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40-544: (Redirected from IC ) [REDACTED] Look up IC , ic , or -ic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. IC , Ic , ic , or i.c. may stand for: Science and technology [ edit ] Astronomy [ edit ] Index Catalogue , a nebula and other object catalogue used in astronomy Type Ic supernova , a subtype of Type I supernova Biology and medicine [ edit ] Inferior colliculus ,

80-439: A long vowel or long diphthong or ending in two or more consonants—and after two light syllables. Nouns which kept short -i/-u are called light, while nouns which lost them are called heavy. The a-stems come in three separate declensions: one for masculine nouns, one for "heavy" neuter nouns, and one for "light" neuter nouns. They are exemplified by hund ("dog"), sċip ("boat"), and hūs ("house"): The ō-stems are by far

120-441: A "tree" could be denoted by neuter trēo ("tree") or masculine bēam , a "shield wall" denoted by masculine sċieldweall or feminine sċieldburg . Old English has two nouns for many types of people: a general term which can refer to both males and females, like Modern English "waiter", and a separate term which refers only to females, like Modern English "waitress". Several different suffixes are used to specify females: Sometimes

160-425: A business role for an employee without management responsibilities Internal control , in accounting Intimacy coordinator , staff member on theater, film and television productions Canary Islands (ISO 3166-1 code: IC) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ic . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

200-493: A creationist argument Computing [ edit ] Index of coincidence , in cryptography Integrated circuit , a set of electronic circuits on a semiconductor chip Interactive C , a programming language for robotic controllers Interconnection , physical linking of a telecommunication carrier's network Economics [ edit ] Indifference curve , in economics Information coefficient , in economics Physics and chemistry [ edit ] -ic,

240-1390: A division of the Canadian government Ingobamakhosi Carbineers , an infantry regiment of the South African Army United States Intelligence Community , a group of government agencies InterContinental , a hotel chain, or its parent company InterContinental Hotels Group Iron Cross (Burmese band) IC, postnominal letters for a member of the Rosminians , officially the Institute of Charity Transportation [ edit ] Illinois Central Railroad (reporting mark IC) Indian Airlines (IATA airline designator IC) Intercités , classic long-distance passenger day and night train services in France operated by SNCF InterCity , certain long-distance passenger train services in Europe Other uses [ edit ] IC codes , police shorthand expressions for apparent ethnicity Identity card Incident commander , person responsible for all aspects of an emergency response Independent contractor Individual contributor,

280-642: A few additional smaller conjugations and a handful of irregular verbs. The main difference from other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin, is that verbs could be conjugated in only two tenses (compared to the six "tenses", really tense/aspect combinations, of Latin), and the absence of a synthetic passive voice , which still existed in Gothic . Old English nouns are grouped by grammatical gender , and inflect based on case and number . Old English retains all three genders of Proto-Indo-European : masculine, feminine, and neuter. Each noun belongs to one of

320-497: A few neuters: ēage ("eye"), ēare ("ear"), wange ("cheek"), and compounds ending in them, such as þunwange ("temple [of the head]"). N-stems are also called "weak nouns", because they are "weakly" inflected; i.e., most of their inflections have the same ending, -an . All other nouns are called "strong nouns". Masculine and feminine n-stems are inflected the same except in the nominative singular, where masculines end in -a , feminines in -e : The few neuter n-stems are declined

360-646: A few nouns that only come in the plural , namely lēode ("people") and various names of nationalities, such as Engle ("the English") and Dene ("the Danes"). These nouns kept the nominative/accusative plural -e that they inherited through regular sound change. The u-stems are all masculine or feminine. They are all declined the same way, regardless of gender: There are few pure u-stem nouns, but some are very common: duru ("door"), medu ("mead"), wudu ("wood"). Most historical u-stems have been transferred over to

400-412: A golden cup is gylden u cuppe . In Old English the words for "he" ( hē ) and "she" ( hēo ) also mean "it". Hē refers back to masculine nouns, hēo to feminine nouns, reserving the neuter pronoun hit for grammatically neuter nouns. That means even inanimate objects are frequently called "he" or "she". See the following sentence, with the masculine noun snāw : Compare this parallel sentence, where

440-631: A noun's gender was no longer immediately clear. Nevertheless, the gender of Old English nouns can be partly predicted, but the means by which a noun's gender was assigned (due to historical morphophonology ) is a different issue from the means by which a noun's gender can be predicted or remembered (due to various techniques). For example, the Old English names of metals are neuter, not because they are metals, but because these words historically ended with sounds that can be assigned as neuter. Below are means of predicting/remembering gender. In general,

