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43-708: The L40 SX was designed and manufactured over the course of thirteen months between 1990 and 1991. By 1990, IBM were already late to the market of 386SX-powered laptops. Faced with releasing an obsolete product, should they have followed their normal two-year lead time , IBM hastened development of the L40 SX. The L40 SX's case and keyboard assemblies took roughly five months to produce and involved novel methods to achieve this time frame. IBM hired their former subsidiary Lexmark of Lexington, Kentucky , and Leap Technologies of Otsego, Michigan , to achieve this production. Both companies used IBM's own Catia CAD– CAM system to design

86-417: A l Q u a n t i t y D e l i v e r {\displaystyle OLTV={\frac {\sum _{j}{Quantity_{j}\cdot OLT_{j}}}{_{TotalQuantityDeliver}}}\,} By doing this the company will be able to find a relation of volume weighted between the quantities of material required for an order and the time requested to accomplish it. The volume metric could be applied to

129-439: A port replicator , to full enjoy the desktop comfort. Modern mobile workstations generally perform better than traditional laptop-style computers as their size allows the inclusion of more powerful components. The larger body means more efficient heat-dissipation, allowing manufacturers to use components that would otherwise overheat during normal use. Furthermore, their increased size allows for more modularity , which allows for

172-408: A short circuit occurring between the circuitry and a conductive coating inside the case which, in some instances, has melted a small hole in the case. The short occurs when the laptop is run on batteries, and IBM reported it will install a fuse to stop overheating. They had to issue a recall for 150,000 machines. One year after the announcement of the L40 SX, on 24 March 1992, three notebooks and

215-457: A supply chain management context is the time from the moment the customer places an order (the moment the supplier learns of the requirement) to the moment it is ready for delivery. In the absence of finished goods or intermediate (work in progress) inventory, it is the time it takes to actually manufacture the order without any inventory other than raw materials. The Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply identifies "total lead time" as

258-490: A suspend mode , a dynamic CPU clock cycle that slows down when the processor is idle, and the use of LCDs for status indicators, as opposed to LEDs. The latter two features lower the L40 SX's power draw. The back of the L40 SX sports one serial port , one parallel port , an external AT expansion port, a VGA port , and a PS/2 mouse port . IBM provided an optional modem that can receive fax transmissions. The Wall Street Journal reported that IBM had received 15 complaints of

301-436: A tablet -like form factor and interface. Because of their increased size, this class of computer usually includes more powerful components and a larger display than generally used in smaller portable computers and can have a relatively limited battery capacity (or none at all). Some use a limited range of desktop components (DToM) to provide better performance at the expense of battery life. These are sometimes called desknotes ,

344-426: A better response times, wider viewing angles , and no blotching, but these displays drew too much power. IBM also teamed with Western Digital of Irvine to design the L40 SX's motherboard. Western Digital provided assembly of the L40 SX's entire motherboard as well as their 7600LP series of video and hard disk drive controller chipsets , as well as the means for IBM to assemble the motherboard themselves further down

387-715: A blend of "desktop" and "notebook", though the term is also applied to desktop replacement computers in general. Other names being monster notebooks or musclebooks in reference to muscle cars. The forerunners of the mobile workstation were the portable computers of the early to mid-1980s, such as the Portal R2E CCMC, the Osborne 1 , Kaypro II , the Compaq Portable and the Commodore Executive 64 (SX-64) computers. These computers contained

430-433: A combination of "internal lead time" (the time required for the buying organisation's internal processes to progress from identification of a need to the issue of a purchase order ) and "external lead time" (the time required for the supplying organisation's processes, including any development required, manufacture, dispatch and delivery). The lead time applicable to material flows within a supply chain may be paralleled by

473-633: A desktop replacement machine. Potential buyers felt the L40 SX's exceptionally comfortable keyboard and low power consumption failed to justify its launch price, however. At the time of the company's announcement of their price raise for the L40 SX, IBM were evaluating demand for a low-priced notebook computer in the United States after releasing the PS/55 Note in Japan. At the time, the L40 SX differed from most other laptops in operation by offering

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516-443: A dish and the waiter writes it in his notepad. At that moment the customer has made an order which the restaurant has accepted – Order Lead Time and Order Handling Time have begun. Now the waiter marks the order in the cash register, rips the paper from the notepad, takes it into the kitchen and puts into the order queue. The order has been handled and is waiting in the factory (kitchen) for manufacturing. As there are no other customers,

559-401: A greater expandability and features, as well as larger and brighter displays. However, these advantages generally come at a price premium, with many computers in this class costing as much as two desktop computers with similar specifications. Using a laptop form factor , however, mobile workstations still often suffer from limitations similar to those of more mobile laptops. They usually lack

602-654: A laptop were announced by IBM: N51SX, N51SCL, N45SL as part of the IBM PS/2 Note series and the CL57SX . The CL57SX was the first laptop from IBM that featured a color TFT display. Lead time A lead time is the latency between the initiation and completion of a process. For example, the lead time between the placement of an order and delivery of new cars by a given manufacturer might be between 2 weeks and 6 months, depending on various particularities. One business dictionary defines "manufacturing lead time" as

