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126-655: The early 1970s were characterized by information control and civil-rights violations after the Marcos dictatorship declared martial law in the Philippines. Resistance to state attacks on people's rights intensified, and there was a need for information on socioeconomic issues. The IBON Foundation was founded in 1978 by Sister Mary Soledad Perpiñan (editor and chief coordinator), Sally Bulatao (chief researcher and finance officer) and Antonio Tujan (former political detainee, graphic artist and circulation manager), six years after

252-506: A military junta . Five days following the coup, factory workers around Yangon (a region in Myanmar) held protests against the coup regime. On 14 March, security forces killed upwards of sixty-five protestors in the town of Hlaingtharyar. As a result, the military junta declared martial law over the region of Yangon, including over the majority of industrial zones. As of 22 February 2023, Myanmar's military junta has declared martial law over

378-540: A People's Convention on Food Sovereignty. Philippines Transparency and Accountability Council (PTAC, an Independent People's Council) – Organization of non-partisan individuals, groups and sectors opposed to corruption. RESIST! – International campaign to draw a broad aggregate of people worldwide who are opposed to neoliberal globalization and war. The Reality of Aid – North/south international non-governmental collaboration focusing exclusively on analysis and lobbying for poverty-eradication policies and practices on

504-677: A Religious of the Good Shepherd (RGS) Welcome House community on Zamora Street in Pandacan, Manila . Volunteers from the urban-poor community provided stick drawings, and economists and students were asked for written contributions or help with drafting issues. Organized sectors (such as trade unions ) began requesting issue-specific fact sheets and industry primers. Public support ushered the institution into fully organizing and professionalizing its services. From 1978 to 1980, IBON Facts and Figures became an 8-page thematic publication which

630-555: A State of Martial Law in the Philippines") was signed on 21 September 1972 and came into force on 23 September. The official reason behind the declaration was to suppress increasing civil strife and the threat of a communist takeover , particularly after a series of bombings (including the Plaza Miranda bombing ) and an assassination attempt on Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile in Mandaluyong . The policy of martial law

756-594: A capacity development response, implement a capacity development response, evaluate capacity development. Since about 2005, the capacity development agenda has also been adopted beyond the traditional aid community. This is particularly true for Africa: for example the African Union has developed a Capacity Development Strategic Framework and is using capacity development as one of three themes to structure its Development Effectiveness internet portal. Trends in development cooperation shape how capacity development

882-507: A clear policy framework, institutional development and legal framework, citizen/democratic participation and oversight, human resources improvements including education and training, and sustainability . The United Nations Development Group Capacity Development Guidelines presents a framework of capacity development comprising three interconnected levels of capacity: Individual, Institutional and Enabling Policy. Thinking of capacity building as simply training or human resource development

1008-496: A different legal construct, such as a state of emergency . Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts, and in cases of occupations, where the absence of any other civil government provides for an unstable population. Examples of this form of military rule include post World War II reconstruction in Germany and Japan, the recovery and reconstruction of the former Confederate States of America during Reconstruction Era in

1134-520: A given distance from a person's registered place of residence, and curfew , administrative detentions , and expulsions were common. Although the military administration was officially for geographical areas, and not people, its restrictions were seldom enforced on the Jewish residents of these areas. In the early 1950s, martial law ceased to be in effect for those Arab citizens living in predominantly Jewish cities of Jaffa , Ramla , and Lod , constituting

1260-476: A government which relies on the continuing consent and support of the governed rather than coercive means to maintain power. Our World is Not For Sale (OWINFS) – Worldwide network of organizations, activists and social movements committed to challenging trade and investment agreements which advance the interests of powerful corporations at the expense of people and the environment. People's Movement on Climate Change (PMCC) – Global campaign which aims to provide

1386-530: A government's capacity whether at the local, regional or national level can improve governance and can lead to sustainable development and political reform. Capacity building in governments often targets a government's ability to budget, collect revenue, create and implement laws, promote civic engagement. International donors often include capacity building as a form of interventions with local governments or NGOs working in developing areas. A study in 2001 observed that "the act of resetting aspirations and strategy

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1512-436: A long-term research agenda towards research development on national industrialization.” IBON devised a self-sufficiency program through cross-subsidies between revenue-generating services, subsidized services, maximization of resources, and institutional efficiency and professionalism. Self-evaluation and feedback from friends, clients and allies helped IBON reorganize its programs and services. The Databank and Research Center

1638-491: A military activity in Aceh , under the order of the president , Indonesian Army Chief imposed martial law for a period of six months to eliminate Acehnese separatists. On 7 September 1978, in response to public demonstrations protesting the perceived government involvement in the death of the son of Ayatollah Khomeini, Mostafa Khomeini , Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi appointed Chief of Army Staff General Gholam Ali Oveisi as

1764-420: A period of civil unrest in 1968 as an emergency measure, has never been repealed and is still used by the police force there to this day. The system, which has no apparent foundation in the constitution of Mauritius, enables the police to arrest without having to demonstrate reasonable suspicion that a crime has been carried out but simply on the submission of "provisional information" to the magistrate. The accused

1890-461: A pro-Filipino economy. With the slogan “Buy Pinoy, Build Pinoy”, it aims to give Filipino producers the means and opportunity to excel in local and foreign markets while encouraging Filipino consumers to patronize locally produced goods and services. No Deal! Movement Against Unequal Economic Agreements - Coalition of organizations and individuals opposed to unequal economic agreements. It advocates democratic governance, economic sovereignty, building

