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41-538: INBO can refer to: Research Institute for Nature and Forest International Network of Basin Organizations Indian National Biology Olympiad Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title INBO . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

82-543: A constitutional convention ) is an informal and uncodified tradition that is followed by the institutions of a state. In some states, notably those Commonwealth of Nations states that follow the Westminster system and whose political systems derive from British constitutional law , most government functions are guided by constitutional convention rather than by a formal written constitution. In these states, actual distribution of power may be markedly different from those

123-425: A contingent election between the top two candidates. A constitutional convention developed that Congress would always elect the candidate with the most popular votes at a contingent election. In a television interview ahead of the 1964 Chilean presidential election , presidential candidate (and eventual winner) Eduardo Frei Montalva upheld this convention. However, this convention was nearly broken in 1970 , where

164-415: A body of law known as constitutional law has existed for hundreds of years. As part of this uncodified British constitution , constitutional conventions play a key role. They are rules that are observed by the various constituted parts though they are not written in any document having legal authority; there are often underlying enforcing principles that are themselves not formal and codified. Nonetheless it

205-479: A debate on the declaration of government. Following this debate, a vote of Confidence takes place. If the prime minister obtains the confidence of the majority, he can begin implementing the government agreement. Catholics and later Christian Democrats have led most of the governments in Belgian history. However, from 1999 until 2007, liberal Guy Verhofstadt led two "purple" governments of liberals and socialists,

246-480: A majority. The number of ministers is limited to 15, equally divided between French-speaking and Dutch-speaking ministers, according to Article 99 of the Constitution. Although the prime minister is officially exempt from this quota, no francophones held the post from 1979 to 2011. Some of the ministers are also deputy prime ministers; but in addition to taking the position of acting prime minister, they are also

287-571: A new State Reform. The Formateur is appointed by the king on the basis of the informateur's report. The task of the Formateur is to form a new government coalition and lead the negotiations about the government agreement and the composition of the government. If these negotiations succeed, the Formateur presents a new Federal Government to the king. Usually, the Formateur also becomes the Prime Minister . In accordance with article 96 of

328-470: Is codified in the Spanish Constitution of 1978 , which formalizes the relationship between an independent constitutional monarchy , the government, and the legislature. However, the constitution invests the monarch as the "arbitrator and moderator of the institutions" of government. The following constitutional conventions are part of the political culture of Switzerland . They hold true at

369-588: Is regarded as authoritative in a number of other jurisdictions, including the UK. Some conventions evolve or change over time. For example, before 1918 the British Cabinet requested a parliamentary dissolution from the monarch, with the Prime Minister conveying the request. Between 1918 and 2011, Prime Ministers requested dissolutions on their own initiative, and were not required to consult members of

410-645: Is wielded by the federal government, whilst the prime minister is the head of the government . Each minister heads a ministry, and secretaries of state, who are deputy to a minister, help run these ministries. The government reflects the weight of political parties that constitute the current governing coalition for the Chamber. No single party or party family across linguistic lines holds an absolute majority of seats in Parliament. Under current practice, no party family can win enough seats to govern alone, let alone win

451-483: The Belgian Constitution , the king appoints and dismisses his ministers. However, since all royal acts require the countersignature of a minister, the outgoing prime minister countersigns the royal order appointing the new prime minister, who then countersigns the royal order accepting the resignation of his predecessor. The prime minister then countersigns the royal orders appointing the other members of

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492-497: The United Kingdom , ministers must defend their policies and performance in person before the Chamber. An important de facto body is the "inner cabinet" ( kernkabinet ; conseil des ministres restreint or kern ), consisting of the prime minister and the deputy prime ministers. They meet to make the most important political decisions. After the elections, the prime minister of the former government offers his resignation to

533-403: The 1950s, it had also become a convention that elections should be held on the last Saturday of November, or the closest date to this range as possible. There are several times when these conventions have been broken and an election has been held several months earlier: Because of the 1814 written constitution's pivotal role in providing independence and establishing democracy in the 19th century,

574-512: The Cabinet (although, at the very least, it would have been unusual for the Cabinet not to be aware of the Prime Minister's intention). In 2024 Prime Minister Rishi Sunak reportedly announced his intention to hold an early election in July 2024 without even informing most of his cabinet prior to the announcement. However, conventions are rarely ever broken. Unless there is general agreement on

