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125-420: The IND Fulton Street Line is a rapid transit line of the IND Division of the New York City Subway , running from the Cranberry Street Tunnel under the East River through central Brooklyn to a terminus in Ozone Park, Queens . The IND Rockaway Line branches from it just east of Rockaway Boulevard . The A train runs express during daytime hours and local at night on the underground portion of

250-400: A 1% downgrade in the southbound direction, each of the layup tracks are equipped with a derail to protect the main line from a runaway train in the event a train placed on any one the storage tracks is not properly secured. 40°49′22″N 73°57′11″W  /  40.82278°N 73.95306°W  / 40.82278; -73.95306  ( 137th Street Yard ) The 239th Street Yard is

375-425: A body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. Ring lines provide good coverage, connect between the radial lines and serve tangential trips that would otherwise need to cross the typically congested core of the network. A rough grid pattern can offer a wide variety of routes while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service. A study of

500-528: A car wash used by the entire A Division. The Westchester Yard was expanded between 1946 and 1949 and the scope of the project included a new signal tower, signal installations, and the elimination of the grade crossings between the yard and the Pelham Line north of the Westchester Square station. All of these projects would allow for sped up main line service and train movements in and out of

625-454: A code for its stations. Unlike that of Singapore's MRT, it is mostly numbers. Based on the line number, for example Sinyongsan station, is coded as station 429. Being on Line 4, the first number of the station code is 4. The last two numbers are the station number on that line. Interchange stations can have multiple codes. Like City Hall station in Seoul which is served by Line 1 and Line 2. It has

750-651: A code of 132 and 201 respectively. The Line 2 is a circle line and the first stop is City Hall, therefore, City Hall has the station code of 201. For lines without a number like Bundang line it will have an alphanumeric code. Lines without a number that are operated by KORAIL will start with the letter 'K'. With widespread use of the Internet and cell phones globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when

875-608: A complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative . Updates would include cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, and improved station lighting. However, in April 2018, it was announced that cost overruns had forced the MTA to reduce the number of subway stations included in the program from 33 stations to 20. The stations to be renovated along

1000-646: A connecting ramp (known as the Grant Avenue ramp). The new service to Lefferts Boulevard began three days later. On June 28, 1956, the connection to the IND Rockaway Line east of Rockaway Boulevard was opened. The 2015–2019 Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Capital Plan called for the Fulton Street Line's Clinton–Washington Avenues , Kingston–Throop Avenues , and Van Siclen Avenue stations, along with 30 others, to undergo

1125-744: A connection between the IND and both the Fulton El and the Rockaway Beach Branch of the Long Island Rail Road , which included a new underground station at Grant Avenue . The connection from the 80th Street elevated station to the rest of the BMT Fulton Elevated was severed on April 26, 1956, and the IND was extended east (track direction south) from Euclid Avenue via the intermediate station at Grant Avenue, and

1250-583: A conventional track is often provided in case of flat tires and for switching . There are also some rubber-tired systems that use a central guide rail , such as the Sapporo Municipal Subway and the NeoVal system in Rennes , France. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater inclines given the increased traction of

1375-405: A dedicated right-of-way are typically used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier in the urban fabric that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path and have a larger physical footprint. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line

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1500-849: A future connection. The IND Fulton Street Line was supposed to be extended farther east into Queens as part of the IND Second System , via an extension of the Fulton Elevated or a new subway. The line would have gone as far as Springfield Boulevard in Queens Village or 229th Street in Cambria Heights , both near the Nassau County border. The line would have also had a spur to the Rockaways . The 1929 Second System plan suggested recapturing and extending

1625-418: A large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to serve an area of land with a set of lines , which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "L", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross

1750-652: A large part of the network, for example, in outer suburbs, runs at ground level. In most of Britain , a subway is a pedestrian underpass . The terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground . The North East England Tyne and Wear Metro , mostly overground, is known as the Metro . In Scotland , the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway . In Ireland ,

1875-452: A line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the service frequency . Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the seated to standing ratio  – more standing gives higher capacity. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to

2000-615: A metro. In Spain, such systems are present in Madrid , Barcelona , Bilbao and Valencia . In Portugal, Lisbon has a metro. The Italian cities of Catania , Genoa , Milan , Naples , Rome and Turin also have metro lines. In Germany and Austria they rapid transit is known as U-Bahn , which are often supported by S-Bahn systems. In Germany, U-Bahn systems exist in Berlin , Hamburg , Munich and Nuremberg , while in Austria such

2125-640: A rapid transit setting. East New York Yard The New York City Transit Authority operates 24 rail yards for the New York City Subway system and one for the Staten Island Railway . There are 10 active A Division yards and 11 active B Division yards, two of which are shared between divisions for storage and car washing. In addition, there is one yard for the Staten Island Railway and three non-revenue (Maintenance of Way, or MoW) Division-independent yards. Many of

2250-580: A similar manner to the 1939 plan, via an extension of the subway under Pitkin Avenue. The line, east of Euclid Avenue, would be 4 tracks, with local stations at 76th Street and 84th Street, and an express station at Cross Bay Boulevard . At Cross Bay Boulevard, a flying junction would let the local tracks cross over to the inside and the express tracks cross over to the outside. The layout would be similar to that of Manhattan's 168th Street station. East of Cross Bay Boulevard, another flying junction would bring

