56-556: [REDACTED] Look up IAP in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. IAP may refer to: Medicine [ edit ] Intra-abdominal pressure Organizations [ edit ] Adventist Church of Promise (Portuguese: Igreja Adventista da Promessa ), evangelical Christian church based in Brazil Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research ,
112-468: A Thanksgiving dinner can produce very high concentrations of particulate matter, exceeding 300 μg/m . Particulates can penetrate deep into the lungs and brain from blood streams, causing health problems such as heart disease , lung disease , cancer and preterm birth . Other small particles include airborne microplastics , for example in the form of microplastic dust produced during renovation , building, bridge and road reconstruction projects and
168-568: A gaseous and a particulate materials which, with particular hazards arising from levels of carbon monoxide and very small particulates (fine particulate matter, especially PM2.5 and PM10 ) which get into the bronchioles and alveoles in the lung. Inhaling secondhand smoke on multiple occasions can cause asthma , pneumonia , lung cancer , and sudden infant death syndrome , among other conditions. Thirdhand smoke (THS) refers to chemicals that settle on objects and bodies indoors after smoking. Exposure to thirdhand smoke can happen even after
224-677: A German institute operated by the Fraunhofer Society Independent American Party of Nevada , the Nevada Constitution Party affiliate Information Age Publishing , American academic publisher in Charlotte, North Carolina Institut d'astrophysique de Paris (Paris Astrophysical Institute), a French scientific organization Institution of Analysts and Programmers , an international institution for professions involved in
280-436: A German institute operated by the Fraunhofer Society Independent American Party of Nevada , the Nevada Constitution Party affiliate Information Age Publishing , American academic publisher in Charlotte, North Carolina Institut d'astrophysique de Paris (Paris Astrophysical Institute), a French scientific organization Institution of Analysts and Programmers , an international institution for professions involved in
336-599: A former name of the American musical group The Duprees See also [ edit ] IAPS (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title IAP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IAP&oldid=1021542638 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
392-543: A former name of the American musical group The Duprees See also [ edit ] IAPS (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title IAP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IAP&oldid=1021542638 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
448-427: A much greater risk of developing asthma and allergic rhinitis . More than half of adult workers in moldy or humid buildings suffer from nasal or sinus symptoms due to mold exposure. Some varieties of mold contain toxic compounds ( mycotoxins ). However, exposure to hazardous levels of mycotoxin via inhalation is not possible in most cases, as toxins are produced by the fungal body and are not at significant levels in
504-639: A non-governmental organisation established by the United Nations in 1995 Irish Academic Press , independent Irish academic publisher based in Newbridge, County Kildare Islamic Association of Palestine , a defunct Islamic fund-raising organization Italian African Police ( Polizia dell'Africa Italiana ), the police force of Italian-controlled areas in Africa in 1936-1941 Science and technology [ edit ] Identical ancestors point ,
560-465: A non-governmental organisation established by the United Nations in 1995 Irish Academic Press , independent Irish academic publisher based in Newbridge, County Kildare Islamic Association of Palestine , a defunct Islamic fund-raising organization Italian African Police ( Polizia dell'Africa Italiana ), the police force of Italian-controlled areas in Africa in 1936-1941 Science and technology [ edit ] Identical ancestors point ,
616-490: A point in time in the past where every living member of a species at that time is either an ancestor to all living of that species or none living Identity-Aware Proxy, part of the Google Cloud Platform , that uses identity and context to guard access to your applications and VMs Imaging atom probe In-app purchase , a way of purchasing virtual goods in mobile applications In-application programming,
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#1732771890823672-418: A point in time in the past where every living member of a species at that time is either an ancestor to all living of that species or none living Identity-Aware Proxy, part of the Google Cloud Platform , that uses identity and context to guard access to your applications and VMs Imaging atom probe In-app purchase , a way of purchasing virtual goods in mobile applications In-application programming,
