80–90% reduction of islet sympathetic nerve endings, happens early in the progression of the disease, and is persistent through the life of the patient. It is linked to the autoimmune aspect of type 1 diabetics and fails to occur in type 2 diabetics. Early in
6566-864: The four "type" classifications of audio cassette formulation MOT Type 1 Stone, a UK specification for aggregate used as a sub-base in the construction of driveways and roads. Type-1 language in the Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages, a.k.a. context-sensitive language See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "type-1" or "type-i" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles beginning with Type I All pages with titles beginning with Type 1 All pages with titles containing Type I All pages with titles containing Type 1 L type (disambiguation) or "type-l" Type (disambiguation) 1 (disambiguation) Class 1 (disambiguation) Model 1 (disambiguation) System 1 (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
6664-430: The function of the heart. Glucagon secretion is normally increased upon falling glucose levels, but normal glucagon response to hypoglycemia is blunted in type 1 diabetics. Beta cell glucose sensing and subsequent suppression of administered insulin secretion is absent, leading to islet hyperinsulinemia which inhibits glucagon release. Autonomic inputs to alpha cells are much more important for glucagon stimulation in
6762-693: The gut microbiota through the use of probiotics, prebiotics, or specific diets has also gained attention. Some evidence suggests that the gut microbiome plays a role in immune regulation, and researchers are investigating whether altering the microbiome could reduce the risk of autoimmunity and, subsequently, type 1 diabetes. Tolerogenic therapies, which seek to induce immune tolerance to beta-cell antigens, are another area of interest. Techniques such as using dendritic cells or regulatory T cells engineered to promote tolerance to beta cells are being studied in clinical trials, though these approaches remain experimental. Context-sensitive language Computationally,
6860-568: The health benefits or inspiration from others. Clinical implications show the first two studies focus on the effectiveness of exercise for specific diabetes types, while the third study highlights the importance of correct diagnosis for appropriate care. This suggests that exercise programs must be tailored not only to the type of diabetes but also to the individual’s health status and management plan. The third study emphasizes that without proper diagnosis and management, exercise recommendations could be inappropriate or unsafe. In summary, while
6958-443: The hope of reducing the autoimmunity that leads to type 1 diabetes. Trials that withheld cow's milk or gave infants formula free of bovine insulin decreased the development of β-cell-targeted antibodies, but did not prevent the development of type 1 diabetes. Similarly, trials that gave high-risk individuals injected insulin, oral insulin, or nicotinamide did not prevent diabetes development. Other strategies under investigation for
7056-428: The immune response, exacerbating inflammation and cell death. Pancreases from people with type 1 diabetes also have signs of beta cell apoptosis, linked to activation of the janus kinase and TYK2 pathways. Partial ablation of beta-cell function is enough to cause diabetes; at diagnosis, people with type 1 diabetes often still have detectable beta-cell function. Once insulin therapy is started, many people experience
7154-447: The islets and adrenal cortex . This accounts for the lack of glucagon stimulation and epinephrine release that would normally stimulate and enhance glucose release and production from the liver, rescuing the diabetic from severe hypoglycemia, coma, and death. Numerous hypotheses have been produced in the search for a cellular mechanism of hypoglycemic unawareness, and a consensus has yet to be reached. The major hypotheses are summarized in
7252-490: The language of all strings consisting of n occurrences of the symbol "a", then n "b"s, then n "c"s (abc, aabbcc, aaabbbccc, etc.). A superset of this language, called the Bach language, is defined as the set of all strings where "a", "b" and "c" (or any other set of three symbols) occurs equally often (aabccb, baabcaccb, etc.) and is also context-sensitive. L can be shown to be a context-sensitive language by constructing
7350-452: The last three months. The American Diabetes Association recommends a goal of keeping hemoglobin A1C levels under 7% for most adults and 7.5% for children. The goal of insulin therapy is to mimic normal pancreatic insulin secretion: low levels of insulin constantly present to support basic metabolism, plus the two-phase secretion of additional insulin in response to high blood sugar, then an extended phase of continued insulin secretion. This
