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61-465: IBGE is a public institute created in 1936 under the name National Institute of Statistics . Its founder and chief proponent was statistician Mário Augusto Teixeira de Freitas. The current name dates from 1938. Its headquarters are located in Rio de Janeiro , and its current president is Marcio Pochmann , replacing Eduardo Rios Neto. It was made a federal agency by Decree-Law No. 161 on February 13, 1967, and

122-504: A civil war . One such general was Augusto Tasso Fragoso , the former Army Chief of Staff, who earlier told the former Rio Grande do Sul deputy Lindolfo Collor that he might join the revolution if it turned nationwide. After attending Mass for a general who had been killed in Paraíba, Tasso Fragoso told General João de Deus Mena Barreto that a rebellion in Rio seemed imminent. Mena Barreto

183-580: A favorable climate for revolution and promoted social change, as the government was deemed responsible for his murder. The 1930 revolution was planned to have begun on August 26, but the date was delayed to allow the Brigada Militar of Rio Grande do Sul to participate in the movement. Vargas, now in charge of picking a date, decided to begin instead at 5:30 p.m. on October 3 in Rio Grande do Sul. Vargas lured General Gil de Almeida, who

244-429: A man frankly divorced from the common interest." After bowing, Tasso Fragoso offered Luís his life to which the president proclaimed, in a firm and dry tone, "The last thing I cherish at a time like this is my life. My blood will soak the soil so that a better Brazil may emerge, a true national regeneration." After Luís refused to resign, and tensions climaxed, the general replied, "Your Excellency will be responsible for

305-479: A military junta and briefly ruled the country, for less than two weeks. After negotiations between the revolutionaries and the junta, Vargas arrived in Rio and took power from the junta on 3 November. For the following seven years, Vargas achieved an unprecedented consolidation of power with transitional governments until he proclaimed the Estado Novo in 1937 in a coup d'état . Vargas remained in office until he

366-468: A new constitution on July 16, 1934, which resulted in Vargas being elected by delegates in the 1934 Brazilian presidential election . A communist revolution broke out in 1935 , but it, like the 1932 revolution, was effectively suppressed. However, a fascist revolution in 1938 led to a political crisis. Vargas, in the name of law and order, repealed the constitution, abolished political parties, canceled

427-458: A plane crash. On July 26, 1930, João Pessoa , Vargas's running mate in the 1930 election, was assassinated by João Dantas in Recife for political and personal reasons. That became the flashpoint for armed mobilization, and anarchy had ensued in the capital of Paraíba as a result of the murder. Paraíba's capital was also renamed João Pessoa in his honor. Pessoa's murder contributed to creating

488-470: A politician from Paraíba, was selected as his running mate. In 1929, Ribeiro made a speech in which he stated: Allow the revolution by vote, before the people do so through violence. Dissent in the Brazilian military led to an ideology of tenentism . The movement consisted of young officers ( tenentes , meaning lieutenants) opposed to the oligarchic federal system of coffee and milk politics. In 1922,

549-531: A revolutionary proclamation to all of the state's local administrators, with the state police arresting and rounding up federal officers. The well-supplied 12th infantry regiment, however, defended itself in the state capital until October 8. In the Northeast of the country, the revolution was slow to gain movement, mainly because of a quarrel between Aranha and Captain Juarez Távora . Távora insisted

610-485: A small resistance was formed, but the besieged regiment fled across the River Uruguay to Argentina . The revolution proceeded relatively smoothly in the state of Santa Catarina . At the coastal capital of the state, Florianópolis , however, Admiral Heraclito Belford refused Aranha's request to come into the capital and fired on revolutionaries approaching the town although the revolution had control of most of

671-464: A week later, on 11 November, he issued a decree granting himself dictatorial powers. A few ministers appointed from the junta were retained such as the junta member Noronha, who became navy minister. After Vargas had assumed control as interim president, three revolts broke out in Brazil throughout his reign. The first was the 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution , led by São Paulo. The revolution led to

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732-581: Is a juristic person in the United States which is backed through public funds and controlled by the state. Typically a public institution will have a board of trustees who govern the institution and the members of the board are public officials who are appointed by the state (typically a person in the executive branch such as a state governor ) for a fixed term of years. When public institutions are created, they lead to many other establishments such as new laws. In U.S. law, whether an institution

793-463: Is conducted solely by the IBGE, as enshrined in law. Comprehensive demographic data is collected on the population (including age, income, sex, etc.), as well as housing stock. Unlike approaches taken in other countries (e.g., the United States ), the questionnaire asks respondents to self-identify by skin color , phrasing the question as " Color or Race ". The most recent census was conducted in 2010;