2016-429: A quarter of donor aid, or more than $ 15 billion a year, has gone into "Technical Cooperation", the bulk of which is ostensibly aimed at capacity development". One of the most fundamental ideas associated with capacity building is the idea of building the capacities of governments in developing countries so they are able to handle the problems associated with environmental protection, economic and social needs. Developing

2142-467: A report on its approach to monitoring and evaluating the capacity building. According to the report, USAID monitors program objectives, the links between projects and activities of an organization and its objectives, a program or organization's measurable indicators, data collection, and progress reports. USAID noted two types of indicators for progress: "output indicators" and "outcome indicators." Output indicators measure immediate changes or results such as

2268-466: A result of networking among research organizations and NGOs in Asia following conferences in 1997, its objective is to channel and focus NGO research efforts towards supporting information, education and advocacy needs of grassroots organizations. Better Aid – International network aiming for aid effectiveness Buy Pinoy Build Pinoy – Venue for Filipino producers and consumers to work together building

2394-633: A semiannual briefing on socioeconomic and political assessment and trends, was a regular event. The foundation also sponsors the Usapang IBON, a grassroots version of the Birdtalk which contributes to community and sector campaigns. The IPED has more than 200 partner schools nationwide, and originated a TE-based critique of the 2002 Revised Basic Education Curriculum of the Philippine government. It provided lectures to teachers and administrators on

2520-510: A total of 50 townships in the regions of Chin, Kachin, Karen, Karenni, Mon States, Yangon and Mandalay. News reports indicate that since the military coup in February 2021, and the subsequent declaration of martial law in Myanmar regions, military tribunals have sentenced more than 100 people to death. Reports further indicate that a total of three townships in Myanmar's northwest reside under

2646-732: A total of approximately 15% of the Arab population of Israel. But military rule remained in place on the remaining Arab population elsewhere within Israel until 1966. This period is remembered for its extreme crackdown on political rights, as well as unaccountable military brutality. Most political and civil organization was prohibited. Flying of Palestinian flag , as well as other expressions of Palestinian patriotism were prohibited. Furthermore, despite theoretical guarantee of full political rights, military government personnel frequently made threats against Arabs citizens if they did not vote in elections for

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2772-399: A venue for the grassroots (especially from the south, the most affected and least empowered to adapt to climate change) to participate in the process of drawing up a post-2012 climate-change framework. People's Coalition on Food Sovereignty (PCFS) – Growing network of grassroots groups of small food producers (particularly peasant-farmer organizations and their support NGOs), working towards

2898-751: A wider audience. IBON Video is a full-service production and post-production facility with a video library of IBON-produced educational videos and documentary films . The IBON Partnership for Education Development (IPED) was also established. By 1998, the IPED expanded IBON's services to partner schools nationwide under the banner of Transformative Education (TE). During this decade, the foundation also expanded its international networking and advocacy support and its services to Visayas and Mindanao with regional offices in Cebu City and Davao City . IBON further developed its emphasis on people's issues and support for

3024-778: Is a law in Finnish legislation, enacted in accordance with the constitutional procedure. The purpose of the Act is to give the authorities sufficient powers in times of war and other exceptional circumstances. During a state of defence (war), there is also the Defence Status Act, the provisions of which override the Preparedness Act. Together, the two laws form the Emergency Preparedness Act. The current Emergency Preparedness Act and its predecessor of

3150-461: Is also concern over its use and impacts. In international development funding, evaluations by the World Bank and other donors have consistently revealed problems in this overall category of funding dating back to the year 2000. Since the arrival of capacity building as a dominant subject in international aid, donors and practitioners have struggled to create a concise mechanism for determining

3276-405: Is because "capacity building" would imply starting from a plain surface and a step-by-step erection of a new structure - which is not how it works. The European Commission Toolkit defines capacity development in the same way and stresses that capacity relates to "abilities", "attributes" and a "process". It is an attribute of people, individual organizations and groups of organizations. Capacity

3402-677: Is defined as a long-term continual process of development that involves all stakeholders as opposed to practices which limit oversight and involvement in interventions with governments. The list of parties that it defines as "community" includes ministries, local authorities, non-governmental organizations, professionals, community members, academics and more. According to the Committee, capacity building takes place at an individual, an institutional, societal level and "non-training" level. The term "community capacity building" (CCB) began to be used in 1995 and since then became popular for example within

3528-518: Is discussed. These include for example: new forms of financing and less of a North–South dichotomy ; more in-country leadership and less donor power; resilience as a framework in fragile environments; increasing private sector engagement. The UNDP integrated this capacity-building system into its work on reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the year 2015. The UNDP states that it focused on building capacity at

3654-744: Is given through an Enabling Act of the Parliament, it is inherently subject to the above decision. During the British Raj , Martial law was effectively declared in the Defense of India Act, 1915 and the Defense of India Act, 1939 . It was also declared in most of the Punjab during 1919 as a response to tensions caused by the Amritsar Massacre . These tensions were caused due to the controversial Rowlatt Act . On 18 May 2003, during

3780-456: Is insufficient. The discourse on and concept of capacity development has traditionally been closely associated with development cooperation . The UNDP was one of the forerunners in designing international interventions in the category of capacity building and development. In the early 1970s, the UNDP offered guidance to its staff and governments on what it called "institution-building" which