7448-675: The limited supply of donor organs; it is therefore similarly limited to people with severe poorly controlled diabetes and those who have had or are scheduled for a kidney transplant. Donislecel (Lantidra) allogeneic (donor) pancreatic islet cellular therapy was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2023. Type 1 diabetes is a result of the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, although what triggers that destruction remains unclear. People with type 1 diabetes tend to have more CD8+ T-cells and B-cells that specifically target islet antigens than those without type 1 diabetes, suggesting
7546-405: The machine. This means that every formal language that can be decided by such a machine is a context-sensitive language, and every context-sensitive language can be decided by such a machine. This set of languages is also known as NLINSPACE or NSPACE( O ( n )), because they can be accepted using linear space on a non-deterministic Turing machine. The class LINSPACE (or DSPACE( O ( n ))) is defined
7644-518: The major way type 1 diabetics control their blood sugar is by learning how various foods impact their blood sugar levels. This is primarily done by tracking their intake of carbohydrates , the type of food with the greatest impact on blood sugar. In general, people with type 1 diabetes are advised to follow an individualized eating plan rather than a pre-decided one. There are camps for children to teach them how and when to use or monitor their insulin without parental help. As psychological stress may have
7742-414: The majority of which result in hospitalization. 13–19% of type 1 diabetes-related deaths are caused by ketoacidosis, making ketoacidosis the leading cause of death in people with type 1 diabetes less than 58 years old. In addition to the acute complications of diabetes, long-term hyperglycemia results in damage to the small blood vessels throughout the body. This damage tends to manifest particularly in
7840-462: The moderate to severe ranges of hypoglycemia, yet the autonomic response is blunted in a number of ways. Recurrent hypoglycemia leads to metabolic adjustments in the glucose sensing areas of the brain, shifting the threshold for counter regulatory activation of the sympathetic nervous system to lower glucose concentration. This is known as hypoglycemic unawareness. Subsequent hypoglycemia is met with impairment in sending of counter regulatory signals to
7938-451: The months or years before symptoms arise. Typically, someone will first develop antibodies against insulin or the protein GAD65 , followed eventually by antibodies against the proteins IA-2 , IA-2β , and/or ZNT8 . People with a higher level of these antibodies, especially those who develop them earlier in life, are at higher risk for developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes. The trigger for
8036-530: The most intuitive grammar for L MUL3 {\displaystyle L_{\textit {MUL3}}} is ambiguous. This problem can be avoided considering a somehow more restrictive definition of the language, e.g. L ORDMUL3 = { a m b n c m n : 1 < m < n } {\displaystyle L_{\textit {ORDMUL3}}=\{a^{m}b^{n}c^{mn}:1<m<n\}} . This can be specialized to L MUL1 = {
8134-482: The mother during pregnancy. Conversely, some have postulated that reduced exposure to pathogens in the developed world increases the risk of autoimmune diseases, often called the hygiene hypothesis . Various studies of hygiene-related factors—including household crowding, daycare attendance, population density, childhood vaccinations, antihelminth medication, and antibiotic usage during early life or pregnancy—show no association with type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes
8232-400: The name of this language is intended to mean a binary alphabet). This was proved by Hartmanis using pumping lemmas for regular and context-free languages over a binary alphabet and, after that, sketching a linear bounded multitape automaton accepting L P R I M E S 2 {\displaystyle L_{PRIMES2}} . L PRIMES1 = {
8330-499: The other hand are often initially misdiagnosed as type 2 . The major sign of type 1 diabetes is very high blood sugar, which typically manifests in children as a few days to weeks of polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and weight loss after being exposed to a triggering factor including infections, strenuous exercise, dehydration. Children may also experience increased appetite , blurred vision, bedwetting , recurrent skin infections, candidiasis of
8428-535: The pancreas from producing insulin, which helps the body regulate blood sugar levels. T2DM is a chronic disease that occurs when your body produces insulin but doesn’t use it properly or doesn’t produce enough, resulting in high blood sugar levels or hyperglycemia. There is not a definitive answer on what type of exercise is the best for either of these metabolic diseases, but the physical activity guidelines state that children should get at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity activity each day, which
8526-431: The penis's erectile tissue can get hard and narrow, preventing the adequate blood supply needed for a firm erection. The nerve damage caused by poor blood glucose control can also cause ejaculate to go into the bladder instead of through the penis during ejaculation, called retrograde ejaculation. When this happens, semen leaves the body in the urine." Another cause of erectile dysfunction is reactive oxygen species created as