2375-565: A specialized transit police may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying. Some subway systems, such as the Beijing Subway , which is ranked by Worldwide Rapid Transit Data as the "World's Safest Rapid Transit Network" in 2015, incorporates airport-style security checkpoints at every station. Rapid transit systems have been subject to terrorism with many casualties, such as

2500-608: A system exists in Vienna . In addition, the small, car-free town of Serfaus in the Austrian state of Tyrol also features a short U-Bahn line. There are no U-Bahn systems in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, but the city of Lausanne has its own, small metro system. In Zurich, Switzerland's largest city, a project for a U-Bahn network was stopped by a referendum in the 1970s and instead its S-Bahn system

2625-419: A two-track branch over the line to a pair of portals north of Aqueduct–North Conduit Avenue station. Meanwhile, the Fulton Street Line's four tracks would merge into two tracks, and end at 105th Street (today's Aqueduct Racetrack ), where a scissors crossover would be present just west of the station. Crossovers would also be located between the local and express pair of tracks east of 76th Street, and between

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2750-511: A year. Formerly extending between 147th and 150th Streets, in the 1960s the yard was downsized from 26 acres to seven acres, which eliminated the repair shops and NYCT offices. The land was sold to a developer. Around that time, a public school building (currently housing Frederick Douglass Academy ) and the Esplanade Gardens apartment complex were constructed on pilotis above the formerly open-air yard. Two tracks were taken from

2875-801: Is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area . Rapid transit systems such as the Washington Metrorail , Los Angeles Metro Rail , the Miami Metrorail , and the Montreal Metro are generally called the Metro . In Philadelphia , the term "El" is used for the Market–Frankford Line which runs mostly on an elevated track, while the term "subway" applies to the Broad Street Line which is almost entirely underground. Chicago 's commuter rail system that serves

3000-608: Is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile. A transit map is a topological map or schematic diagram used to show the routes and stations in a public transport system. The main components are color-coded lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport. Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on platforms , elsewhere in stations, and in printed timetables . Maps help users understand

3125-619: Is an underground rail yard on the IND Culver Line that is used to store trains for G service. It is composed of four tracks directly under the four main line tracks above. This yard is directly connected through the line's Church Avenue station which is the southern terminus for G service. At least one of the yard's four tracks is in continuous use to reverse equipment to the opposite direction. There are two ramps between each local and express track south of Church Avenue station for access. Each track can hold one full-length train between

3250-554: Is an underground rail yard on the IND Eighth Avenue Line that is used to store C trains. The yard has five tracks to the east of the two mainline passenger service tracks. The yard is located six blocks north of 168th Street and adjacent to 175th Street . The inner tracks at 168th Street lead towards the yard and are used by terminating C trains. This yard can hold only four trains of ten 60-foot cars or eight 75-foot cars and one four-car train of 60-foot cars among

3375-431: Is associated with the nearby East 180th Street Yard , and is used primarily as a lay-up facility for 2 and 5 trains. It is named after Unionport Road, which lies just east of the yard. There are no shop or wash facilities at this yard, which was expanded in the 1990s from five tracks to its present 19. All but one track ends at bumper blocks. The newly expanded yard became fully operational in 1997. The yard connects to

3500-506: Is built. Most rapid transit trains are electric multiple units with lengths from three to over ten cars. Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains. Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations. Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires . The whole London Underground network uses fourth rail and others use

3625-570: Is home to the R142s and R142As for the 4 . It is one of the three yards in the system to be under a housing complex (Pitkin Yard and Lenox Yard are the others). Rail access to the yard is by a pair of tracks that branch off of the elevated IRT Jerome Avenue Line just north of Bedford Park Boulevard–Lehman College station. The riveted steel pylons that support the elevated branch tracks give way to stone pylons just north of 205th Street before they enter

3750-716: Is located on the south end of the BMT Canarsie Line adjacent to Canarsie–Rockaway Parkway . Opened on October 26, 1917, it is the primary layup yard for the R160s and R143s on the L train and hosts the only car wash for the BMT Eastern Division. New signals were installed in 2003 in conjunction with the BMT Canarsie Line automation project. 40°38′48″N 73°54′05″W  /  40.64667°N 73.90139°W  / 40.64667; -73.90139  ( Canarsie Yard ) The Church Avenue Yard

3875-416: Is necessary, rolling stock with a smaller loading gauge from one sub network may be transported along other lines that use larger trains. On some networks such operations are part of normal services. Most rapid transit systems use conventional standard gauge railway track . Since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to rain , snow , or other forms of precipitation , they are often fixed directly to

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4000-616: Is no car washer at this yard; the trains occasionally go to the 239th Street or Westchester Yard to be washed, but they usually go to the nearby 207th Street Yard instead. Ten cars undergo 10,000 mile SMS inspections per day, since their entire fleet has been unitized into five-car sets. As part of the 2020–2024 Capital Plan, the shop will be rebuilt with more space in between track and the replacement of pits with elevated tracks. 40°53′18″N 73°54′05″W  /  40.88833°N 73.90139°W  / 40.88833; -73.90139  ( 240th Street Yard ) Corona Yard serves as