854-588: Is linked to the Ministry of the Economy , inside the Secretariat of Planning, Budget and Management. IBGE has a network of national research and dissemination components, comprising: Also in Rio are five boards and a school: Executive Directors (ED), Directorate of Research (DPE), Department of Geosciences (DGC), Department of Informatics (DI), Center for Documentation and Information Dissemination (CDDI) and

915-456: Is public or private determines how bound the institution is to the requirements for civil rights to which the state must conform (see also Equal Protection Clause ). A public institution is required to conform to the same requirements as the state for constitutional questions meaning that the U.S. Constitution , especially the Bill of Rights , applies to the institution as does the constitution of

976-712: Is responsible for documentation and dissemination of information produced by the institute as well as coordinating the 27 CDDIs in the country, and the National School of Statistical Sciences, besides being responsible for training the institute's employees, is a federal institution of higher learning that offers the following courses: BA in statistics; specialization in Environmental Analysis and Management Planning, and Masters in Population Studies and Social Research. The IBGE also maintains

1037-457: Is responsible for estimating populations annually for every municipality in the country, and these population counts enhance the quality of estimates. The first population count was conducted in 1996, not only to update population data, but also to get municipality level data after the emergence and redefinition of new municipalities after the census of 1991. The most recent count was done in 2007, delayed from 2005 because of budgetary concerns, and

1098-476: The 1926 Brazilian presidential election with 98% of the vote, and his administration was an unusual period of prosperity, domestic peace, and tranquility. In accordance with the coffee with milk tradition, the candidate for the 1930 election should have been Antônio Carlos Ribeiro, the Governor of Minas Gerais . However, Ribeiro's backing for mandatory religious instruction in state public schools, coupled with

1159-641: The National School of Statistical Sciences  [ pt ] , a degree-granting institution. The Directorate of Research is responsible for planning and coordinating the research of nature and processing of statistical data collected by the state units; the Department of Geosciences is responsible for basic cartography , the national geodetic system, with a survey of natural resources and environment and by survey and geographical studies. The Center for Documentation and Information Dissemination

1220-594: The Roncador Ecological Reserve , situated 35 km south of Brasília. Gives an overview of the economy and describes the phenomena of economic life: production, consumption and wealth accumulation, providing a comprehensive and simplified representation of these data. The System of National Accounts IBGE follows the most recent UN recommendations expressed in the Handbook of National Accounts (System of National Accounts 1993 , SNA), including

1281-479: The archbishop of Rio de Janeiro, arrived in the capital from Rome . Two days earlier, he had been convinced by Cavalcanti that in the interest of peace, he should procure Luís's resignation. When Leme tried to discuss this with Luís, the President replied, "What! Then Your Eminence doubts the loyalty of my generals!" Many generals believed that the President's continued stubbornness was useless, and they feared

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1342-482: The 1920s. Although still dependent on coffee exports, the world prices for Brazil's coffee had more than doubled by 1925, with slight decline afterward. The economy saw turmoil with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , and coffee prices declined sharply as the economy failed. The mobilization of industrial workers throughout that period was another leading cause of the revolution. Osvaldo Aranha , who became

1403-546: The 1938 presidential elections, and pronounced a new Constitution: the 1937 Estado Novo Constitution. Vargas's powers were expanded exponentially: he abolished the legislative assembly and replaced most state governors with men whom he approved, which led to a lack of any check on his powers and started the Third Brazilian Republic , better known as the Estado Novo, in which Vargas essentially became

1464-433: The 2016 count was completely cancelled for similar reasons. The agricultural census collects information on agricultural establishments, forests and/or aquaculture of all municipalities of the country. The goal of this research is to update previous census data and to provide information about economic, social, and environmental farming. Since 1996, the census has occurred roughly every 10 years. The 1996 agricultural census

1525-554: The 2020 census was delayed to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . A simpler population count (contagem de população) is theoretically made in the interval between two censuses, starting in 1996. These aim to update the data on the number of inhabitants, of great importance to Brazil's cities, because annual grants from the Municipalities Participation Fund are determined mainly by population. The IBGE

1586-557: The First Republic (1889–1930) was dominated by an alliance between the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. An oligarchic practice known as coffee with milk politics , it combined coffee producers in São Paulo with the dairy industry that dominated Minas Gerais. Taking advantage of their economic power and influence, it allowed the two states to alternate the presidency between each other. The paulista Washington Luís won