3906-546: Is often the first step in improving an organization's capacity". Secondly good management is important (committed people in senior positions to make capacity building happen). Thirdly, patience is required: "there are few quick fixes when it comes to building capacity". Some methods of capacity building for NGOs might include visiting training centers, organizing exposure visits, office and documentation support, on-the-job training, learning centers, and consultations. For private sector organizations, capacity building may go beyond

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4032-436: Is one of 13 that is part of the treatise of international development law and can be applied with the other indicators for specific sectors and development principles, as well as assurance of quality of evaluation systems. Critique of capacity development has centered on the ambiguity surrounding it in terms of its anticipated focus, its effectiveness, the role of infrastructure organisations (such as empowerment networks), and

4158-400: Is one of the pillars of its current work and is part of a category of "public administration reform". In the 1970s, international organizations emphasized building capacity through technical skills training in rural areas , and also in the administrative sectors of developing countries . In the 1980s they expanded the concept of institutional development further. "Institutional development"

4284-532: Is restored in Egypt". Before martial law, the Egyptian parliament under the constitution had the civilian power to declare a state of emergency. When in martial law, the military gained all powers of the state, including to dissolve the parliament and suspend the constitution as it did in its fifth announcement. Under martial law, the only legal framework within the Egyptian territory was the numbered announcements from

4410-548: Is shaped by, adapting to and reacting to external factors and actors, but it is not something external — it is internal to people, organizations and groups or systems of organizations. Thus, capacity development is a change process internal to organizations and people. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) , formerly the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), defines capacity development in

4536-498: Is the common law doctrine of necessity. While many countries, the United States for example, do not have the explicit constitutional right to declare martial law, scholars often interpret the law of the United States to allow for the implementation of martial law in times of necessity. Countries such as Pakistan have famously implemented this rationale as well. Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over

4662-495: Is the core of its programs with the aim of disseminating the information in popular forms particularly (but not solely) for advocacy purposes. The foundation's research agenda was developed to help provide alternative solutions to problems in production, livelihood and services at the community level. Included are industry and agrarian studies, research on transnational corporations and agribusinesses, comparative studies of economies, resource profiles of Philippine regions and studies on

4788-433: Is the improvement in an individual's or organization's facility (or capability) "to produce, perform or deploy".  The terms capacity building and capacity development have often been used interchangeably, although a publication by OECD-DAC stated in 2006 that capacity development was the preferable term. Since the 1950s, international organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and communities use

4914-557: Is then placed on remand or bail and required to report to the police or the court on a regular basis, sometimes every day. There are examples of this system being used to intimidate or coerce individuals in civil litigations. On 1 February 2021, democratically elected members of Myanmar, known as the National League for Democracy , were overthrown by Myanmar's military, called the Tatmadaw . This military placed their power in

5040-869: Is to "By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies". Similarly, Sustainable Development Goal 8 Target 8.10 states "Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all". As of 2009, some $ 20 billion per year of international development intervention funding went for capacity development; roughly 20% of total funding in this category  The World Bank committed more than $ 1 billion per year to this service in loans or grants (more than 10% of its portfolio of nearly $ 10 billion). A publication by OECD-DAC in 2005 estimated that "about

5166-660: Is to "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development". Target 9 of that goal is formulated as "Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through north–south, South-South and triangular cooperation." Sustainable Development Goal 6 also includes capacity building in its Target 6a which

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5292-410: Is understood as the process whereby people, organizations and society as a whole unleash, strengthen, create, adapt and maintain capacity over time." Capacity is understood as "the ability of people, organizations and society as a whole to manage their affairs successfully". The OECD-DAC stated in 2006 that the term "capacity development" should be used rather than the term "capacity building". This

5418-603: The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan declared martial law. The Black War was a period of violent conflict between British colonists and Aboriginal Australians in Tasmania from the mid-1820s to 1832. With an escalation of violence in the late 1820s, Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur declared martial law in November 1828—effectively providing legal immunity for killing Aboriginal people. It would remain in force for more than three years,

5544-611: The Palestinian National Authority . Officially, only parts of Area C in the West Bank are under martial law. During the 2006 Lebanon war , martial law was declared by Defense Minister Amir Peretz over the north of the country. The Israel Defense Forces were granted the authority to issue instructions to civilians, and to close down offices, schools, camps and factories in cities considered under threat of attack, as well as to impose curfews on cities in

5670-681: The Philippines (then a client state of Imperial Japan ) under martial law via Proclamation № 29, dated 21 September 1944 and enforced the following day at 09:00 PST . Proclamation № 30 was issued on 23 September, declaring the existence of a state of war between the Philippines and the United States and the United Kingdom , effective 10:00 that day. The country was under martial law again from 1972 to 1981 under President Ferdinand Marcos . Proclamation № 1081 ("Proclaiming

5796-552: The Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 had superseded the power to declare martial law. Any sentences by military tribunals that were not in accordance with that Act were declared void. The current Irish Constitution allows for martial law if the government declares a state of emergency; however capital punishment is prohibited in all circumstances, including a state of emergency. Military administrative government

5922-596: The Sustainable Development Goal 17 advocates for enhanced international support for capacity building in developing countries to support national plans to implement the 2030 Agenda .   Under the codification of international development law, capacity building is a "cross cutting modality of international intervention". It often overlaps or is part of interventions in public administration reform, good governance and education in line sectors of public services . The consensus approach of