4125-425: Is one of the oldest yards in the system. Ten cars are inspected each day as part of preventative scheduled maintenance. A wheel truing machine was installed here to minimize damage to rail cars and tracks caused by flat wheels. This shop was also used as a facility to retrofit all R26s, R28s, R29s, R33s (except single unit Worlds Fair cars) and R36s (both Mainline and Worlds Fair types) married pairs IRT type cars with

4250-555: Is referred to simply as "the subway", despite 40% of the system running above ground. The term "L" or "El" is not used for elevated lines in general as the lines in the system are already designated with letters and numbers. The "L" train or L (New York City Subway service) refers specifically to the 14th Street–Canarsie Local line, and not other elevated trains. Similarly, the Toronto Subway is referred to as "the subway", with some of its system also running above ground. These are

4375-412: Is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in

4500-607: Is situated at 1145 East 180th Street in the West Farms neighborhood of the Bronx , just east of the Bronx Zoo . The yard consists of seven storage tracks (numbered 4 thru 10) and an adjacent 6-track (numbered 11 thru 16) shop building with a connection to the nearby 19-track Unionport Yard, which lies to the northeast of East 180th Street Yard. Additionally, there are two storage tracks (identified as A and B) immediately north of

4625-748: Is the most commonly used term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts ; the use of tunnels inspires names such as subway , underground , Untergrundbahn ( U-Bahn ) in German, or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish. The use of viaducts inspires names such as elevated ( L or el ), skytrain , overhead , overground or Hochbahn in German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if

4750-399: Is the yard's namesake. The yard has five tracks surrounding the three mainline tracks, with three tracks located on the west (southbound side) and two tracks located on the east (northbound side). The yard is used to store some 1 trains outside of rush hours. Each track can hold two full-length trains, so a total of 10 trains can be stored there at any given time. Because the tracks are on

4875-487: The 1 , 3 , 4 and 5 routes. The yard consists of a seven-track inspection shop and 38 layup tracks. The layup tracks are arranged on two levels; the only other yard in the system to share this trait is the East New York Yard. Access to the yard is provided to and from Nereid Avenue only. On February 3, 1998, two out-of-service trains collided at the yard lead after the motorman of one train passed out at

5000-611: The Bronx and has 45 layup tracks. The yard maintains and stores the R62As used on the 6 , as well as Maintenance of Way diesel trains for both the A Division and B Division . It is connected to the IRT Pelham Line in both directions between Westchester Square–East Tremont Avenue and Middletown Road stations. There is a four-track inspection shed for electric trains and a two-track diesel repair shop. Pelham Yard also has

5125-593: The Casey Stengel Bus Depot . Because the Flushing Line is isolated from the rest of the A Division and its only track connection to the rest of the system is via the B Division, cars that need to undergo or are returning from heavy maintenance are escorted on and off the line by suitably-equipped lead cars via the sole connection to the rest of the system just east (railroad north) of the upper level Queensboro Plaza station. On August 16, 2006,

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5250-627: The Dublin Area Rapid Transit is despite the name considered a commuter rail due to usage of mainline railways. In France, large cities, such as Paris , Marseille and Lyon , feature a Métro . Also the smaller cities of Lille Rennes have a light metro. Furthermore, Brussels in Belgium, and Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the Netherlands have metro systems in place. Several Southern European contries also have

5375-673: The Euclid Avenue terminal and the Pitkin Yard , began construction in 1940. The progress lasted only a few years, as all work on the last portions in Brooklyn was stopped by December 1942 shortly after the United States entered World War II , with Broadway−East New York complete but not in operation due to lack of signal equipment, and the remaining stations to Euclid Avenue as unfinished shells. The Court Street station

5500-752: The Hudson and Manhattan Railroad K-series cars from 1958, the New York City Subway R38 and R42 cars from the late-1960s, and the Nagoya Municipal Subway 3000 series , Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series and MTR M-Train EMUs from the 1970s, were generally only made possible largely due to the relatively generous loading gauges of these systems and also adequate open-air sections to dissipate hot air from these air conditioning units. Especially in some rapid transit systems such as

5625-481: The IND Rockaway Line branches southward while the Fulton Street Line continues over Liberty Avenue to its terminus at Lefferts Boulevard . The Fulton Street subway was the city-owned Independent System (IND)'s main line from Downtown Brooklyn to southern Queens. Along with the IND Eighth Avenue Line , it was also alternately known as the Washington Heights−East New York Line . The subway

5750-639: The IRT White Plains Road Line to the south and the IRT Dyre Avenue Line (track 22 connecting to track Y2) to the north. 40°50′42″N 73°52′12″W  /  40.84500°N 73.87000°W  / 40.84500; -73.87000  ( Unionport Yard ) The West Farms Yard was an elevated rail yard that was located adjacently to the West Farms Square–East Tremont Avenue station, at

5875-429: The London Underground . In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway , initially a cable-hauled line using stationary steam engines . As of 2021 , China has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world  – 40 in number, running on over 4,500 km (2,800 mi) of track – and was responsible for most of the world's rapid-transit expansion in

6000-740: The Metropolitan Railway opened publicly in London in 1863. High capacity monorails with larger and longer trains can be classified as rapid transit systems. Such monorail systems recently started operating in Chongqing and São Paulo . Light metro is a subclass of rapid transit that has the speed and grade separation of a "full metro" but is designed for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller loading gauges, lighter train cars and smaller consists of typically two to four cars. Light metros are typically used as feeder lines into