8624-569: The post-transplant immunosuppressants cyclosporin A and tacrolimus , the leukemia drug L-asparaginase , and the antibiotic gatifloxicin . Diabetes is typically diagnosed by a blood test showing unusually high blood sugar. The World Health Organization defines diabetes as blood sugar levels at or above 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) after fasting for at least eight hours, or a glucose level at or above 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) two hours after an oral glucose tolerance test . The American Diabetes Association additionally recommends
8722-533: The prevention of type 1 diabetes include gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and modulation of the gut microbiome. Gene therapy approaches, while still in early stages, aim to alter genetic factors that contribute to beta-cell destruction by editing immune responses. Stem cell therapies are also being researched, with the hope that they can either regenerate insulin-producing beta cells or protect them from immune attack. Trials using stem cells to restore beta cell function or regulate immune responses are ongoing. Modifying
8820-424: The recipient's liver. In nearly half of recipients, the islet transplant continues to work well enough that they still do not need exogenous insulin five years after transplantation. If a transplant fails, recipients can receive subsequent injections of islets from additional donors into the portal vein. Like with whole pancreas transplantation, islet transplantation requires lifelong immunosuppression and depends on
8918-426: The release of epinephrine , and can cause people to feel shaky, anxious, or irritable. People with hypoglycemia may also experience hunger, nausea, sweats, chills, headaches, dizziness, and a fast heartbeat . Some feel lightheaded, sleepy, or weak. Severe hypoglycemia can develop rapidly, causing confusion, coordination problems, loss of consciousness, and seizure. On average, people with type 1 diabetes experience
9016-494: The risk of complications, such as retinopathy and mortality. This association can be explained by shared genetic factors, and inflammation or nutritional deficiencies caused by untreated celiac disease, even if type 1 diabetes is diagnosed first. People with diabetes show an increased rate of urinary tract infection . The reason is bladder dysfunction is more common in people with diabetes than people without diabetes due to diabetes nephropathy. When present, nephropathy can cause
9114-419: The risk of exercise-induced hyperglycemia can be managed by avoiding exercise when insulin levels are very low, when blood sugar is extremely high (above 350 mg/dL), or when one feels unwell. While there is a lot of research on diabetes in youth, it is important to keep progressing, expanding and building our knowledge of Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. T1DM is an autoimmune disease that prevents
9212-658: The risk of side effects and complications. Women with type 1 diabetes show a higher than normal rate of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The reason may be that the ovaries are exposed to high insulin concentrations since women with type 1 diabetes can have frequent hyperglycemia. People with type 1 diabetes are at an increased risk for developing several autoimmune disorders , particularly thyroid problems – around 20% of people with type 1 diabetes have hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism , typically caused by Hashimoto thyroiditis or Graves' disease respectively. Celiac disease affects 2–8% of people with type 1 diabetes, and
9310-409: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Type 1 . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_1&oldid=1230212338 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
9408-409: The same, except using a deterministic Turing machine. Clearly LINSPACE is a subset of NLINSPACE, but it is not known whether LINSPACE = NLINSPACE. One of the simplest context-sensitive but not context-free languages is L = { a n b n c n : n ≥ 1 } {\displaystyle L=\{a^{n}b^{n}c^{n}:n\geq 1\}} :
9506-412: The subject of research, but none have provided lasting protection from development of type 1 diabetes. There have also been clinical trials attempting to induce immune tolerance by vaccination with insulin, GAD65, and various short peptides targeted by immune cells during type 1 diabetes; none have yet delayed or prevented development of disease. Several trials have attempted dietary interventions with
9604-469: The whole pancreas is rare, due in part to the few available donor organs, and to the need for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent transplant rejection . The American Diabetes Association recommends pancreas transplant only in people who also require a kidney transplant , or who struggle to perform regular insulin therapy and experience repeated severe side effects of poor blood sugar control. Most pancreas transplants are done simultaneously with
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