1647-411: The Northeast, where state governments continued to collapse to the revolutionaries. The state of Bahia was now being invaded by Juraci Magalhães, where a counterrevolution attempt occurred. The former President of Maranhão and Senator Magalhães de Almeida volunteered to recover his state from revolutionaries and to restore it to Luís. Luís allowed Almeida to recover his state if he also supported

1708-555: The President to leave by 11   a.m., and, as a warning, they would begin shooting dry powder after 9   a.m. Luís determined that his wife and other ladies in the Guanabara Palace , Luís's residence, would evacuate and seek shelter in their friends' house in Cosme Velho . Shots of dry powder began as they left, which scared the entire population of Rio. Klinger's appeal, signed by the generals, appeared early in

1769-431: The basis of the previous year and chained with reference to 1990 (1990 = 100). The series is seasonally adjusted using X-12-ARIMA , enabling calculation of the rates of change over the previous quarter. The IBGE survey was started in 1988 and restructured after 1998, when their results were integrated into the current System of National Accounts. The annual weights are derived from this new system accounts. IBGE maintains

1830-577: The calculation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Input-output matrix . Displays the current value and volume indices (1991 = 100) every quarter for the Gross Domestic Product at market prices, taxes on products, value added at basic prices, personal consumption, government consumption, Gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, exports and imports of goods and services. Two series of index numbers are calculated:

1891-532: The close relationship between Luis and Júlio Prestes , the Governor of São Paulo , led the Republican Party of São Paulo to support Prestes instead. That created an anti-Prestes opposition, mainly in Minas Gerais, Paraíba , and Rio Grande do Sul . The three states formed a Liberal Alliance backing Getúlio Vargas , the Governor of Rio Grande do Sul , as President of Brazil. João Pessoa ,

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1952-487: The consequences," and Luís accepted. Bowing again, Tasso Fragoso left. That afternoon, Cardinal Leme, calling on the president at Tasso Fragoso's request, told him that the generals had established their provisional government on the first floor of the Guanabara Palace. He used his influence with Luís to ease him out of office in safety. Noting the ugly mood of the crowd, Leme said that Fort Copacabana would be

2013-420: The crowd outside. According to the historian John W. F. Dulles , "The President remained every inch the proud man who would fulfill his duty as he saw it." "Only in pieces I leave here," the president said to his ministers. He said that there were still soldiers to defend his government. He was completely mistaken, and Tasso Fragoso later explained, "No one wanted his son to put on a uniform and die fighting

2074-560: The first Minister of Justice and Internal Affairs after the revolution, described the state of the country shortly after the revolution: The country was without money, without exchange, actually and legally in a moratorium with pressing promises to be met abroad, due or to become due in a few days; a floating debt, federal, state, and local, which had never been calculated; coffee in three crisies—prices, overproduction, and large stocks in warehouses; Brazilian economy, industry, and labor in ruin; and an unemployment crisis. The political life of

2135-482: The first of several military revolts by representatives of tenentism took place at Fort Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro and cost the lives of 16 young officers who were part the movement. The tenentes would later back Vargas's nomination for the presidency and assist in the revolution. The presidential elections were held on March 1, 1930 and gave the victory to Prestes, who received 1,091,709 votes against 742,794 given to Vargas. Notoriously, Vargas had almost 100% of

2196-443: The following archives (non-exhaustive list): The legislation, according to Federal Decree No. 73,177 of November 20, 1973 and Law No. 5534 of November 14, 1968, modified by Law No. 5878 of May 11, 1978, deals with the obligation and confidentiality of information collected by IBGE, which is intended exclusively for statistical purposes and has no legal value, not being usable as evidence or proof. Failure to provide information within

2257-569: The headquarters and its commander. João Alberto led a movement with members of the Brigada that successfully captured an arms store on the Menino Deus hill. On October 8, the Ministry of War continued to report the military forces in Rio Grande do Sul were still loyal to the government. In reality, however, the revolutionaries had controlled the entire state by October 10. At São Borja ,

2318-423: The junta and so he continued marching his troops toward Salvador , the capital of Bahia . Mobs caused chaos in Rio while the transfer of government to Vargas was being worked out. Eventually, an agreement was made by Oswaldo Aranha and Collor, Vargas's emissaries, and Tasso Fragoso on 28 October. The former had sent a message to the junta a few days earlier that stated that the revolutionaries "cannot stop in