6125-578: The Montreal Metro (opened 1966) and Sapporo Municipal Subway (opened 1971), their entirely enclosed nature due to their use of rubber-tyred technology to cope with heavy snowfall experienced by both cities in winter precludes any air-conditioning retrofits of rolling stock due to the risk of heating the tunnels to temperatures that would be too hot for passengers and for train operations. In many cities, metro networks consist of lines operating different sizes and types of vehicles. Although these sub-networks may not often be connected by track, in cases when it

6250-589: The Prague Metro . The London Underground and Paris Métro are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The Chicago 'L' has most of its lines converging on The Loop , the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the Moscow Metro 's Koltsevaya Line and Beijing Subway 's Line 10 . The capacity of

6375-685: The Singapore MRT , Changi Airport MRT station has the alphanumeric code CG2, indicating its position as the 2nd station on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line. Interchange stations have at least two codes, for example, Raffles Place MRT station has two codes, NS26 and EW14, the 26th station on the North South Line and the 14th station on the East West Line. The Seoul Metro is another example that utilizes

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6500-620: The bumper blocks and the crossovers. 40°38′31″N 73°58′45″W  /  40.64194°N 73.97917°W  / 40.64194; -73.97917  ( Church Avenue Yard ) The Coney Island Rapid Transit Car Overhaul Shop , often shortened to Coney Island Complex , is the largest rapid transit yard in the state of New York, and one of the largest in North America. Located in Brooklyn , New York , it covers 74 acres (300,000 m ) and operates 24/7 . The complex

6625-450: The deep tube lines . Historically, rapid transit trains used ceiling fans and openable windows to provide fresh air and piston-effect wind cooling to riders. From the 1950s to the 1990s (and in most of Europe until the 2000s), many rapid transit trains from that era were also fitted with forced-air ventilation systems in carriage ceiling units for passenger comfort. Early rapid transit rolling stock fitted with air conditioning , such as

6750-409: The linear motor for propulsion. Some urban rail lines are built to a loading gauge as large as that of main-line railways ; others are built to a smaller one and have tunnels that restrict the size and sometimes the shape of the train compartments. One example is most of the London Underground , which has acquired the informal term "tube train" due to the cylindrical shape of the trains used on

6875-432: The 15 world largest subway systems suggested a universal shape composed of a dense core with branches radiating from it. Rapid transit operators have often built up strong brands , often focused on easy recognition – to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities – combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority. In many cities, there

7000-488: The 1995 Tokyo subway sarin gas attack and the 2005 " 7/7 " terrorist bombings on the London Underground. Some rapid transport trains have extra features such as wall sockets, cellular reception, typically using a leaky feeder in tunnels and DAS antennas in stations, as well as Wi-Fi connectivity. The first metro system in the world to enable full mobile phone reception in underground stations and tunnels

7125-550: The 2010s. The world's longest single-operator rapid transit system by route length is the Shanghai Metro . The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations (472 stations in total) is the New York City Subway . The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Shanghai Metro, Tokyo subway system , Seoul Metro and the Moscow Metro . The term Metro

7250-455: The 207th Street, Concourse, Coney Island, East New York, Jamaica and Pitkin maintenance yards, plus five other non-maintenance storage yards. The six maintenance shops are responsible for performing daily subway car maintenance and inspection of 3,523 subway cars. The 207th Street and Concourse yards are shared with the A Division and are listed in Yards in both divisions. The 174th Street Yard

7375-532: The 21st century, most new expansions and systems are located in Asia, with China becoming the world's leader in metro expansion, operating some of the largest and busiest systems while possessing almost 60 cities that are operating, constructing or planning a rapid transit system . Rapid transit is used for local transport in cities , agglomerations , and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency . The extent of

7500-481: The 239th Street, 240th Street, Corona, East 180th Street, Jerome, Livonia, and Westchester maintenance yards, plus three other non-maintenance storage yards. A total of 2892 cars are assigned to the seven maintenance yards. The 137th Street Yard is an underground rail yard located between 145th Street and 137th Street–City College on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line , the latter of which

7625-668: The Culver Line onto Schermerhorn Street to the six-track Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station, which it shares with the Brooklyn–Queens Crosstown Line . The local tracks are unused at Hoyt-Schermerhorn Streets, but connect to the abandoned Court Street station which is now the site of the New York City Transit Museum . At this point, the line becomes a four-track system until Euclid Avenue . The line continues east under Schermerhorn Street to

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7750-735: The Fulton elevated along Liberty, Brinkerhoff and Hollis Avenues to Springfield Boulevard, near Hempstead Turnpike , Belmont Park , and the Queens Village LIRR Station . The 1939 plan, meanwhile, proposed extending the subway along Pitkin Avenue to Cross Bay Boulevard in South Ozone Park, then along Linden Boulevard to Cambria Heights near the Cross Island Parkway . A spur would have branched off east of Cross Bay Boulevard, turning south to join with

7875-440: The IND Fulton Street Line were among the 13 stations without funding, which will be pushed back to the 2020–2024 Capital Plan. As part of a program to upgrade the signaling of the New York City Subway , the MTA's 2020–2024 Capital Program calls for adding communications-based train control (CBTC) to several more lines, including the IND Fulton Street Line west of the Euclid Avenue station . The CBTC signaling system would replace