728-424: A relative humidity of indoor air below 60%, in agreement with the guidelines for thermal comfort that recommend a relative humidity between 40 and 60 %. Moisture buildup in buildings may arise from water penetrating areas of the building envelope or fabric, from plumbing leaks, rainwater or groundwater penetration, or from condensation due to improper ventilation, insufficient heating or poor thermal quality of
784-450: A retrotransposable element subfamily linked to epigenetic variability Transportation [ edit ] Instrument approach procedure , a published procedure for the final approach for landing at an airport under instrument flight rules International airport Other uses [ edit ] Independent Activities Period , held at MIT every year immediately after winter vacation The Italian Asphalt & Pavement Company ,
840-450: A retrotransposable element subfamily linked to epigenetic variability Transportation [ edit ] Instrument approach procedure , a published procedure for the final approach for landing at an airport under instrument flight rules International airport Other uses [ edit ] Independent Activities Period , held at MIT every year immediately after winter vacation The Italian Asphalt & Pavement Company ,
896-449: A significantly higher hazard as they are more likely to release fibers to the air. Indoors ozone (O 3 ) is produced by certain high-voltage electric devices (such as air ionizers ), and as a by-product of other types of pollution. It appears in lower concentrations indoors than outdoors, usually at 0.2-0.7 of the outdoor concentration. Typically, most ozone is lost to surface reactions indoors, rather than to reactions in air, due to
952-842: A way to program computer logic devices while they are being operated by the system Indanylaminopropane , an uncommon psychoactive chemical sometimes compared to MDMA Index of air purity, a measure of air quality Inhibitor of apoptosis , a protein family involved in the suppression of programmed cell death (apoptosis) Integrated automation platform Integrin Associated Protein or CD47 protein Internet access provider, also known as an Internet service provider Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, for Group B streptococcal infection IPTV Application Platform, an IPTV application platform from Ericsson Indoor Air Pollution Indoor air quality Intracisternal A particle,
1008-720: A way to program computer logic devices while they are being operated by the system Indanylaminopropane , an uncommon psychoactive chemical sometimes compared to MDMA Index of air purity, a measure of air quality Inhibitor of apoptosis , a protein family involved in the suppression of programmed cell death (apoptosis) Integrated automation platform Integrin Associated Protein or CD47 protein Internet access provider, also known as an Internet service provider Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, for Group B streptococcal infection IPTV Application Platform, an IPTV application platform from Ericsson Indoor Air Pollution Indoor air quality Intracisternal A particle,
1064-506: Is 4 mg/m . Acute exposure should not exceed 10 mg/m in 8 hours, 35 mg/m in one hour and 100 mg/m in 15 minutes. Secondhand smoke is tobacco smoke which affects people other than the 'active' smoker. It is made up of the exhaled smoke (15%) and mostly of smoke coming from the burning end of the cigarette, known as sidestream smoke (85%). Secondhand smoke contains more than 7000 chemicals, of which hundreds are harmful to health. Secondhand tobacco smoke includes both
1120-438: Is 60 μg/m for long-term exposure and 100 μg/m as the maximum average over an 8-hour period. The EPA standard for ozone concentration is 0.07 ppm average over an 8-hour period. Occupants in buildings can be exposed to fungal spores, cell fragments, or mycotoxins which can arise from a host of means, but there are two common classes: (a) excess moisture induced growth of mold colonies and (b) natural substances released into
1176-601: Is a parasite of protozoans such as amoeba , and thus requires conditions suitable for both organisms. The bacterium forms a biofilm which is resistant to chemical and antimicrobial treatments, including chlorine. Remediation for Legionella outbreaks in commercial buildings vary, but often include very hot water flushes (160 °F (71 °C)), sterilisation of standing water in evaporative cooling basins, replacement of shower heads, and, in some cases, flushes of heavy metal salts. Preventive measures include adjusting normal hot water levels to allow for 120 °F (49 °C) at