6048-525: The assassination of jailed oppositionist Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, and widespread fraud in the 1986 snap elections . These eventually led to the 1986 People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos and forced him into exile in Hawaii where he died in 1989; his rival presidential candidate and Aquino's widow, Corazon , was installed as his successor. Capacity building Capacity building (or capacity development, capacity strengthening )

6174-650: The capacity building of people's organizations in research, education, information and advocacy work. The institution consolidated its advocacy and research orientations by ensuring that its research and publications would cover the urgent issues of the day and expanding its sustained information support and awareness raising. It also revitalized its capacity-building efforts by offering a wide range of advocacy-support services: seminars and training, information-network management and documentation for sectoral and regional people's organizations. Popular education materials and training modules have been systematized. The IBON Birdtalk,

6300-423: The disaster risk reduction domain as "the process by which people, organizations and society systematically stimulate and develop their capability over time to achieve social and economic goals, including through improvement of knowledge, skills, systems, and institutions – within a wider social and cultural enabling environment." Outside of international interventions, capacity building can refer to strengthening

6426-497: The international community for the components of capacity building as established by the World Bank , United Nations and European Commission consists of five areas: a clear policy framework, institutional development and legal framework , citizen participation and oversight, human resources improvements including education and training, and sustainability . Some of these overlap with other interventions and sectors. Much of

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6552-677: The invasion of Canada by the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War in 1775–1776. It was also applied twice in the Province of Lower Canada during the 1837–1838 insurrections . On December 5, following the events of November 1837, martial law was proclaimed in the district of Montreal by Governor Gosford , without the support of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada . It

6678-762: The "executive and judicial jurisdiction of regional military commander Maj. Gen. Than Htike," who has since been sanctioned by the European Union for alleged human rights violations since Myanmar's declaration of martial law. Martial law was declared in Pakistan on 7 October 1958, by President Iskander Mirza who then appointed General Muhammad Ayub Khan as the Chief Martial Law Administrator and Aziz Ahmad as Secretary General and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. However, three weeks later General Ayub—who had been openly questioning

6804-758: The Army Commander-in-Chief, General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan . On assuming the presidency, General Yahya Khan acceded to popular demands by abolishing the one-unit system in West Pakistan and ordered general elections on the principle of one man one vote. The civilian martial law was imposed by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , the first civilian to hold this post in Pakistan after the Bangladesh Liberation War . On 21 December 1971, Bhutto took this post as well as that of President.It

6930-457: The Bank noted again in its evaluations that business practices to its capacity building work are not as rigorous as they are in other areas. For example, standard quality assurance processes were missing at the design stage.  Similar problems were reported by UNDP in 2002 when they reviewed their capacity building projects. In 2007, specific criteria for effective evaluation and monitoring of

7056-821: The IBON Foundation moved from its Old Santa Mesa office to its own office building, the IBON Center in Quezon City. The building houses all the foundation's programs and services. The foundation is a multi-center, multi-program institution with research, education and information as its main focus. The IBON Databank and Research Center is a core program which provides information and analysis on socioeconomic issues for advocacy issues, education, policy-making, development planning and implementation for non-government organizations, people's organizations, academic institutions, government agencies and individuals. Research

7182-757: The Republic of China promulgated the Provisional Constitution in March 1911, which authorized the President to declare martial law in times of emergency. The Martial Law Declaration Act were issued by the Nationalist Government later in 1920s and amended in 1940s. Following World War II , the island of Taiwan came back to China 's control given the impending withdrawal of Japanese forces and colonial government . Martial law

7308-657: The Seminars Program) provides comprehensive, informal education to grassroots sectors. It produces popular education materials and audio-visual aids on socioeconomic and other issues and training modules on skills training and leadership formation. The IBON Partnership in Education for Development (IPED) is an alternative center for formal education which aims to promote transformative education through its partnership with schools. This includes teacher training, textbook development and supplementary educational materials at

7434-701: The United States of America following the American Civil War , and German occupation of northern France between 1871 and 1873 after the Treaty of Frankfurt ended the Franco-Prussian War . Typically, the imposition of martial law accompanies curfews ; the suspension of civil law , civil rights , and habeas corpus ; and the application or extension of military law or military justice to civilians. Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunal ( court-martial ). During

7560-428: The actual focus has been on training and educational inputs where it may be a euphemism for education and training. For example, UNDP focuses on training needs in its assessment methodology rather than on actual performance goals. The pervasive use of the term for these multiple sectors and elements and the huge amount of development aid funding devoted to it has resulted in controversy over its true meaning. There

7686-609: The approval of the Islamic Consultative Assembly . In 1916, during the Easter Rising , Lord Wimborne the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , declared martial law to maintain order in the streets of Dublin . This was later extended both in duration and geographical reach to the whole of the country with the consent of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland government. Much of Ireland

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7812-513: The authority of the government before the imposition of martial law—deposed Iskandar Mirza on 27 October 1958 and assumed the presidency that practically formalized the militarization of the political system in Pakistan. Four years later a new document, Constitution of 1962, was adopted. The second martial law was imposed on 25 March 1969 by Yahya Khan, when President Yahya Khan abrogated the Constitution of 1962 and Ayub Khan handed over power to