8000-408: The Lenox Avenue Shops, is located near 148th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem . This 22 track yard is only used for storage of the R62s that operate on the 3 service, and has no maintenance facility, although the yard had been the first overhaul shop for the IRT when it opened with the rest of the new subway in 1904. The original IRT subway cars were lowered from the street via inclines into

8125-410: The Livonia shop and 15 layup tracks. A signal tower is located at the northwest corner of the yard. Many 3 trains are stored in the Lenox Yard in Upper Manhattan , as Livonia is not very large. Livonia, along with 240th Street Yard, are on entirely elevated structures and are in need of rehabilitation due to not meeting the configuration standards for "current industry practices". An extension of

8250-469: The New Lots Line has been proposed up to the end of the yard, or through the yard right-of-way to Flatlands Avenue , to serve the developing Spring Creek area. Additionally, a large amount of space within Livonia is used for the storage of some R142s and R142As for the 2 , 4 and 5 trains. 40°39′51″N 73°52′45″W  /  40.66417°N 73.87917°W  / 40.66417; -73.87917  ( Livonia Yard ) Unionport Yard

8375-428: The beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. In 1890, the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Prior to opening, the line was to be called the "City and South London Subway", thus introducing

8500-401: The completion of which had been delayed due to war priorities, was finished by funds obtained by Mayor William O'Dwyer and was placed in operation on November 28, 1948, running along Pennsylvania Avenue and Pitkin Avenue to Euclid Avenue near the Queens border. Forty additional R10 cars were placed into service for the extension. The cost of the extension was about $ 46.5 million. It included

8625-595: The construction of the new Pitkin Avenue Storage Yard , which could accommodate 585 subway cars on 40 storage tracks. Because these stations were completed later than the rest of the line, they received different design features than other IND stations, including different wall tiles and fluorescent lighting . The Fulton Street express tracks were not used in regular service until October 24, 1949. A trains began running express during rush hours to Broadway–East New York , with E trains extended to provide local service. The express reduced travel time by five minutes. In 1953,

8750-414: The display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center. Some systems assign unique alphanumeric codes to each of their stations to help commuters identify them, which briefly encodes information about the line it is on, and its position on the line. For example, on

8875-550: The elevated Fulton Street Line in 1915 as part of the BMT 's portion of the Dual Contracts . This was the only section of the Fulton El that was built specifically to handle steel subway cars, as opposed to lighter wooden elevated cars. The current service pattern along the line is one of the newest in the New York City Subway system. Prior to December 1988, express service was only provided during rush hours, and before 1999, all trains ran local on weekends and weekday evenings after 9:00 pm. Since May 2, 1999, A trains run express along

9000-613: The elevated line as close as possible. It was routed along Schermerhorn Street due to the presence of the IRT subway already below Fulton Street in downtown Brooklyn and along Pennsylvania Avenue in East New York so that wider curves could be built, allowing faster speeds. The local tracks were always designed to terminate in downtown Brooklyn as local elevated trains would terminate at the Sands Street station . The groundbreaking for

9125-611: The entire metropolitan area is called Metra (short for Met ropolitan Ra il), while its rapid transit system that serves the city is called the "L" . Boston's subway system is known locally as "The T". In Atlanta , the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority goes by the acronym "MARTA." In the San Francisco Bay Area , residents refer to Bay Area Rapid Transit by its acronym "BART". The New York City Subway

9250-466: The express or local tracks to the two-track line towards Grant Avenue station. The four mainline trackways continue east on Pitkin Avenue, disused, and end at approximately Elderts Lane. Past Grant Avenue, the line joins the former Fulton Street elevated via a ramp as it enters Queens , swinging somewhat north until it is over Liberty Avenue. Here, it becomes a three-track line, with the center track coming from Pitkin Yard. Just past Rockaway Boulevard ,

9375-687: The five tracks. The northern end of the yard is against a concrete wall and a cinder-block wall adjacent to the Trans-Manhattan Expressway , as the line was originally intended to go over the George Washington Bridge 's lower level as a part of a possible extension to Fort Lee, New Jersey. 40°50′45″N 73°56′23″W  /  40.84583°N 73.93972°W  / 40.84583; -73.93972  ( 174th Street Yard ) The Canarsie Yard (also known as AY or Atlantic Yard from its telegraphy letters)

9500-516: The floor rather than resting on ballast , such as normal railway tracks. An alternate technology, using rubber tires on narrow concrete or steel roll ways , was pioneered on certain lines of the Paris Métro and Mexico City Metro , and the first completely new system to use it was in Montreal , Canada. On most of these networks, additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and

9625-550: The former Rockaway Beach Branch of the Long Island Rail Road (now the IND Rockaway Line ). This extended Fulton Street Line would have also facilitated service from the planned Second Avenue Subway via a river tunnel from Lower Manhattan to the then-terminal station at Court Street . In a 1940 plan, which was revised in 1945, the IND Fulton Street Line would connect to the IND Rockaway Line in

9750-462: The helm and his train crashed into the one in front of it. 40°54′03″N 73°50′58″W  /  40.90083°N 73.84944°W  / 40.90083; -73.84944  ( 239th Street Yard ) The 240th Street Yard , also known as Van Cortlandt Yard (or VC Yard), is located at 5911 Broadway in the Riverdale section of the Bronx , serving the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line near

9875-604: The home yard of the IRT Flushing Line ( 7 and <7> ​ trains). It is located south of Mets–Willets Point , at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park near Citi Field , the National Tennis Center , and the site of the 1939 and 1964 World's Fairs. Corona Yard opened in 1928 and maintains the R188s used on the 7 and <7> ​ services. It is adjacent to

10000-461: The installation of new Stone-Safety 10 ton Air Conditioning systems between 1976 and 1981. Also, during this period, all cars assigned to the 2 were inspected and maintained at the East 180th Street Yard shared with the 5 . It re-opened as an inspection and maintenance facility for the 2 in 1982. A car wash operates at this yard facility to serve cars assigned to the 2, in addition to cars assigned to

10125-439: The interconnections between different parts of the system; for example, they show the interchange stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the topological connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify

10250-583: The intersections of Third Avenue and Flatbush Avenue, across them onto Lafayette Avenue and then finally onto Fulton Street until Broadway Junction . After Broadway Junction, the line leaves Fulton Street via Truxton Street, crosses Broadway, curves through a corner of the East New York Yard , crosses Jamaica Avenue and then south on Pennsylvania Avenue. It then turns east onto Pitkin Avenue until Euclid Avenue station. East of Euclid Avenue, there are track connections to Pitkin Yard , and from either

10375-492: The line and C trains run local except during late nights, when A trains make all stops. Entering Brooklyn via the Cranberry Street Tunnel as a two-track line, the IND Eighth Avenue Line travels east on Cranberry Street, then south on Jay Street. It becomes the Fulton Street Line at an interlocking north of Jay Street–MetroTech while briefly running parallel with the IND Culver Line . It turns away from

10500-550: The line was held on April 16, 1929, at Fulton Street and Arlington Place, near the future Nostrand Avenue station. The line was opened from Jay Street to Rockaway Avenue on April 9, 1936, including the stub terminal at Court Street . To allow the subway line to be built, the following streets were widened from 60 to 80 feet (18 to 24 m): Jay Street between Nassau Street to Fulton Street, Smith Street between Fulton Street and Atlantic Avenue, and Schermerhorn Street between Smith Street and Nevins Street. The land acquired to widen

10625-402: The line's existing signal system, which has not been upgraded since the line originally opened in the 1930s and 1940s. On November 9, 2022, the MTA put out the request for proposals for the design-build contract to install CBTC on the Fulton Street Line between High Street and Euclid Avenue. CBTC installation on the rest of the Fulton Street Line from Euclid Avenue to Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard

10750-608: The line's northern terminus. The yard consists of six inspection tracks in the shop and 15 additional layup tracks. The yard is home to the R62A subway cars assigned to the 1 . The shop was built in 1906 to support the original IRT subway. Work constructing the yard and inspection shed was 60 percent complete in June 1910, and was estimated to be completed by January 1, 1911. The inspection shed went into service on May 1, 1911. The yard and shops are entirely on an elevated structure. There

10875-502: The line; it runs local on the elevated portion of the line at all times. The C train runs local on the underground portion of the line at all times except late nights. The line runs primarily along Fulton Street , Pitkin Avenue, and Liberty Avenue . The underground portion, which constitutes the majority of the line, was built for the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND), opening between 1936 and 1956. The elevated portion in Queens

11000-602: The lines of the Lyon Metro includes a section of rack (cog) railway , while the Carmelit , in Haifa, is an underground funicular . For elevated lines, another alternative is the monorail , which can be built either as straddle-beam monorails or as a suspended monorail . While monorails have never gained wide acceptance outside Japan, there are some such as Chongqing Rail Transit 's monorail lines which are widely used in

11125-461: The local tracks are on the lower level. During the subway line's construction in the late 1930s and early 1940s, the old, now-demolished BMT Fulton Street Elevated (which the IND line replaced) had to be supported. The stations along Liberty Avenue in Queens, from 80th Street–Hudson Street through Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard , as well as the current three-track elevated structure, were built for

11250-557: The main rapid transit system. For instance, the Wenhu Line of the Taipei Metro serves many relatively sparse neighbourhoods and feeds into and complements the high capacity metro lines. Some systems have been built from scratch, others are reclaimed from former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section. Ground-level alignments with

11375-493: The middle track of the line between East 177th Street and Pelham Bay Park, and it would allow for full day express service. The construction of substations would improve voltage conditions and allow for longer trains to be operated on the line. The work was projected to cost $ 6,387,000 and be completed in 1950. 40°50′38″N 73°50′31″W  /  40.84389°N 73.84194°W  / 40.84389; -73.84194  ( Westchester Yard ) The B Division 's yards are

11500-418: The network map "readable" by illiterate people, this system has since become an "icon" of the system. Compared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good safety record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict safety regulations , with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Head-on collisions are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce

11625-402: The next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized GTFS data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest. Mexico City Metro uses a unique pictogram for each station. Originally intended to help make

11750-528: The northernmost rail yard in the system, located at 4570 Furman Avenue in the Wakefield section of the North Bronx, and is home to the R142s assigned to the 2 . There is also considerable fleet interoperability with the 5 , as 5 trains are based out of the nearby East 180th Street Yard and share a similarly-sized fleet. 5 trains use the upper portion of the yard for off-peak storage. Opened in 1916, it