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480-489: A part of the midbrain Informed consent , in clinical trials, a form that has to be signed by the patient before entering a study Intensive care medicine Intermittent catheterisation , a method of relieving the bladder Interstitial cystitis , a disease Inhibitory Concentration, as in half maximal inhibitory concentration ( IC 50 ) Inspiratory capacity, a measure of lung volumes Irreducible complexity ,

520-563: A powerful and fast single-handed sailing canoe Other technologies [ edit ] ic , a unit of length in the CSS standard equal to the advance measure of the 水 ideograph Interchangeable core , a type of lock cylinder Isolation condenser , a passive cooling system for boiling water nuclear reactors Language [ edit ] -ić or -ič, a family name suffix in South Slavic languages i.c. , an abbreviation for

560-480: A suffix describing oxidation state in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry I C , or collector current, in bipolar junction transistors Ice I c , a metastable cubic crystalline variant of ice Ion chromatography Ionization chamber , a type of radiation detector Vehicles [ edit ] IC Bus , a bus manufacturer Impuls IC , a German hang glider design International Canoe ,

600-697: A thing that has biological sex will have that same gender; masculine fæder ("father") and feminine mōdor ("mother"), masculine cyning ("king") and feminine cwēn ("queen"), masculine munuc ("monk") and feminine nunne ("nun"), etc. The three major exceptions are neuter wīf ("woman", "wife") and mæġden ("girl"), and masculine wīfmann ("woman"). Animal names that refer only to males are masculine (e.g. hana "rooster", henġest "stallion", eofor "boar", fearr "bull", ramm "ram", and bucc "buck"), and animal names that refer only to females are feminine (e.g. henn "hen", mīere "mare", sugu "sow", cū "cow", eowu "ewe", and dā "doe"). The only exception

640-399: A vowel, which is rare; hence, only three are attested: frēond ("friend") ← frēoġan ("to love"), fēond ("enemy") ← fēoġan ("to hate"), and tēond ("accuser") ← tēon ("to accuse"). They are declined just like masculine root nouns: The multi-syllable nd-stems are declined very differently. Their stem vowel never undergoes i-umlaut , and in fact, they are inflected just like a-stems in

680-768: Is drān ("drone"), which is feminine even though it refers to male bees . General names for animals (of unspecified sex) could be of any gender (though determined by their historical ending): for example, ūr ("aurochs") is masculine, fifalde ("butterfly") is feminine, and swīn ("pig") is neuter. If a noun could refer to both males and females, it was usually masculine. Hence frēond ("friend") and fēond ("enemy") were masculine, along with many other examples such as lufiend ("lover"), bæcere ("baker"), hālga ("saint"), sċop ("poet"), cuma ("guest"), mǣġ ("relative"), cristen ("Christian"), hǣðen ("pagan"), āngenġa ("loner"), selfǣta ("cannibal"), hlēapere ("dancer"), and sangere ("singer"). The main exceptions are

720-399: Is a contrast between light nouns and heavy nouns: light nouns end in -e where they have umlaut of the root vowel, while heavy nouns have no ending. The typical declension is this: Nd-stems are nouns formed with the suffix -end , which creates agent nouns from verbs: āgan ("to own") → āgend ("owner"). All are masculine. Single-syllable nd-stems are only possible when the stem ends in

760-590: Is among the most conservative of the Germanic languages . To a lesser extent, it resembles modern German . Nouns , pronouns, adjectives and determiners were fully inflected , with four grammatical cases ( nominative , accusative , genitive , dative ), and a vestigial instrumental , two grammatical numbers ( singular and plural ) and three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). First and second-person personal pronouns also had dual forms for referring to groups of two people, in addition to

800-438: Is not the 'thing' itself that determines the gender of its name ( noun ), but rather the particular speech-sounds (previously) used to denote that thing's kind ( gender ). In the ancestor of Old English (namely Proto-Indo-European and later Proto-Germanic ), certain speech-sounds in a word-ending generally indicated the word's gender (i.e. kind, sort), but once these word-ending sounds had disappeared from speech over generations,

840-443: Is noun-specific and ultimately a feature of morphophonology rather than semantics (word-meaning), it goes without saying that any "thing" ( referent ) might be referred to as a different name ( noun ) of a different gender: a "mountain" could be denoted by the masculine beorg or feminine dūn , a "star" could be denoted by masculine steorra or neuter tungol , a "window" could be denoted by neuter ēagþȳrel or feminine ēagduru ,