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#17327718908231232-447: Is a particular concern in low and middle-income countries where such practices are common. Cooking using natural gas (also called fossil gas, methane gas or simply gas) is associated with poorer indoor air quality. Combustion of gas produces nitrogen dioxide and carbon monixide, and can lead to increased concentrations of nitrogen dioxide throughout the home environment which is linked to respiratory issues and diseases . One of
1288-530: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages IAP [REDACTED] Look up IAP in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. IAP may refer to: Medicine [ edit ] Intra-abdominal pressure Organizations [ edit ] Adventist Church of Promise (Portuguese: Igreja Adventista da Promessa ), evangelical Christian church based in Brazil Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research ,
1344-807: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Indoor air quality Indoor air quality ( IAQ ) is the air quality within buildings and structures . Poor indoor air quality due to indoor air pollution is known to affect the health, comfort, and well-being of building occupants. It has also been linked to sick building syndrome , respiratory issues, reduced productivity, and impaired learning in schools. Common pollutants of indoor air include: secondhand tobacco smoke , air pollutants from indoor combustion , radon , molds and other allergens , carbon monoxide , volatile organic compounds , legionella and other bacteria, asbestos fibers , carbon dioxide , ozone and particulates . Source control, filtration, and
1400-452: Is part of indoor environmental quality (IEQ), along with other factors that exert an influence on physical and psychological aspects of life indoors (e.g., lighting, visual quality, acoustics, and thermal comfort). Indoor air pollution is a major health hazard in developing countries and is commonly referred to as " household air pollution " in that context. It is mostly relating to cooking and heating methods by burning biomass fuel , in
1456-538: Is significant for human health as humans spend a large proportion of their time in indoor environments. Americans and Europeans on average spend approximately 90% of their time indoors. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3.2 million people die prematurely every year from illnesses attributed to indoor air pollution caused by indoor cooking, with over 237 thousand of these being children under 5. These include around an eighth of all global ischaemic heart disease , stroke , and lung cancer deaths. Overall
1512-416: Is used in the home. Benzene is emitted from fuel stored in attached garages. Human activities such as cooking and cleaning can also emit VOCs. Cooking can release long-chain aldehydes and alkanes when oil is heated and terpenes can be released when spices are prepared and/or cooked. Leaks of natural gas from cooking appliances have been linked to elevated levels of VOCs including benzene in homes in
1568-903: The US. Due to these initiatives an increasing number of low-emitting products became available to purchase. At least 18 microbial VOCs (MVOCs) have been characterised including 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom alcohol), 3-Methylfuran , 2-pentanol , 2-hexanone , 2-heptanone , 3-octanone , 3-octanol , 2-octen-1-ol , 1-octene , 2-pentanone , 2-nonanone , borneol , geosmin , 1-butanol , 3-methyl-1-butanol , 3-methyl-2-butanol , and thujopsene . The last four are products of Stachybotrys chartarum , which has been linked with sick building syndrome . Many common building materials used before 1975 contain asbestos , such as some floor tiles, ceiling tiles, shingles, fireproofing, heating systems, pipe wrap, taping muds, mastics, and other insulation materials. Normally, significant releases of asbestos fiber do not occur unless
1624-861: The USA. Cleaning products contain a range of VOCs, including monoterpenes , sesquiterpenes , alcohols and esters . Once released into the air, VOCs can undergo reactions with ozone and hydroxyl radicals to produce other VOCs, such as formaldehyde. Health effects include eye, nose, and throat irritation ; headaches , loss of coordination, nausea ; and damage to the liver , kidney, and central nervous system . Testing emissions from building materials used indoors has become increasingly common for floor coverings, paints, and many other important indoor building materials and finishes. Indoor materials such as gypsum boards or carpet act as VOC 'sinks', by trapping VOC vapors for extended periods of time, and releasing them by outgassing . The VOCs can also undergo transformation at
1680-574: The WHO estimated that poor indoor air quality resulted in the loss of 86 million healthy life years in 2019. Studies in the UK and Europe show exposure to indoor air pollutants, chemicals and biological contamination can irritate the upper airway system, trigger or exacerbate asthma and other respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, and may even have carcinogenic effects. Poor indoor air quality can cause sick building syndrome . Symptoms include burning of