2379-401: The middle of the road." After Vargas arrived in Rio on 31 October, according to Bourne, "The acclaim was tumultuous. Persons alive today subsequently disillusioned with Vargas as president, can remember the heady feeling that a new era was dawning." The junta gave up power to Vargas on 3 November, a month after the revolution had broken out, which started a fifteen-year-long presidency . About

2440-454: The movement. Mena Barreto told Klinger to write an ultimatum to the president. Many were reluctant to sign it, but Klinger received approval from key members of the Army's general staff. What was being proposed was a "pacification coup." Tasso Fragoso reworded Klinger's document to make it seem like more of an appeal to the president. Tasso Fragoso, Mena Barreto, and their associates convened on

2501-696: The night of 23 October at Fort Copacabana to make plans for the ousting and received favorable news from the Military Police and the outlying barracks at Vila Militar . The operation to depose the president was initiated on the morning of 24 October. Before dawn, the Minister of War and commander of the 1st Military Region came to talk with Luís, and it became clear the situation was unsustainable and irreversible. Shortly before 9   a.m., Leme called to speak with Minister of Foreign Affairs Otávio Mangabeira that he had been told Fort Copacabana ordered

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2562-433: The palace and gardens invaded by troops. I leave, bowing to violence." In the aftermath of the coup, the president had been replaced by a three-man provisional governing " pacifying junta " composed of Tasso Fragoso, Mena Barreto, and Admiral Isaías de Noronha . Appointing officials and informing the fighting fronts of what was happening in Rio, they did not imply that they would transfer power to those who had initiated

2623-410: The press. Consequently, mobs were soon enthusiastically setting fire to pro-government newspapers. Meanwhile, rebel troops were moved from the regiment at Praia Vermelha to the Guanabara Palace. The movement was hindered only by crowds of armed civilians hoping to join the march. The president gathered those present and allowed them to leave, but none did so, and all stuck by his side. Though the president

2684-421: The pro–federal loyalists in the state of Pará . Magalhães, now aboard a ship dually-armed with cannon, planned to bombard the capital of Maranhão from the sea but halted his expedition as the governing junta in the state planned to execute pro-federal prisoners if the senator were to take any action. The counterrevolution ended, and Magalhães was arrested. On 19 October, the popular Cardinal Sebastião Leme ,

2745-640: The revolution had reached the North and Northeast under Juarez Távora , and Minas Gerais formally declared allegiance to the revolution within a week of its start, despite minor resistance. Military officers, acting independently of both the government and the revolutionaries, worried about a potential of a protracted civil war, swiftly led a military coup to depose Luís in Rio de Janeiro , on 24 October. Hoping to deter further bloodshed, three higher military officers, Generals Augusto Tasso Fragoso , João de Deus Mena Barreto , and Admiral Isaías de Noronha formed

2806-496: The revolution on 3 October. Their intentions became more unclear after Klinger, the new police chief of Rio de Janeiro, promised to subdue any popular manifestations in the capital promoting the revolution. Though antirevolutionary forces laid down their arms, and the battle at Itararé never happened (jokingly referred to as what would be the "biggest battle in Latin American history "), Távora claimed that he did not recognize

2867-418: The revolution should begin at dawn on October 4, instead of October 3, when it began in the south. What resulted was federal officers in the northeast being warned about the revolution before the revolutionaries had been prepared to fight. In the state of Pernambuco , the pro-federal state President and former Vice-President of the country, Estácio Coimbra , and revolutionaries quickly formed hostilities. With

2928-415: The safest place for the President, and got the generals to agree that he would be allowed to set sail for Europe without delay. Those who were by his side concurred, and at 5   p.m., he agreed and was driven to Fort Copacabana. In the presidential limousine with Luís were Leme, Tasso Fragoso, and several others. The president explained to Leme, "Since this morning, I have been a prisoner in this room, with

2989-477: The specified deadlines, or providing false information is a crime subject to a fine, initially, of up to 10 times the highest minimum wage in the country, and up to twice this limit on later occasions. The best known census is the population census ( Brazilian Portuguese : censo demográfico ). First conducted in its modern form in 1872 , it is now conducted every ten years, usually in years ending in zero. No census took place in 1880, 1910 or 1930 . The census

3050-649: The state in which the public institution resides. Court cases involving public institutions are within the jurisdiction of the U.S. Federal Court System. In U.S. law, there are five major factors used by courts to determine if an institution is a public or a private institution and whether the court has jurisdiction in the case (see Powe v. Miles for an example). Brazilian Revolution of 1930 Revolutionary victory Revolutionaries: [REDACTED] Brazil [REDACTED]   São Paulo Armed Forces [REDACTED]   Rio de Janeiro The Revolution of 1930 ( Portuguese : Revolução de 1930 )