11875-958: The occurrence and severity of rear-end collisions and derailments . Fire is more of a danger underground, such as the King's Cross fire in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system. High platforms , usually over 1 meter / 3 feet, are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger. Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from security problems: petty crimes , such as pickpocketing and baggage theft, and more serious violent crimes , as well as sexual assaults on tightly packed trains and platforms. Security measures include video surveillance , security guards , and conductors . In some countries

12000-603: The only two North American systems that are primarily called "subways". In most of Southeast Asia and in Taiwan , rapid transit systems are primarily known by the acronym MRT . The meaning varies from one country to another. In Indonesia , the acronym stands for Moda Raya Terpadu or Integrated Mass [Transit] Mode in English. In the Philippines , it stands for Metro Rail Transit . Two underground lines use

12125-694: The original 1928 shop building was demolished and replaced by a new, modern shop. With more track mileage to cover and tighter spacing between trains as part of CBTC implementation on the Flushing Line, the MTA announced plans to expand the yard with a second loop and six layup tracks, which would be located on the former right of way of the Long Island Rail Road's Whitestone Branch. Plans for this expansion are on an indefinite hold, however. 40°45′10″N 73°50′46″W  /  40.75278°N 73.84611°W  / 40.75278; -73.84611  ( Corona Yard ) The East 180th Street Yard

12250-587: The outset. Budapest , Chicago , Glasgow , Boston and New York City all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro , which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems. In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems, particularly those in Australia, where density in cities

12375-462: The platforms were lengthened at Ralph Avenue and Broadway–East New York to 660 feet (200 m) to allow E trains to run eleven car trains. The E began running eleven car trains during rush hours on September 8, 1953. The extra train car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. The lengthening project cost $ 400,000. In late 1952, the Board of Transportation began construction on

12500-908: The rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies. Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear. Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as trolleybuses , regular buses , trams , or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops. Each rapid transit system consists of one or more lines , or circuits. Each line

12625-542: The rubber tires. However, they have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro and limiting it on the Sapporo Municipal Subway, but not rubber-tired systems in other cities. Some cities with steep hills incorporate mountain railway technologies in their metros. One of

12750-644: The shop building. Track A ends in a bumper block and track B is accessible from the southbound track of the White Plains Road line. The yard is the home of the R142s for the 5 . There is considerable fleet interchange with the 2 . All engineering acceptance testing for newly delivered IRT-type cars is performed here. A new shop building replacing the original 1918 vintage shop building opened in 1999, just in time for acceptance testing of new R142s, which Bombardier started delivering to this facility on November 16, 1999. On October 11, 1923, additional tracks in

12875-569: The streets was valued at $ 1.75 million. Further construction was delayed by funding problems due to the Great Depression in the 1930s. This was temporarily solved by federal Works Progress Administration funding starting in 1936. The portion continuing from east of Rockaway Avenue along Pennsylvania and Pitkin Avenues to Crystal Street began construction in 1938. The next portion east from Crystal Street to around Grant Avenue, including

13000-663: The suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the Copenhagen Metro , the Milan Metro , the Oslo Metro , the Istanbul Metro and the New York City Subway . Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city center, for instance in

13125-450: The system's yards are used for off-peak storage, whereas some have inspection facilities where basic routine maintenance is carried out. Of these yards, rolling stock are assigned to seven A Division yards and seven B Division yards. Within the yards are 14 maintenance facilities, whereas two yards (207th Street and Coney Island) perform major overhaul and car rebuilding work. Download coordinates as: The A Division 's yards consist of

13250-714: The term subway . In Thailand , it stands for Metropolitan Rapid Transit , previously using the Mass Rapid Transit name. Outside of Southeast Asia, Kaohsiung and Taoyuan, Taiwan , have their own MRT systems which stands for Mass Rapid Transit , as with Singapore and Malaysia . In general rapid transit is a synonym for "metro" type transit, though sometimes rapid transit is defined to include "metro", commuter trains and grade separated light rail . Also high-capacity bus-based transit systems can have features similar to "metro" systems. The opening of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked

13375-467: The term Subway into railway terminology. Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into London Underground . The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset. The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe , the United States, Argentina, and Canada, with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from

13500-472: The time called 177th Street. It had eight storage tracks and five inspection barn tracks. It was demolished in 1950; the redundant 180th Street–Bronx Park station was closed down and demolished two years later. In addition to serving Manhattan Elevated Railway cars, it was also used to service cars assigned to the 2 and 5 routes. The Westchester Yard , also known as the Pelham Yard, is located in

13625-511: The trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities . Some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened in 1863 using steam locomotives , and now forms part of

13750-819: The two express tracks east of Cross Bay Boulevard. Currently the line ends at Lefferts Boulevard in Ozone Park (the former end of the Fulton El), and only the Rockaway extension was completed. The mainline tracks that go past the Euclid Avenue station were to be part of a 4-track line to Cambria Heights. Rapid transit Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on railway tracks . Some systems use guided rubber tires , magnetic levitation ( maglev ), or monorail . The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside

13875-601: The use of communications-based train control : the minimum headway can reach 90 seconds, but many systems typically use 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 passengers per hour per direction . However, much higher capacities are attained in East Asia with ranges of 75,000 to 85,000 people per hour achieved by MTR Corporation 's urban lines in Hong Kong. Rapid transit topologies are determined by