1736-556: The actual cigarette smoke is not present anymore and affect those entering the indoor environment much later. Toxic substances of THS can react with other chemicals in the air and produce new toxic chemicals that are otherwise not present in cigarettes. The only certain method to improve indoor air quality as regards secondhand smoke is to eliminate smoking indoors. Indoor e-cigarette use also increases home particulate matter concentrations. Atmospheric particulate matter, also known as particulates , can be found indoors and can affect
IAP - Misplaced Pages Continue
1792-948: The air such as animal dander and plant pollen. While mold growth is associated with high moisture levels, it is likely to grow when a combination of favorable conditions arises. As well as high moisture levels, these conditions include suitable temperatures, pH and nutrient sources. Mold grows primarily on surfaces, and it reproduces by releasing spores, which can travel and settle in different locations. When these spores experience appropriate conditions, they can germinate and lead to mycelium growth. Different mold species favor different environmental conditions to germinate and grow, some being more hydrophilic (growing at higher levels of relative humidity) and other more xerophilic (growing at levels of relative humidity as low as 75–80%). Mold growth can be inhibited by keeping surfaces at conditions that are further from condensation, with relative humidity levels below 75%. This usually translates to
1848-465: The air. Inhalation of asbestos fibers over long exposure times is associated with increased incidence of lung cancer , mesothelioma , and asbestosis . The risk of lung cancer from inhaling asbestos fibers is significantly greater for smokers. The symptoms of disease do not usually appear until about 20 to 30 years after the first exposure to asbestos. Although all asbestos is hazardous, products that are friable, e.g. sprayed coatings and insulation, pose
1904-470: The analysis, development and testing of software Integrated Applications Promotion , a European Space Agency programme for developing applications of space-based technology InterAcademy Panel , an international organization for cooperation of science academies International Academy of Pathology , an international organization dedicated to the advancement of Pathology through educational exchanges worldwide. International Association of Prosecutors ,
1960-470: The analysis, development and testing of software Integrated Applications Promotion , a European Space Agency programme for developing applications of space-based technology InterAcademy Panel , an international organization for cooperation of science academies International Academy of Pathology , an international organization dedicated to the advancement of Pathology through educational exchanges worldwide. International Association of Prosecutors ,
2016-647: The bathroom floor drains, exacerbated by the draw of bathroom exhaust fans, resulting in the rapid spread of SARS in Amoy Gardens in Hong Kong . Elsewhere in Hong Kong, SARS CoV RNA was found on the carpet and in the air intake vents of the Metropole Hotel, which showed that secondary environmental contamination could generate infectious aerosols and resulted in superspreading events. Humans are
2072-719: The brain of oxygen, acute exposure to carbon monoxide may have effects on the neurological system (headache, nausea, dizziness, alteration in consciousness and subjective weakness), the cardiovascular and respiratory systems ( myocardial infarction , shortness of breath, or rapid breathing, respiratory failure ). Acute exposure can also lead to long-term neurological effects such as cognitive and behavioural changes. Severe CO poisoning may lead to unconsciousness, coma and death. Chronic exposure to low concentrations of carbon monoxide may lead to lethargy, headaches, nausea, flu-like symptoms and neuropsychological and cardiovascular issues. The WHO recommended levels of indoor CO exposure in 24 hours
2128-443: The building envelope. Even something as simple as drying clothes indoors on radiators can increase the risk of mold growth, if the humidity produced is not able to escape the building via ventilation. Mold predominantly affects the airways and lungs. Known effects of mold on health include asthma development and exacerbation, with children and elderly at greater risk of more severe health impacts. Infants in homes with mold have
2184-433: The building materials are disturbed, such as by cutting, sanding, drilling, or building remodelling. Removal of asbestos-containing materials is not always optimal because the fibers can be spread into the air during the removal process. A management program for intact asbestos-containing materials is often recommended instead. When asbestos-containing material is damaged or disintegrates, microscopic fibers are dispersed into
2240-656: The eyes, scratchy throat, blocked nose, and headaches. Indoor combustion, such as for cooking or heating, is a major cause of indoor air pollution and causes significant health harms and premature deaths. Hydrocarbon fires cause air pollution. Pollution is caused by both biomass and fossil fuels of various types, but some forms of fuels are more harmful than others. Indoor fire can produce black carbon particles, nitrogen oxides , sulfur oxides , and mercury compounds , among other emissions. Around 3 billion people cook over open fires or on rudimentary cook stoves. Cooking fuels are coal, wood, animal dung, and crop residues. IAQ
2296-452: The form of wood , charcoal , dung , and crop residue , in indoor environments that lack proper ventilation. Millions of people, primarily women and children, face serious health risks. In total, about three billion people in developing countries are affected by this problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that cooking-related indoor air pollution causes 3.8 million annual deaths. The Global Burden of Disease study estimated
IAP - Misplaced Pages Continue
2352-623: The gas-phase, or on surfaces. VOCs presenting health hazards include benzene , formaldehyde , tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene . VOCs are emitted by thousands of indoor products. Examples include: paints, varnishes, waxes and lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning and personal care products, pesticides, building materials and furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper , graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers, and photographic solutions. Chlorinated drinking water releases chloroform when hot water
2408-603: The health of occupants. Indoor particulate matter can come from different indoor sources or be created as secondary aerosols through indoor gas-to-particle reactions. They can also be outdoor particles that enter indoors. These indoor particles vary widely in size, ranging from nanomet (nanoparticles/ultrafine particles emitted from combustion sources) to micromet (resuspensed dust). Particulate matter can also be produced through cooking activities. Frying produces higher concentrations than boiling or grilling and cooking meat produces higher concentrations than cooking vegetables. Preparing
2464-513: The indoor air. Air pollutants can enter a building in many ways, including through open doors or windows. Poorly maintained air conditioners/ventilation systems can harbor mold, bacteria, and other contaminants, which are then circulated throughout indoor spaces, contributing to respiratory problems and allergies. There have been many debates among indoor air quality specialists about the proper definition of indoor air quality and specifically what constitutes "acceptable" indoor air quality. IAQ
2520-620: The large surface to volume ratios found indoors. Outdoor air used for ventilation may have sufficient ozone to react with common indoor pollutants as well as skin oils and other common indoor air chemicals or surfaces. Particular concern is warranted when using "green" cleaning products based on citrus or terpene extracts, because these chemicals react very quickly with ozone to form toxic and irritating chemicals as well as fine and ultrafine particles . Ventilation with outdoor air containing elevated ozone concentrations may complicate remediation attempts. The WHO standard for ozone concentration
2576-563: The main indoor source of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in most buildings. Indoor CO 2 levels are an indicator of the adequacy of outdoor air ventilation relative to indoor occupant density and metabolic activity. Indoor CO 2 levels above 500 ppm can lead to higher blood pressure and heart rate, and increased peripheral blood circulation. With CO 2 concentrations above 1000 ppm cognitive performance might be affected, especially when doing complex tasks, making decision making and problem solving slower but not less accurate. However, evidence on
2632-519: The main sources of indoor CO emission come from cooking and heating devices that burn fossil fuels and are faulty, incorrectly installed or poorly maintained. Appliance malfunction may be due to faulty installation or lack of maintenance and proper use. In low- and middle-income countries the most common sources of CO in homes are burning biomass fuels and cigarette smoke. Health effects of CO poisoning may be acute or chronic and can occur unintentionally or intentionally ( self-harm ). By depriving