3111-521: The state. Belford, with five destroyers , a scout vessel, and a cruiser, delayed movement into the capital and remained until October 24, when electricity was cut off. On October 5, in the state of Paraná , General Plinio Tourinho advised Vargas that it would be safe for him to establish his headquarters in what was now the frontlines of the revolution. In the Southeast of the country, the new state President of Minas Gerais, Olegario Maciel, delivered

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3172-447: The states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais . The presidency had alternated between them every election until 1929, when incumbent President Washington Luís declared his successor would be Júlio Prestes , also from São Paulo. In response to the betrayal of the oligarchy, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraíba formed a Liberal Alliance backing opposition candidate Getúlio Vargas, president of Rio Grande do Sul. The Alliance denounced

3233-587: The strategic leadership of Carlos Lima Cavalcanti, civilians began wrecking the telephone station. A former Pernambuco police officer attacked a munitions dump at Soledade, Paraíba , a state of the Liberal Alliance that had joined the cause, alongside 16 men, and weapons were handed out to the public. Távora and his men entered and captured the state capital, Recife , which was already being controlled by Cavalcanti. The capture of Recife resulted in 38 deaths and 120 wounded, and Távora continued throughout

3294-458: The victory of Prestes in the March 1930 presidential election as fraudulent. They went no further though until late July, when Vargas's running mate, João Pessoa , was assassinated. The assassination was largely due to a personal feud, but Pessoa became a martyr for the revolutionary cause. On 3 October, Rio Grande do Sul, under the leadership of Vargas and Góis Monteiro , rebelled. By the next day,

3355-408: The votes in Rio Grande do Sul, 287,321 to Prestes's 789. The Liberal Alliance refused to accept the validity of the elections and claiming that Prestes' victory had been due to fraud . In reality, both sides had manipulated the electorate. That led to a conspiracy based in Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais. However, a setback to the conspiracy occurred as Siqueira Campos, a revolutionary, died in

3416-545: Was an armed insurrection across Brazil that ended the Old Republic . The revolution replaced incumbent president Washington Luís with defeated presidential candidate and revolutionary leader Getúlio Vargas , concluding the political hegemony of a four-decade-old oligarchy and beginning the Vargas Era . For most of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazilian politics had been controlled by an alliance between

3477-411: Was being urged by his Chief of Staff, Colonel Bertoldo Klinger , on behalf of a group of young officers, to intervene to end the hostilities in a military coup favorable to revolutionaries. Concerned about the military hierarchy, Mena Barreto suggested Tasso Fragoso, the most senior officer, head the movement. On the morning of 23 October, however, one of Mena Barreto's sons convinced Tasso Fragoso to head

3538-568: Was conducted by IBGE from August 1995 to July 1996, in reference to Brazil's crop harvests . The following agricultural census was undertaken in 2007, and surveyed agricultural activity for the 2006 calendar year . The 2017 agricultural census returned to a survey period based on crop harvests, and was conducted from October 2016 to September 2017, with results released in 2018. 22°54′34″S 43°10′14″W  /  22.90944°S 43.17056°W  / -22.90944; -43.17056 Public institution (United States) A public institution

3599-453: Was forced out of office in 1945. By 1900, Brazil was producing 75% of the world's coffee. However, the price of coffee had dropped, and in 1906, the states of Rio de Janeiro , Minas the largest coffee-producing states, signed an agreement to limit exports and production to manipulate the price of coffee. The attempt to raise the price of coffee failed but prevented it from declining even further. Brazil's economy saw great improvements in

3660-430: Was in charge of the Brazilian third military region, into a false sense of security at Porto Alegre , the capital of Rio Grande do Sul. Then, at 10:00 p.m. on October 3, the revolutionaries had claimed the city of Porto Alegre and had defeated Almeida and his gaucho troops, at a cost of 20 people dead. Aranha and Flores da Cunha led an attack on the military headquarters in the state alongside 50 men and captured

3721-403: Was told that he could count on 2,600 soldiers, the police brigade defending the Guanabara Palace chose not to resist. Tasso Fragoso and Mena Barreto, as well as Alfredo Malan d'Angrogne, entered. They found the president, who got up to speak with them, sitting solemnly in a small gloomy room and surrounded by his cabinet, sons, a few friends, and congressmen. In the distance were taunting cries from

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