645-423: A little more difficult to use safely, requiring some strategy, risk or caution. Desktop replacement A mobile workstation , also known as a desktop replacement computer ( DTR ) or workstation laptop , is a personal computer that provides the full capabilities of a workstation -class desktop computer while remaining mobile . They are often larger, bulkier laptops or in some cases 2-in-1 PCs with

688-442: A positive test result with mammography , whereas the underlying disease would have taken many more years to manifest. Lead time in video games can refer to the amount of time certain special, important actions in high- twitch action games , such as using health -recovering items, may need to take in order to be completed successfully. Lead time can be used to prevent players from abusing helpful abilities or items by making them

731-457: A product from a truck, inspect it, and move it into storage ("put-away time") is not trivial. With tight manufacturing constraints or when a company is using Just In Time manufacturing, it is important for supply chain to know how long their own internal processes take. Lead time consists of: Example Company A needs a part that can be manufactured in two days once Company B has received an order. It takes three days for company A to receive

774-422: A risk, however, as any design flaws realized after manufacturing would set production back up to a year and compel IBM to cancel the laptop. Because of this, both Leap and Lexmark used specialized software to predict how the parts would result from Leap's molds. Before designing began, however, Leap and Lexmark had to source suitable plastic. They settled on a polycarbonate – ABS polyblend by Dow Chemical that

817-448: The CPU , display , floppy disk drive and power supply all in a single briefcase-like enclosure. Similar in performance to the desktop computers of the era, they were easily transported and came with an attached keyboard that doubled as a protective cover when not in use. They could be used wherever space and an electrical outlet were available, as they had no battery. The development of

860-459: The laptop form factor gave new impetus to portable computer development. Many early laptops were feature-limited in the interest of portability, requiring such mobility-limiting accessories as external floppy drives or clip-on trackball pointing devices. One of the first laptops that could be used as a standalone computer was the EUROCOM 2100 based on Intel's 8088 CPU architecture, it duplicated

903-441: The 4 types of OLT. The figure obtained from this calculation will be the average time (e.g. in days) between order placing and the requested delivery date of a specific customer under consideration of the average quantities ordered during that particular time. The correct analysis of OLT will give the company: In project management , lead time is the time it takes to complete a task or a set of interdependent tasks. The lead of

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946-481: The L40 SX in March 1991 drew criticism from potential buyers who had enthusiastically praised it at IBM's last press briefing. IBM justified this price raise by classifying the L40 SX as a desktop replacement . The L40 SX's larger-than-notebook dimensions was advantageous for IBM in both raising its technical capability, fitting its coveted full-sized keyboard, and meeting the expectations of buyers specifically looking for

989-491: The ability to accept standard PCIe expansion cards, somewhat limiting their expandability. While mobile workstations can offer better cooling than other laptops, they rarely dissipate heat efficiently enough to allow for high-end desktop-class components, and thus may not reach the same performance levels as desktop computers . Mobile workstations computers are, with a few exceptions, difficult to upgrade compared to desktop computers, with many of their major components (such as

1032-499: The backlog, to the end of the iteration or release. A smaller lead time means that the process is more effective and the project team is more productive. Lead time is also the saved time by starting an activity before its predecessor is completed. According to the PMBOK (7th edition) by PMI, lead is "The amount of time whereby a successor activity can be advanced with respect to a predecessor activity". An example would be scheduling

1075-544: The chef rings a bell and stops his clock. At the same time, the waiter stops calculating Manufacturing Lead Time and rushes through the kitchen door to get the food while it is hot. When he picks it up, he begins timing the Delivery Lead Time that ends when the dish is served to the customer, who can now happily say that the Order Lead Time was shorter than he had expected. Possible ways of shortening

1118-443: The concept of "information lead time". Mason-Jones and Towill report that reductions in both material flow lead time and information lead time are necessary to secure supply chain performance improvements. Several writers have referred to the importance of "information enriched supply chains" in this context. In the manufacturing environment, lead time has the same definition as that used in supply chain management , but it includes

1161-414: The date when the order is provided to the supplier. The OLT Actual will be determined by the difference between the day the provider deliver the material (Delivery date) and the date when they enter the order in the system. The OLT Confirmed will be determined by the difference between the date the confirmed date by the provider to deliver the material in the customer facilities (Confirmed date) and

1204-545: The date when they provide the order to the supplier. The Average OLT based on Volume (OLT ) is the addition of all the multiplications between the volume of product we deliver (quantity) and the OLT divided by the total quantity delivered in the period of time we are studying for that specific facility. O L T V = ∑ j Q u a n t i t y j ⋅ O L T j T o t

1247-488: The entire project would be the overall duration of the critical path for the project. According to the PMBOK (7th edition) by the Project Management Institute (PMI), lead time is the "time between a customer request and the actual delivery." The lead time is a deliverable metric and a customary measure. The lead time shows the amount of elapsed time from a chunk of work or story entering