615-676: The Flemish-speaking northern region of Flanders far-right Vlaams Belang party made major gains. In the French-speaking southern area of Wallonia the Socialists were strong. The moderate Flemish nationalist party the N-VA remained the largest party in parliament. Belgium’s first female prime minister Sophie Wilmès led the caretaker government since October 2019. The parties finally agreed on federal government 16 months after

656-524: The Governor of Tasmania rejected the advice of his Premier to appoint the leader of the opposition as Premier because he felt the advice was tendered in bad faith. The Premier went on to form a new government. Under the 1925 Chilean Constitution , the president was elected by an absolute majority of the popular vote; if no candidate won an absolute majority, the National Congress would hold

697-492: The King and advises him about the appointment of the Formateur. However the King can also appoint a second Informateur or appoint a royal mediator. The task of a royal mediator is to reach an agreement on contentious issues, resolve remaining obstacles to the formation of a Federal Government and prepare the ground for a Formateur . On 5 July 2007 King Albert II appointed Jean-Luc Dehaene as royal mediator to reach an agreement on

738-552: The Norwegian parliament has been very reluctant to change it. Few of the developments in the political system that have been taking place since then have been codified as amendments. This reluctance has been labelled constitutional conservatism. The two most important examples of constitutional conventions in the Norwegian political system are parliamentarism and the declining power of the King. Much of Spain's political framework

779-639: The Socialist candidate Salvador Allende , a self-proclaimed Marxist , won the most votes; thus, the contingent election became a battleground between the two major powers of the Cold War , with the United States launching a campaign to prevent Allende's election by Congress while the Soviet Union gave its support to Allende. Although Allende was eventually elected at the contingent election, he

820-416: The breach, the person who breaches a convention is often heavily criticised, on occasions leading to a loss of respect or popular support. No convention is absolute; all but one (the second) of the above conventions were disregarded in the leadup to or during the constitutional crisis of 1975 . Ignoring constitutional conventions does not always result in a crisis. After the 2010 Tasmanian state election ,

861-599: The constitution of the Roman Republic was codified comparatively late in its development and relied for its functioning on traditions and a shared moral code called mos maiorum . In the Holy Roman Empire such important issues as who could elect the emperor were entirely uncodified before the Golden Bull of 1356 and remained subject to a certain degree of interpretation well afterwards. The term

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902-427: The courts. This portion of constitutional law may, for the sake of distinction, be termed the "conventions of the constitution", or constitutional morality. A century later, Canadian scholar Peter Hogg wrote: Conventions are rules of the constitution which are not enforced by the law courts. Because they are not enforced by the law courts they are best regarded as non-legal rules, but because they do in fact regulate

943-504: The election results. Following these meetings, an Informateur is appointed. The Informateur has the task of exploring the various possibilities for the new Federal Government and assessing which parties can form a majority in the Federal Parliament . He also meets with prominent people in the socio-economic field to learn their views on the policy that the new Federal Government should conduct. The Informateur then reports to

984-665: The elections and The Flemish Liberal party politician Alexander De Croo became new prime minister in October 2020. The current De Croo Government , a seven-party cabinet since October 2020, consists of 14 Ministers in a coalition of the Flemish Open Vld , sp.a , CD&V and Groen , and the Walloon Mouvement Réformateur , Parti Socialiste and Ecolo . Constitutional convention (political custom) A convention (also known as

1025-568: The enactment of the Constitution Act, 1867 . In others, notably the United Kingdom, which lack a single overarching constitutional document, unwritten conventions are still of vital importance in understanding how the state functions. In most states, however, many old conventions have been replaced or superseded by laws (called codification ). Historical entities often had strong emphasis on constitutional convention. For example

1066-470: The exercise of a certain type of power, which is not prohibited by law, arouses such opposition that it becomes impossible, on future occasions, to engage in further exercises of this power. For example, the constitutional convention that the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom cannot remain in office without the support of a majority of members of the House of Commons is derived from an unsuccessful attempt by

1107-417: The federal level and mostly so at the cantonal and communal level. Mostly, they aim to reconcile the democratic principle of majority rule with the need to achieve consensus in a nation that is much more heterogeneous in many respects than other nation-states. While the United Kingdom does not have a written constitution that is a single document, the collection of legal instruments that have developed into