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880-455: Is standing there, do you know her ?"). When two nouns have different genders, adjectives and determiners that refer to them together are inflected neuter: Hlīsa and spēd bēoþ twieċġu ("Fame [masculine] and success [feminine] are double-edged [neuter plural]"). In Old English (and Indo-European languages generally), each noun's gender derives from morphophonology rather than directly from semantics (word-meaning). In other words, it

920-582: The Latin phrase in casu , meaning 'in this case' ic , an Old English pronoun A Christogram , a series of letters that form the abbreviated name of Jesus Christ An independent clause in the study of grammar Organizations [ edit ] Schools [ edit ] Illinois College , Jacksonville, Illinois, US Imperial College London , UK International College, Beirut , Lebanon Ithaca College , Ithaca, New York, US Other organizations [ edit ] Industry Canada ,

960-462: The a-stems. Some nouns follow the a-stem inflection overall, but have a few leftover u-stem forms in their inflection. These forms may exist alongside regular a-stem forms: Root nouns are a small class of nouns which, in Proto-Germanic , had ended in a consonant without any intervening vowel. These nouns undergo i-umlaut in the dative singular and the nominative/accusative plural. This is

1000-532: The female equivalent is a totally separate word, as in lārēow ("teacher") ~ lǣrestre ("female teacher", as if the general term were *lǣrere ), lǣċe ("doctor") ~ lācnestre ("female doctor", as if the general term were *lācnere ), and hlāford ("master", literally "bread guardian") ~ hlǣfdiġe ("mistress", literally "bread kneader"). As in several other old Germanic languages , Old English declensions include five cases : nominative , accusative , dative , genitive , and instrumental . Not all nouns take

1040-547: The largest class after a-stems. They include the vast majority of feminine nouns, and zero nouns with Null morphemes of any other gender. They are called ō-stems because they ended in -ō in Proto-Germanic, but in Old English that ending has changed to -u or vanished. In the nominative singular, "light" ō-stems end in -u while "heavy" ō-stems have no ending, just like neuter a-stems in the nominative/accusative plural. N-stems can be any gender, though there are only

1080-780: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ic&oldid=1232894410 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Latin-language text Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages IC">IC The requested page title contains unsupported characters : ">". Return to Main Page . Old English pronoun Among living languages, Old English morphology most closely resembles that of modern Icelandic , which

1120-464: The neuter noun fȳr (OE equivalent of NE fire ) is referred to with hit (OE equivalent of neuter singular nominative NE it ): Only a few nouns referring to people have a grammatical gender that does not match their natural gender, as in the neuter word mæġden ("girl"). In such cases, adjectives and determiners follow grammatical gender, but pronouns follow natural gender: Þæt mæġden sēo þǣr stent, canst þū hīe ? ("The girl who [feminine]

1160-545: The plural endings begin with -r- . These nouns are ċild ("child"), ǣġ ("egg"), lamb ("lamb"), and ċealf ("calf"). The above only mentions the most common ways each noun class is inflected. There are many variations even within classes, some of which include: Adjectives take different endings depending on the case , gender , and number of the noun they describe. The adjective cwic ("alive"), for example, comes in eleven different forms: cwic , cwic u , cwic ne , cwic e , cwic es , cwic re , cwic um , cwic

1200-461: The same as feminines, except they also have -e in the accusative singular: The i-stems are so called because they ended in -iz in Proto-Germanic, but in Old English that ending has either become -e (in light i-stems) or vanished (in heavy i-stems). These nouns come in every gender, though neuter i-stems are rare. By the earliest Old English prose, this class has already largely merged with other classes: masculine and neuter i-stems have taken on

1240-402: The same declension as a-stems, and feminine i-stems have almost the same declension as ō-stems. So, they are really only called i-stems because of their history, not because of how they inflect. Their only distinct inflection survives in the accusative singular of feminine heavy i-stems, which fluctuates between -e (the ō-stem ending) and no ending (the inherited ending): The exceptions are

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1280-415: The same endings to inflect for number and case . Instead, each noun belongs to one of eight different classes, and each class has a different set of endings (sometimes several, depending on subtype). In Proto-Germanic , one could tell which class a noun was by its ending in the nominative singular. But by the Old English period, most of these endings had disappeared or merged with other endings, so this

1320-415: The same, as in hund ("dog") below. The neuter a-stems, however, are split in two: some of them end in -u in the nominative/accusative plural, while others have no ending there at all. This was caused by a sound change called high vowel apocope , which occurred in the prehistory of Old English. Short -i and -u disappeared at the ends of words after a heavy syllable —that is, a syllable containing

1360-430: The same, with i-umlaut in the dative singular. