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37-435: IODP may refer to: International Ocean Discovery Program , a marine research program that began in 2013 Integrated Ocean Drilling Program , a marine research program between 2003 and 2013 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title IODP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

74-512: A Rock Abrasion Tool , which is logically equivalent to the "rotary sidewall core" tool described below.) Some common techniques include: Although often neglected, core samples always degrade to some degree in the process of cutting the core, handling it, and studying it. Non-destructive techniques are increasingly common, e.g., the use of MRI scanning to characterize grains, pore fluids, pore spaces ( porosity ) and their interactions (constituting part of permeability ) but such expensive subtlety

111-420: A hand-caught core from a soft soil section) to tens of millions of currency units (for sidewall cores from a remote-area offshore borehole many kilometres deep). Inadequate recording of such basic data has ruined the utility of both types of core. Different disciplines have different local conventions of recording these data, and the user should familiarize themselves with their area's conventions. For example, in

148-654: A larger than previously expected earthquake to occur. IODP's early climate studies focused on efforts to understand the Asian monsoon system . Expeditions 353, 354, 355, and 359 collected sediments from the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman Sea, and the Arabian Sea. These sediments were eroded from the land and primarily carried by rivers to the ocean, where some of the sediments have laid buried for millions of years. By analyzing

185-475: A later date ; destroying the "incorrect" depth data makes it impossible to correct a mistake later. Any system for retaining and archiving data and core samples needs to be designed so that dissenting opinion like this can be retained. If core samples from a campaign are competent, it is common practice to "slab" them – cut the sample into two or more samples longitudinally – quite early in laboratory processing so that one set of samples can be archived early in

222-457: A person's bones for microscopic examination to help diagnose diseases. The composition of the subject materials can vary from almost liquid to the strongest materials found in nature or technology, and the location of the subject materials can vary from on the laboratory bench to over 10  km from the surface of the Earth in a borehole . The range of equipment and techniques applied to the task

259-485: A wide range of Earth science topics, including past climate and ocean conditions, monsoon systems, seismogenic zones, the formation of continental crust and ocean basins, major extinction events , the role of serpentinization in driving hydrothermal systems , and the temperature limits of life in the deep biosphere . An early outcome of the program harkens back to the original motivation for scientific ocean drilling with Project Mohole – drilling and sampling across

296-417: Is a cylindrical section of (usually) a naturally-occurring substance. Most core samples are obtained by drilling with special drills into the substance, such as sediment or rock, with a hollow steel tube, called a core drill . The hole made for the core sample is called the "core hole". A variety of core samplers exist to sample different media under different conditions; there is continuing development in

333-470: Is becoming increasingly common to retain core samples in cylindrical packaging which forms part of the core-cutting equipment, and to make the marks of record on these "inner barrels" in the field prior to further processing and analysis in the laboratory. Sometimes core is shipped from the field to the laboratory in as long a length as it comes out of the ground; other times it is cut into standard lengths (5m or 1m or 3 ft) for shipping, then reassembled in

370-428: Is correspondingly great. Core samples are most often taken with their long axis oriented roughly parallel to the axis of a borehole, or parallel to the gravity field for the gravity-driven tools. However it is also possible to take core samples from the wall of an existing borehole. Taking samples from an exposure, be it an overhanging rock face or on a different planet, is almost trivial. (The Mars Exploration Rovers carry

407-517: Is facilitated by the Index to Marine & Lacustrine Geological Samples . Coring began as a method of sampling surroundings of ore deposits and oil exploration. It soon expanded to oceans , lakes , ice , mud , soil and wood . Cores on very old trees give information about their growth rings without destroying the tree. Cores indicate variations of climate , species and sedimentary composition during geologic history. The dynamic phenomena of

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444-465: Is laid out in the program's science plan, Illuminating Earth's Past, Present, and Future . The science plan covers a 10-year period of operations and consists of a list of scientific challenges that are organized into four themes called Climate and Ocean Change, Biosphere Frontiers, Earth Connections, and Earth in Motion. The science plan was developed by the international scientific community to identify

481-480: Is likely wasted on a core that has been shaken on an unsprung lorry for 300 km of dirt road. What happens to cores between the retrieval equipment and the final laboratory (or archive) is an often neglected part of record keeping and core management. Coring has come to be recognized as an important source of data, and more attention and care is being put on preventing damage to the core during various stages of it transportation and analysis. The usual way to do this

518-593: Is the implementing organization for mission-specific platform expeditions. ESO is also responsible for managing the IODP Bremen Core Repository. IODP expeditions are based on research proposals submitted by scientists that address the objectives described in the program's science plan. Advisory panels of international experts then rigorously evaluate the proposal for science quality, feasibility, safety, and any environmental issues. Proposals that are determined to be of high quality are forwarded to

555-401: Is to freeze the core completely using liquid nitrogen, which is cheaply sourced. In some cases, special polymers are also used to preserve and seat/cushion the core from damage. Equally, a core sample which cannot be related to its context (where it was before it became a core sample) has lost much of its benefit. The identification of the borehole, and the position and orientation ("way up") of

592-438: Is very much easier to work with than the typically rough, curved surface of core samples when they're fresh from the coring equipment. Photography of raw and "slabbed" core surfaces is routine, often under both natural and ultra-violet light. A unit of length occasionally used in the literature on seabed cores is cmbsf , an abbreviation for centimeters below sea floor. The technique of coring long predates attempts to drill into

629-567: The Earth ’s mantle by the Deep Sea Drilling Program . The value to oceanic and other geologic history of obtaining cores over a wide area of sea floors soon became apparent. Core sampling by many scientific and exploratory organizations expanded rapidly. To date hundreds of thousands of core samples have been collected from floors of all the planet's oceans and many of its inland waters . Access to many of these samples

666-643: The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST), Australian-New Zealand IODP Consortium (ANZIC), and India's Ministry of Earth Science (MoES). Together, these entities represent a coalition of over two dozen countries. The IODP funding model differs from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program in that NSF, MEXT, and ECORD each manage their own drilling platform. International partners directly contribute to

703-581: The Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) and into the upper part of Earth's mantle. Expedition 360 was the initial part a multiphase project whose goal, among others, is to directly sample the mantle for the first time. The expedition took place near the Southwest Indian Ridge at a location where the crust is particularly thin due to the formation of an oceanic core complex . Expedition 360 completed 790 meters of drilling and IODP plans to return to

740-712: The Earth's climate and tectonic history. A study examining samples collected from around the world concluded that the rate of carbon release today is 10 times greater than during the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum or anytime during the past 66 million years. And, measurements taken in the Nankai Trough near Japan show that slow slip earthquakes are releasing about 50% of the subduction zone's energy, which has implications for understanding tsunami hazards. October 2013 to April 2022 (Expeditions 349–392) Core sample A core sample

777-524: The Earth's surface are for the most part cyclical in a number of ways, especially temperature and rainfall . There are many ways to date a core. Once dated, it gives valuable information about changes of climate and terrain . For example, cores in the ocean floor, soil and ice have altered the view of the geologic history of the Pleistocene entirely. Reverse circulation drilling is a method in which rock cuttings are continuously extracted through

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814-673: The IODP core repositories in Bremen, Germany (IODP Bremen Core Repository), College Station, Texas (IODP Gulf Coast Repository), and Kochi, Japan (Kochi Core Center). Scientists may visit any one of the facilities for onsite research or request a loan for teaching purposes/analysis. Archived cores include not only IODP samples, but also those retrieved by the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. IODP expeditions have investigated

851-464: The analysis sequence as a protection against errors in processing. "Slabbing" the core into a 2/3 and a 1/3 set is common. It is also common for one set to be retained by the main customer while the second set goes to the government (who often impose a condition for such donation as a condition of exploration/ exploitation licensing). "Slabbing" also has the benefit of preparing a flat, smooth surface for examination and testing of profile permeability, which

888-467: The appropriate facility board ( JOIDES Resolution Facility Board, Chikyū IODP Board, and ECORD Facility Board) for scheduling. IODP publishes a detailed account of findings and makes all samples and cores freely available. IODP's open data policy assures global access to the information collected by the program, and it allows scientists to use data from multiple expeditions to investigate new hypotheses. Cores collected during expeditions are stored at

925-544: The chemical and physical properties of the sediments, scientists are learning about the evolution of mountain growth, monsoonal precipitation, weathering and erosion, and climate across the region and across multiple time scales. For example, one such study discovered that the monsoonal winds that drive the region's climate began suddenly 12.9 million years ago. Scientific studies from subseafloor instruments and IODP's core archives, which contain samples from this and previous ocean drilling programs, are also yielding insights into

962-404: The collected samples and data shows that the asteroid's impact caused rocks from deep in the Earth to shoot up and form the large mountains of the peak ring in a matter of minutes. The sediments overlying the peak ring also provide a record of how life returned to the area after the mass extinction event. In addition to studying how the Earth moves in response to impact events, IODP also studies

999-410: The core in the borehole is critical, even if the borehole is in a tree trunk – dendrochronologists always try to include a bark surface in their samples so that the date of most-recent growth of the tree can be unambiguously determined. If these data become separated from core samples, it is generally impossible to regain that data. The cost of a coring operation can vary from a few currency units (for

1036-407: The depth "of record" for a particular piece of core differs between the two methods of measurement. Which set of measurements to believe then becomes a matter of policy for the client (in an industrial setting) or of great controversy (in a context without an overriding authority). Recording that there are discrepancies, for whatever reason, retains the possibility of correcting an incorrect decision at

1073-534: The highest priority science for the program. IODP uses multiple drilling platforms ( JOIDES Resolution , Chikyū , and mission-specific platforms) to access different subseafloor environments during research expeditions. These facilities are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD), alongside

1110-437: The laboratory. Some of the "inner barrel" systems are capable of being reversed on the core sample, so that in the laboratory the sample goes "wrong way up" when the core is reassembled. This can complicate interpretation. If the borehole has petrophysical measurements made of the wall rocks, and these measurements are repeated along the length of the core then the two data sets correlated, one will almost universally find that

1147-411: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IODP&oldid=983806597 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages International Ocean Discovery Program The scientific scope of IODP

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1184-440: The oil industry, orientation of the core is typically recorded by marking the core with two longitudinal colour streaks, with the red one on the right when the core is being retrieved and marked at surface. Cores cut for mineral mining may have their own, different, conventions. Civil engineering or soil studies may have their own, different, conventions as their materials are often not competent enough to make permanent marks on. It

1221-523: The operating costs of the drilling platforms in exchange for scientific participation on the expeditions and seats on the advisory panels. The research vessel JOIDES Resolution (JR) is managed and operated for NSF by the JOIDES Resolution Science Operator (JRSO), which is based at Texas A&M University (TAMU). The JRSO was formalized as the implementing organization for IODP in 2014. The drilling vessel Chikyū

1258-460: The processes that cause earthquakes. For example, Expedition 362 brought new insight to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami through the sampling and analysis of sediments and rocks from the oceanic plate that feeds the Sumatra subduction zone. The science team discovered that the sediment's minerals dehydrated before reaching the subduction zone, resulting in a strong fault that allowed for

1295-527: The site in the coming years to continue the research. Expedition 364 sampled the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater , which is buried offshore near the Yucatán Peninsula. Chicxulub is the only well-preserved crater on Earth with a peak ring and was formed when an asteroid slammed into the planet 66 million years ago, killing off non-avian dinosaurs and most life on the planet. Analysis of

1332-489: The technology. In the coring process, the sample is pushed more or less intact into the tube. Removed from the tube in the laboratory, it is inspected and analyzed by different techniques and equipment depending on the type of data desired. Core samples can be taken to test the properties of manmade materials, such as concrete , ceramics , some metals and alloys, especially the softer ones. Core samples can also be taken of living things, including human beings, especially of

1369-682: Was constructed and operated for MEXT by Japan's Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX), which was established within the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) in October 2002. In 2019, JAMSTEC merged CDEX with its Marine Technology and Engineering Center (MARITEC) to create a new department, the Institute of Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3). MarE3 is the current implementing organization for Chikyū . The ECORD Science Operator (ESO), established in 2003,

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