1148-655: The first francophone to hold the post of prime minister since Paul Vanden Boeynants left office in 1979. The formation of the Di Rupo Government ended the period of political instability between 2007 and 2011 . During the 2014 elections , there was political consensus to not repeat this, and the Michel Government was relatively quickly formed, notably excluding socialists and including the Flemish nationalist N-VA . In May 2019 federal elections in

1189-467: The first of which also included greens. Afterwards, after difficult negotiations and an interim third Verhofstadt government, a government was eventually formed in 2008 led by Christian democrat Yves Leterme . New elections were called in 2010 after liberal Open Vld quit the government. After a record-breaking government formation , the Di Rupo Government was formed; Elio Di Rupo was

1230-452: The formal constitutional documents describe. In particular, the formal constitution often confers wide discretionary powers on the head of state that, in practice, are used only on the advice of the head of government , and in some cases not at all. Some constitutional conventions operate separately from or alongside written constitutions, such as in Canada since the country was formed with

1271-428: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INBO&oldid=932889672 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Research Institute for Nature and Forest Formally, executive power is vested in the king , who formally appoints

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1312-605: The king, and the formation process for a new government starts. The incumbent government remains in office in a caretaker role until the new government is sworn in. This process is based largely on constitutional convention rather than written law. The king is first consulted by the President of the Chamber of Representatives and the President of the Senate . The King also meets a number of prominent politicians in order to discuss

1353-469: The legal rules." More precisely, the conventions make certain acts, which would be permissible under a straightforward reading of the law, impermissible in practice. The court ruled that this conflict between convention and law means that no convention, no matter how well-established or universally accepted, can "crystallize" into law, unless the relevant parliament or legislature enacts a law or constitutional amendment codifying that convention. This principle

1394-570: The link between the government and their political parties. A deputy prime minister is the voice of their political party within the federal government, and is also the voice of the federal government within their political party. Government meetings are conducted through simultaneous interpreters. The prime minister and his ministers administer the government and the various Federal Public Services (Dutch: Federale Overheidsdienst , French: Service public fédéral ); roughly equivalent to ministries in other countries' administrative organization. As in

1435-461: The mass of custom, tradition, or judge-made maxims know [ sic ? ] as the common law) are enforced by the courts. ... The other set of rules consist of conventions, understandings, habits, or practices that—though they may regulate the conduct of the several members of the sovereign power, the Ministry, or other officials—are not really laws, since they are not enforced by

1476-493: The ministers. However, under the Constitution of Belgium , the king is not politically responsible for exercising his powers, but must exercise it through the ministers. The king's acts are not valid unless countersigned by a minister, and the countersigning minister assumes political responsibility for the act. Thus, in practice, the ministers do the actual day-to-day work of governing. At the federal level, executive power

1517-475: The ministry of Robert Peel to govern without the support of a majority in the House, in 1834–1835 . Constitutional conventions are not, and cannot be, enforced by courts of law. The primary reason for this, according to the Supreme Court of Canada in its 1981 Patriation Reference , is that, "They are generally in conflict with the legal rules which they postulate and the courts may be bound to enforce

1558-499: The new Federal Government. The appointed ministers take the oath of office before the king. After they have taken the oath, the new Council of Ministers meets to draw up the declaration of government, in which the Federal Government sets out the main lines of the government agreement and outlines the government agenda. The prime minister reads the declaration of government to the Chamber of Representatives, which then holds

1599-459: The working of the constitution they are an important concern of the constitutional lawyer. What conventions do is to prescribe the way in which legal powers shall be exercised. Some conventions have the effect of transferring effective power from the legal holder to another official or institution. Other conventions limit an apparently broad power, or even prescribe that a legal power shall not be exercised at all. Constitutional conventions arise when

1640-586: Was first used by British legal scholar A. V. Dicey in his 1883 book, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution . Dicey wrote that in Britain, the actions of political actors and institutions are governed by two parallel and complementary sets of rules: The one set of rules are in the strictest sense "laws", since they are rules which (whether written or unwritten, whether enacted by statute or derived from

1681-436: Was later overthrown by the military in 1973 ; under the military regime of Augusto Pinochet , which succeeded Allende, a new constitution was adopted in 1980, which replaced the contingent election with a runoff by popular vote , rendering the convention obsolete. There is a convention that the Prime Minister of New Zealand should not ask for an early election unless they are unable to maintain confidence and supply . By

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