2688-435: The most acutely toxic indoor air contaminants is carbon monoxide (CO), a colourless and odourless gas that is a by-product of incomplete combustion . Carbon monoxide may be emitted from tobacco smoke and generated from malfunctioning fuel burning stoves (wood, kerosene, natural gas, propane) and fuel burning heating systems (wood, oil, natural gas) and from blocked flues connected to these appliances. In developed countries
2744-592: The most commonly reported cases of Legionellosis. More than one case has involved outdoor fountains at public attractions. The presence of Legionella in commercial building water supplies is highly under-reported, as healthy people require heavy exposure to acquire infection. Legionella testing typically involves collecting water samples and surface swabs from evaporative cooling basins, shower heads, faucets/taps, and other locations where warm water collects. The samples are then cultured and colony forming units (cfu) of Legionella are quantified as cfu/liter. Legionella
2800-734: The number of deaths in 2017 at 1.6 million. For health reasons it is crucial to breathe clean air, free from chemicals and toxicants as much as possible. It is estimated that humans spend approximately 90% of their lifetime indoors and that indoor air pollution in some places can be much worse than that of the ambient air. Various factors contribute to high concentrations of pollutants indoors, ranging from influx of pollutants from external sources, off-gassing by furniture, furnishings including carpets, indoor activities (cooking, cleaning, painting, smoking, etc. in homes to using office equipment in offices), thermal comfort parameters such as temperature, humidity, airflow and physio-chemical properties of
2856-603: The released spores. Legionnaires' disease is caused by a waterborne bacterium Legionella that grows best in slow-moving or still, warm water. The primary route of exposure is through the creation of an aerosol effect, most commonly from evaporative cooling towers or showerheads. A common source of Legionella in commercial buildings is from poorly placed or maintained evaporative cooling towers, which often release water in an aerosol which may enter nearby ventilation intakes. Outbreaks in medical facilities and nursing homes, where patients are immuno-suppressed and immuno-weak, are
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#17327718908232912-411: The results. A large fraction of the bacteria found in indoor air and dust are shed from humans. Among the most important bacteria known to occur in indoor air are Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pneumoniae . Viruses can also be a concern for indoor air quality. During the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak , virus-laden aerosols were found to have seeped into bathrooms from
2968-685: The surface through interaction with ozone. In both cases, these delayed emissions can result in chronic and low-level exposures to VOCs. Several initiatives aim to reduce indoor air contamination by limiting VOC emissions from products. There are regulations in France and in Germany, and numerous voluntary ecolabels and rating systems containing low VOC emissions criteria such as EMICODE, M1, Blue Angel and Indoor Air Comfort in Europe, as well as California Standard CDPH Section 01350 and several others in
3024-479: The tap, evaluating facility design layout, removing faucet aerators, and periodic testing in suspect areas. There are many bacteria of health significance found in indoor air and on indoor surfaces. The role of microbes in the indoor environment is increasingly studied using modern gene-based analysis of environmental samples. Currently, efforts are under way to link microbial ecologists and indoor air scientists to forge new methods for analysis and to better interpret
3080-439: The use of power tools . Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. There are numerous sources of VOCs indoors, which means that their concentrations are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors. Some VOCs are emitted directly indoors, and some are formed through the subsequent chemical reactions that can occur in
3136-554: The use of ventilation to dilute contaminants are the primary methods for improving indoor air quality. Although ventilation is an integral component of maintaining good indoor air quality, it may not be satisfactory alone. In scenarios where outdoor pollution would deteriorate indoor air quality, other treatment devices such as filtration may also be necessary. IAQ is evaluated through collection of air samples, monitoring human exposure to pollutants, analysis of building surfaces, and computer modeling of air flow inside buildings. IAQ
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