1290-567: The functionality of the desktop models without requiring an external docking station . The development of the modern mobile workstation came with the realization that many laptops were used in a semi-permanent location, often remaining connected to an external power source at all times. This suggested that a market existed for a laptop-style computer that would take advantage of the user's reduced need for portability, allowing for higher-performance components, greater expandability, and higher-quality displays. Mobile workstations are also often used with

1333-409: The lead time: To best meet the customer needs, a company should work towards the shortest possible lead time in manufacturing, production, and delivery. It can be helped by: When talking about Order Lead Time (OLT) it is important to differentiate between the definitions that may exist around this concept. Although they look similar, there are differences between them that help the industry to model

IBM PS/2 Model L40 SX - Misplaced Pages Continue

1376-504: The line. Manufacture of the L40 SX was plagued with parts shortages, but IBM were able to produce roughly 4,000 pre-release units which were sold to select members of the public (including 880 members of Harvard Business School 's Class of 1992). Hard disk drives were the latest shortage in April 1991, with IBM having to look at producing its own 2.5-inch 60 MB drives instead of waiting for Conner Peripherals . The substantial price raise of

1419-421: The models of the parts for the aforementioned assemblies. Lexmark were responsible for drafting these models, sending them electronically to Leap for revisions. Once revised, Leap used these models to machine the injection molds for each part. The two companies' electronic exchange of models was novel for the time and accelerated production by eliminating the need for mocking up and prototyping . It also posed

1462-630: The molds for the keyboard assembly parts to Lexmark. Leap performed ultrasonic welding on their parts where necessary and handed the responsibility of plating to a company in Michigan. Leap then sent the completed case assemblies to Lexmark. Toshiba of Japan provided IBM with the L40 SX's liquid-crystal display , which was a 10-inch, sidelit , passive-matrix panel. Final assembly of these panels were performed in Raleigh, North Carolina . IBM considered using Toshiba's active-matrix LCD which provided

1505-423: The order behavior of their customers. The four definitions are : The OLT Requested will be determined by the difference between the date the customer wants the material in his facilities (wish date) and the date when they provided its order to the supplier. The OLT Quote will be determined by the difference between the date the customer agree to receive the material in their facilities (Quote date) and

1548-464: The part once shipped, and one additional day before the part is ready to go into manufacturing. In more detail Lead Time terminology has been defined in greater detail. The Supply Chain from customer order received to the moment the order is delivered is divided into five lead times. Example A restaurant opens up and a customer walks in. A waiter guides him to a table, gives him the menu and asks what he would like to order. The customer selects

1591-409: The publication, lead times can be anything from a couple of hours to many months/years. Lead time (when referring to a disease) is the length of time between detection of a disease through screening and the moment in time where it would have normally presented with symptoms and led to a diagnosis. An example of this is seen with breast cancer population screening, where women who are asymptomatic have

1634-423: The start of a 2-week activity dependent with the finish of the successor activity with a lead of 2 weeks so they will finish at the same time. Lead time in publishing describes the amount of time that a journalist has between receiving a writing assignment and submitting the completed piece. This is the production period of a particular publication before releasing it to the public as the issue date. Depending on

1677-406: The time required to ship the parts from the supplier. Shipping time is included because the manufacturing company needs to know when the parts will be available for material requirements planning purposes. It is also possible to include within lead time the time it takes for a company to process and have the part ready for manufacturing once it has been received. The time it takes a company to unload

1720-471: The total time required to manufacture an item, including order preparation time, queue time, setup time, run time, move time, inspection time, and put-away time. For make-to-order products, it is the time between release of an order and the production and shipment that fulfill that order. For make-to-stock products, it is the time taken from the release of an order to production and receipt into finished goods inventory. A conventional definition of lead time in

1763-403: The waiter decides to stand outside the kitchen, by the door, waiting for the dish to be prepared and begins calculating Manufacturing Lead Time. Meanwhile, the chef finishes what he was doing, takes the order from the queue, starts his clock as a mark for the start of Production Lead Time and begins cooking. The chef chops the vegetables, fries the meat and boils the pasta. When the dish is ready,

IBM PS/2 Model L40 SX - Misplaced Pages Continue

1806-497: Was durable, colorable , and plateable . The latter quality was necessary for compliance with the FCC 's regulations on electromagnetic interference . Integrated circuits , such as microprocessors , cause such interference; most companies at the time compensated by spraying a thick layer of metallic paint on their cases' interiors. Because the 386SX's power overrode such shielding, however, IBM turned to electroless plating —a method that

1849-416: Was novel for laptops. This provided the case with stronger shielding and not much more weight but also considerable expense for IBM. Research on the method was also costly: as electroless plating had seldom been used on their polyblends, Dow had to perform rigorous laboratory tests. After designing ended and the molds were machined, Leap performed injection only on the molds for the case assembly parts, shipping

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