14000-454: The yard extends from Hegeman Avenue south to Stanley Avenue, passing over Linden Boulevard . One of the smallest maintenance yards in the system, it is where the R62s on the 3 and the R62As on the 42nd Street shuttle are inspected and maintained. The yard, built in 1922 and opened in 1923, Livonia Yard is the only IRT yard in Brooklyn . Livonia Yard consists of 4 inspection tracks inside

14125-652: The yard for the Harlem–148th Street station , which opened in 1968 as the current northern terminal for the 3. 40°49′22″N 73°56′07″W  /  40.82278°N 73.93528°W  / 40.82278; -73.93528  ( Lenox Yard ) The Livonia Yard is located at 900 Hegeman Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn on an entirely elevated structure at the east end of the IRT New Lots Line . Located between Elton and Linwood Streets,

14250-466: The yard went into service. 40°50′33″N 73°52′22″W  /  40.84250°N 73.87278°W  / 40.84250; -73.87278  ( East 180th Street Yard ) The Jerome Yard , or Mosholu Yard, is located at 3191 Jerome Avenue in the Jerome Park neighborhood of the Bronx . The yard was built in 1925. Five tracks went into service in the yard on February 7, 1923. This yard

14375-667: The yard, where they continued into the West Side Main Line . The inspection shed was lengthened to fit ten-car trains in Fiscal Year 1910. On September 9, 1958 the Transit Authority announced that it was planning to abandon the Lenox Avenue Shops. All IRT and IND repairs would then be done at the 207th Street Shops by June 1959. The TA estimated that this would result in a saving of $ 1 million

14500-439: The yard. The grade separation allowed trains to enter Westchester Yard without crossing the express track or the downtown local track and it allowed for the possibility of the extension of express service to Pelham Bay Park , which would save four more minutes. The increased capacity of the yard allowed the yard to store 358 additional subway cars. With the additional storage space, it would no longer be required to lay up trains on

14625-486: The yard. The yard is surrounded by a wall and covered by a parking deck used by residents of the Tracey Towers housing complex. The yard has four inspection tracks, one utility track and 18 layup tracks. Trains are washed at the nearby Concourse Yard. 40°52′44″N 73°53′16″W  /  40.87889°N 73.88778°W  / 40.87889; -73.88778  ( Jerome Yard ) Lenox Yard , formerly

14750-559: Was Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, which launched its first underground mobile phone network using AMPS in 1989. Many metro systems, such as the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) and the Berlin U-Bahn, provide mobile data connections in their tunnels for various network operators. The technology used for public, mass rapid transit has undergone significant changes in the years since

14875-426: Was built in 1926 on former marshlands that, along with Coney Island Creek , used to separate Coney Island from the main body of Brooklyn. Much of this land had originally been proposed for use as a ship canal and port facility. A car washing machine was installed in the yard at the end of 1964. Regular scheduled maintenance is performed here for a fleet of nearly 800 cars of R46s , R68s , R68As , serving

15000-458: Was built to replace the elevated Fulton Street Elevated , which ran above Fulton Street from Boerum Place to Van Sinderen Avenue, south along Van Sinderen Avenue to Pitkin Avenue, down Pitkin Avenue to Euclid Avenue, and up Euclid Avenue, where it turned east on Liberty Avenue. As in Manhattan, the older elevated tracks were seen as depressing real estate values. The subway was designed to follow

15125-481: Was closed on June 1, 1946, due to low ridership and because of its close proximity to the Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station. After World War II ended, workers and materials became available for public use again. The badly needed extension to the more efficient terminal at Broadway− East New York (the current Broadway Junction station) opened on December 30, 1946. The extension of the Fulton Street Line,

15250-899: Was developed further. Other Central European countries also have metro lines, for example in the cities of Budapest (Hungary), Prague (Czech Republic) and Warsaw (Poland). In Eastern Europe , metro systems are in operation in Minsk (Belarus), Kyiv (Ukraine), Riga (Latvia), Vilnius (Lithuania) and Moscow (Russia). In Southeastern European countries, there are metro systems in Athens and Thessaloniki (Greece), Belgrade (Serbia), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Istanbul (Turkey). In Northern Europe , rapid transit systems exist in Copenhagen (Denmark), Oslo (Norway), Stockholm (Sweden) and Helsinki (Finland). Various terms are used for rapid transit systems around North America . The term metro

15375-702: Was low and suburbs tended to spread out . Since the 1970s, the viability of underground train systems in Australian cities, particularly Sydney and Melbourne , has been reconsidered and proposed as a solution to over-capacity. Melbourne had tunnels and stations developed in the 1970s and opened in 1980. The first line of the Sydney Metro was opened in 2019. Since the 1960s, many new systems have been introduced in Europe , Asia and Latin America . In

15500-654: Was originally part of the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT)'s Fulton Street elevated line ; the Elevated in Brooklyn was closed and demolished in stages with the opening of the subway line. The following services use part or all of the IND Fulton Street Line: Under Fulton Street , the line is mainly single level, except at Nostrand Avenue , where the express tracks are on the upper level and

15625-684: Was proposed as part of the MTA's 2025–2029 Capital Program. Early in the planning of the subway, the city considered recapturing parts of the BMT Jamaica Line , which had been built under the Dual Contracts. This would have created two branches of the Fulton Street Subway east of Broadway Junction. Bellmouths were built into the outer walls of the subway tunnel just east of the Broadway Junction station for

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