7938-659: The candidates favored by the authorities. Perhaps the most commemorated incidence of military brutality in this time period was the Kafr Qasim massacre in 1956, in which the Israel Border Police killed 48 people (19 men, 6 women and 23 children aged 8–17) as they were returning home from work in the evening. The Israeli army had ordered that all Arab villages in the proximity of the Green Line be placed under curfew. However, this order came into effect before

8064-693: The capacity building of NGOs were proposed, though only in generalities without clear measures for the tool. The proposal suggested only that evaluating the capacity building ability of NGOs should be based on a combination of monitoring the results of their activities and also a more open flexible way of monitoring that also takes into consideration, self-improvement and cooperation. Other wishes were that monitoring for capacity building effectiveness should include an organization's clarity of mission, an organization's leadership, an organization's learning, an organization's emphasis on on-the-job-development, an organization's monitoring processes. In 2007, USAID published

8190-486: The concept of capacity building as part of " social and economic development " in national and subnational plans. The United Nations Development Programme defines itself by "capacity development" in the sense of "'how UNDP works" to fulfill its mission. The UN system applies it in almost every sector, including several of the Sustainable Development Goals to be achieved by 2030. For example,

8316-583: The country to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces . It meant that the presidential executive powers, the parliamentary legislative powers and the judicial powers all transferred directly to the military system which may delegate powers back and forth to any civilian institution within its territory. The military issued in its third announcement the "end of the State of Emergency as soon as order

8442-514: The country's largest province, Balochistan . Following widespread civil disorder , General Zia overthrew Bhutto and imposed martial law in its totality on 5 July 1977, in a bloodless coup d'état . Unstable areas were brought under control through indirect military action , such as Balochistan under Martial Law Governor, General Rahimuddin Khan . Civilian government resumed in 1988 following General Zia's death in an aircraft crash. On 12 October 1999,

8568-445: The declaration of martial law in the Philippines. IBON published a fact sheet, IBON Facts and Figures , to provide readers with an overview of facts about important national and local issues. From an initial press run of 200 copies, popular response triggered the printing of an additional 2,000 copies of the first issue. The first issue of IBON Facts and Figures was produced using a borrowed mimeograph machine . IBON first operated in

8694-437: The effectiveness of capacity building initiatives. Recognition of problems in capacity building interventions in evaluations funded and managed by international organizations dates back to the year 1999. A World Bank review in the year 2000 found many examples where capacity building interventions undermined public management efforts. In these cases, public sector reform and institution-building were hindered.  In 2005,

8820-409: The effectiveness of capacity building initiatives. An independent public measurement indicator for improvement and oversight of the large variety of capacity building initiatives was published in 2015. This scoring system is based on international development law and professional management principles. A "good practice paper" by OECD-DAC defined capacity development as follows: "Capacity development

8946-436: The elementary and secondary levels. IBON International provides research, education and advocacy support to people's movements and grassroots empowerment abroad, linking these to international initiatives and networks. To implement its centers and programs, IBON is organized into three administrative sections, seven departments and a printing press. IBON is an active participant in a number of networks tackling people's issues in

9072-415: The fact that it has been declared frequently throughout history, martial law is still often described as largely elusive as a legal entity. References to martial law date back to 1628 England, when Sir Matthew Hale described martial law as, "no Law, but something indulged rather than allowed as a Law." Despite being centuries old, this quote remains true in many countries around the world today. Most often,

9198-401: The five recognized principles of capacity building, analyzing their application in diagnosis and design of an intervention (7 questions), sustainability of reform (2 questions), and good governance (2 questions), and second, with 9 questions to assure professionalism and safeguards against conflicts of interest, unintended consequences, and distortion of public and private systems. This indicator

9324-503: The following networks: As of 9 November 2009, this article is derived in whole or in part from the Ibon Foundation . The copyright holder has licensed the content in a manner that permits reuse under CC BY-SA 3.0 and GFDL . All relevant terms must be followed. The original text was at "Welcome to IBON Foundation!" Martial law Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and

9450-526: The government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was dissolved, and the Army took control once more. A fourth martial law was imposed. General Pervez Musharraf took the title of Chief Executive until the President of Pakistan Rafiq Tarar resigned and General Musharraf became president. Elections were held in October 2002 and Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali became Prime Minister of Pakistan . Jamali's premiership

9576-663: The hands of the courts. The act was invoked three times: During World War I , World War II , and the October Crisis of 1970 . In 1988, the War Measures Act was replaced by the Emergencies Act , which saw its first invocation in February 2022 amidst the Freedom Convoy protests . During the colonial era , martial law was proclaimed and applied in the territory of the Province of Quebec during

9702-542: The impact of these socioeconomic conditions on social sectors. There are also community-based people's action research initiatives on production, economic uplift and advocacy. IBON uses participatory methodology in research and attempts to democratize the research process through community-based people's action research. The Databank and Research Center also manages the quarterly IBON Surveys, in which it gathers data on people's economic conditions and opinions about issues. IBON's People's Education Resource Center (PERC) (formerly

9828-546: The implementation of an integrative and context-based learning process. IPED was instrumental in establishing the Educators Forum for Development (EFD) for the development of cooperation and fellowship among educators toward relevant national education. It also organizes the annual National Educators' Conference and provides seminars to schools. IBON also became an international publisher, networking with international outfits such as ZED Books and Global Outlook. Its catalog

9954-466: The implementation of martial law arises from necessity rather than legal right, and while some countries have provisions explicitly permitting the use of martial law, many do not. For countries that do not explicitly permit the declaration of martial law, but where martial law has been declared, the legal justification for it is often the common law doctrine of necessity , or some variation of it. One legal theory most frequently associated with martial law

10080-399: The improvement of services for public organizations and include fund-raising and income generation, diversity, partnerships and collaboration, marketing, positioning, planning and other activities relating to production and performance. Capacity development of private organizations involves the build-up of an organization's tangible and intangible assets.  Organization development (OD) is

10206-416: The institutional level because it believed that "institutions are at the heart of human development, and that when they are able to perform better, [...] they can contribute more meaningfully to the achievement of national human development goals." The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals mention capacity building (rather than capacity development) in several places: Sustainable Development Goal 17

10332-495: The international-aid front Water for the People Network – Campaign involving research, education, people's action, legislation and legal struggles, local and international networking, aimed at opposing moves by government, multilateral-funding institutions and large local and multinational corporations to privatize water resources, systems and utilities, making profits at the expense of people IBON also participates in

10458-501: The interventions as a form of "soft power". One common problem of interventions that focus on education and training of foreign government officials is that they are akin to trying to "teach elephants to fly" or to "teach wolves not to eat sheep" while avoiding the actual changes needed for impact. Under international development law, there is also concern that much of the implementation of capacity building has been and continues to be in violation of existing international treaties such as

10584-547: The legislation. During Hosni Mubarak 's presidency, parliament had renewed emergency laws every three years since they were imposed. The legislation was extended in 2003 and were due to expire at the end of May 2006; plans were in place to replace it with new anti-terrorism laws. After the Dahab bombings in April of that year, it was renewed for another two years. In May 2008 there was a further extension to June 2010. In May 2010,

10710-408: The local and international arenas: AidWatch Philippines – National network of grassroots-based and -oriented NGOs working on official development assistance (ODA) issues in the country. It aims to bring together and deepen relationships among a wide range of organizations for collaboration among NGOs on aid-related issues and concerns. Asia Pacific Research Network (APRN) – Established in 1998 as

10836-580: The longest period of martial law in the history of the British colonies on the Australian continent. As of 2023 , martial law has never been declared since federation in 1901. During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev declared martial law. In 2011, King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa declared martial law during an anti-government uprising , granting authority to

10962-548: The mainland to the Chinese Communist Party and retreated to Taiwan in 1949, the perceived need to suppress Communist activities in Taiwan was utilised as a rationale for not lifting martial law until thirty-eight years later in 1987, just prior to the death of then President Chiang Ching-kuo . Taiwan's period of martial law was one of the longest in modern history, after that of Syria (1967–2011). Martial law

11088-411: The military authority to intervene in national politics to "preserve the constitution and democracy, protect the basic principles of the state and its civil nature, and protect the people's rights and freedoms". The armed forces were separately granted policing responsibilities to arrest civilians and "protect public and vital facilities". The Preparedness Act (SDK 1552/2011, Finnish : valmiuslaki )

11214-549: The military governor of the capital city of Tehran . On 8 September, the government effectively declared martial law on the capital along with several other cities throughout the country, after which further protests erupted that lead to the army opening fire on a group of protesters in Tehran's Jaleh Square on the same day. Estimates on the number of casualties vary; However, according to Iranian human rights activist Emadeddin Baghi ,

11340-492: The military. These announcements could for instance order any civilian laws to come back into force. The military announcements (communiqués) were the de facto only constitution and legal framework for the Egyptian territory. It meant that all affairs of the state were bound by the Geneva Conventions . Under the current president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , a series of constitutional amendments passed in 2019 granted

11466-421: The most difficult areas of international development practice. Capacity development has been one of the least responsive targets of donor assistance, lagging behind progress in infrastructure development or improving health and child mortality". Since the arrival of capacity building as a dominant subject in international aid , donors and practitioners have struggled to create a concise mechanism for determining

11592-442: The national economy and economic relationships based on equality and mutual benefit. Pagbabago! People's Movement for Change – Broad-based national movement for people to make their voices heard. It fosters “new politics” (government from below); advocates supervision of leadership by a politically aware, empowered people and encourages leadership support. With a track record of being pro-people, pro-Filipino and honest, it calls for

11718-669: The north. Instructions of the Home Front Command are obligatory under martial law, rather than merely recommended. The order signed by Peretz was in effect for 48 hours and was extended by the Cabinet and the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee over the war's duration. Mauritius is known as being a "Westminster" style of democracy but a peculiar system that was imposed in Mauritius during

11844-513: The number of people killed was 88 of which 64 were gunned down in Jaleh Square. The day is often referred to as Black Friday . Unable to control the unrest, the Shah dissolved the civil government headed by Prime Minister Jafar Sharif-Emami on 6 November and appointed General Gholam Reza Azhari as the prime minister whom ultimately failed in his efforts to restore order to the country. As he

11970-447: The number of people trained. Outcome indicators measure the impact, such as laws changed due to trained advocates. Both the "numbers of people trained" and "laws changed" are, however, just inputs or intermediate inputs and do not measure actual improvements in "performance" in terms of measurable outcomes of public agencies that are the definition of capacity building. Despite these claims of existence of these evaluation approaches, there

12096-631: The police and military to crack down on protesters. It was lifted on 1 June amid a continuing crackdown on the uprising. Brunei has been under martial law since a rebellion occurred on 8 December 1962 and was put down by British troops from Singapore. The Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah , is presently the head of state and also the Minister of Defense and Commander in Chief of Royal Brunei Armed Forces . Bangladesh

12222-613: The policy literature in the United Kingdom, particularly in the context of urban policy, regeneration and social development. It is, however, difficult to distinguish it from the practice of " community development ". It is "built on a deficit model of communities which fails to engage properly with their own skills, knowledge and interests". Therefore, it does not properly address structural reasons for poverty and inequality. The World Bank , United Nations and European Commission describe capacity building to consist of five areas:

12348-509: The public, as seen in multiple countries listed below. Such incidents may occur after a coup d'état ( Thailand in 2006 and 2014 , and Egypt in 2013 ); when threatened by popular protest (China, Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 ); to suppress political opposition ( martial law in Poland in 1981 ); or to stabilize insurrections or perceived insurrections. Martial law may be declared in cases of major natural disasters; however, most countries use

12474-923: The residents of these localities, including residents of Kafr Qasim , were notified. Following the 1967 war, in which the Israeli army occupied the West Bank , Gaza Strip , the Golan Heights in Syria, and the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, martial law over the Palestinian population as well as the Jordanian, Syrian, and Egyptian populations in these areas was put in place. In 1993, the Oslo I agreements facilitated limited self-rule for Palestinians under

12600-541: The same name (1080/1991) were designed to replace the emergency provisions previously scattered over several different acts. The Icelandic constitution provides no mechanism for the declaration of war, martial law nor state of emergency. The solo mention of Martial Law in the Indian constitution is in Article 34 which gives Parliament the power to indemnify persons in respect of acts done in territories where martial law

12726-425: The skills of people and communities, in small businesses and local grassroots movements. Organizational capacity building is used by NGOs and governments to guide their internal development and activities as a form of managerial improvements following administrative practices. The United Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration in 2006 offered an additional term, "community capacity building". It

12852-662: The state of emergency in the country which is claimed to be equivalent to the state of martial law as the constitution of Pakistan of 1973 was suspended, and the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court were fired. On 12 November 2007, Musharraf issued some amendments in the Military Act, which gave the armed forces some additional powers. During the Second World War , President José P. Laurel placed

12978-438: The state of emergency was further extended, albeit with a promise from the government to be applied only to 'Terrorism and Drugs' suspects. On 10 February 2011, during the uprising against his rule , Mubarak promised the deletion of the relevant constitutional article regarding the emergency law in an attempt to please the mass number of protesters that demanded him to resign. The following day, he stepped down and handed control of

13104-458: The study and implementation of practices, systems, and techniques that affect organizational change. The goal of which is to modify an organization's performance and/or culture. The difficulties with achieving results from capacity development projects have regularly been described in a range of publications. For example, in 2006, a document by OECD-DAC stated that: "evaluation results confirm that development of sustainable capacity remains one of

13230-435: The suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers. Martial law can continue for a specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties may be suspended for as long as martial law continues. Most often, martial law is declared in times of war and/or emergencies such as civil unrest and natural disasters. Alternatively, martial law may be declared in instances of military coup d'états . Despite

13356-463: The underlying problems are solved, and refraining from asking whether there may be hidden agendas to buy influence, subsidize elites, and continue dependency. An independent public measurement indicator for improvement and oversight of the large variety of capacity building initiatives was published in 2015, with scoring, and based on international development law and professional management principles. This comprehensive indicator for capacity building

13482-775: The unwillingness or inability of public agencies to apply their own principles and international law . Capacity building has been called a buzzword within development which comes with a heavy normative load but little critical interrogation and appropriate review. The term capacity building is usually "loaded with positive value". Despite some 20 years recognizing the problems, practitioners continue to note that some capacity development projects are just "throwing money at symptoms with no logic or analysis". Others are "disguised bribes to government officials and attempts to undermine entire government structures by setting up foreign run Ministries and foreign influenced political parties or civil society to lobby for foreign interests" using

13608-519: Was a data source for researchers, speakers, writers and seminar facilitators. Its research featured political-economic realities and the relationship between local and international socioeconomic issues. By the 1980s, IBON Foundation had become a non-governmental organization (NGO). IBON established the IBON Databank in 1982 to provide socioeconomic data to researchers, policy-makers, educators, other NGOs and people's organizations. Ekonokomiks

13734-444: Was broadened to make Philippine books available internationally and alternative international publications accessible locally. During the first decade of the century, IBON International was established and expanded from providing services and contributing to building support to solidifying its role in establishing and sustaining international networks and campaigns. It also linked global initiatives to local campaigns and advocacy. In 2006

13860-710: Was declared first in 1947 in Taiwan Province after the February 28 incident , then again in 1949 as the Chinese Civil War was also raging across the country despite the democracy promised in the Constitution of the Republic of China (the central government refused to implement the constitution on Taiwan until after 1949). After the Nationalist -led central government of China lost control of

13986-579: Was declared under martial law by the British authorities during the Irish War of Independence . A large portion of Ireland was also under de facto martial law during the Irish Civil War . In late July 1921 Lord Cave ( House of Lords ) ruled on an appeal that:"...the military court, the validity of whose sentence was called into question, was a body possessing no statutory or common law authority...". The Court of Chancery (Ireland) also ruled that

14112-533: Was expanded, conducting in-depth research and advocacy studies, and aiming to improve the quality of its books and publications. Sectoral service desks for workers, peasants, women, indigenous people and the environment were also developed. IBON began conducting quarterly surveys on a national-capital, regional and nationwide basis. From the Seminars Program the People's Education and Research Center (PERC)

14238-595: Was followed by Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and Shaukat Aziz . While the government was supposed to be run by an elected prime minister, there was a common understanding that important decisions were made by the President General Musharraf. General Pervez Musharraf pointed out it as an emergency, not Martial Law. The Constitution, Parliament and Provincial Assemblies were suspended and Musharraf issued "Proclamation of Emergency" on 14 October 1999. On 3 November 2007, President General Musharraf declared

14364-655: Was imposed in Beijing in 1989 following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 by the Communist-ruled government on mainland China. In Egypt, states of emergency were in effect almost continuously from 1967 to 2021. A state of emergency gives military courts the power to try civilians and allows the government to detain for renewable 45-day periods and without court orders anyone deemed to be threatening state security. Public demonstrations are banned under

14490-577: Was imposed until April 27, 1838. Martial law was proclaimed a second time on November 4, 1838, this time by acting Governor John Colborne , and was applied in the district of Montreal until August 24, 1839. In China, martial law in the Beiyang government could be dated back to the final year of the Qing dynasty . The outline of a 1908 draft constitution—modeled on Japan 's Meiji Constitution —included provisions for martial law. The Provisional Government of

14616-538: Was in effect from 1949 to 1966 over some geographical areas of Israel having large Arab populations, primarily the Negev , Galilee , and the Triangle . The residents of these areas were subject to martial law. The Israel Defense Forces enforced strict residency rules. Any Arab not registered in a census taken during November 1948 was deported. Permits from the military governor had to be procured to travel more than

14742-542: Was in force and to legitimize such actions. But in the text itself, there is no mention of any grants of power to declare Martial Law. But the Supreme Court of India in Puttaswamy v. Union of India judgement made it clear that certain rights of life and liberty are natural rights , which cannot be curbed by the state while also upholding the inherent right of issuing writs by Courts. As the power of Martial Law

14868-406: Was initially well received, but it eventually proved unpopular as the military's human rights abuses (e.g. use of torture in intelligence gathering, forced disappearances ), along with the decadence and excess of the Marcos family and their allies, had emerged. Coupled with economic downturns, these factors fermented dissent in various sectors (e.g. the urban middle class ) that crystallised with

14994-420: Was launched in 1984 as a publication for the grassroots organization. At this time, IBON went through a rocky period of regularizing its services and departments. After what it described as a lull in providing cutting-edge policy research “and advancing the public debate through a clear analysis on major issues such as agrarian reform, national industrialization and liberalization”, IBON reorganized and “embarked on

15120-456: Was little more than lists of inputs and outputs without use of professional management standards or any kind of real oversight, and a report for the World Bank in 2009 noted that the failures were deep and systemic, where the measures used are "smile sheets", asking beneficiaries if they are "happy" or "better off" and measuring things like "raised awareness", "enhanced skills", and "improved teamwork" that are "locally driven", rather than on whether

15246-487: Was organized in 1997. The Institute of Political Economy (IPE) was also established as an independent research and educational body, producing journals on theoretical research and introductory training courses on political economy. IBON's Media Center evolved from media-support activities such as IBON Features , which presented social issues to the general public. IBON sa Himpapawid was a weekly, recorded radio program which also aimed to promote socioeconomic consciousness to

15372-492: Was preparing to leave the country, the Shah dissolved the military government and appointed Shapour Bakhtiar , a reformist critic of his rule, as the new prime minister on 4 January 1979. Bakhtiar's government fell on 11 February and gave rise to the Islamic Republic and the creation of a new constitution. Article 79 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran forbids the proclamation of martial law without

15498-410: Was proposed as part of the elements codifying international development law in a treatise. It consists of 20 specific elements that apply law, administrative principles, social science concepts, and education concepts, to troubleshoot the actual problems that occur and to promote public oversight and accountability. The indicator has two sections: one with 11 questions to assure proper application of

15624-481: Was the first civilian martial law. The third was imposed by the General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq on 5 July 1977. After several tumultuous years, which witnessed the secession of East Pakistan to form Bangladesh, politician Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over in 1971 as the first civilian martial law administrator in recent history, imposing selective martial law in areas hostile to his rule, such as

15750-483: Was under martial law several times, in the late 70s after Mujib was assassinated , Martial Law was declared temporarily and Hussain Muhammad Ershad declared Martial Law in the early 80s. The War Measures Act was a Parliament of Canada statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers, stopping short of martial law, i.e., the military did not administer justice, which remained in

15876-611: Was viewed as a long-term process of interventions in a developing country's government, public and private sector institutions, and NGOs.   Under the UNDP 's 2008–2013 "strategic plan for development", capacity building is the "organization's core contribution to development". The UNDP focused on building capacity at an institutional level and offers a six-step process for systematic capacity building. The six steps are: Conducting training need assessment, engage stakeholders on capacity development, assess capacity needs and assets, formulate

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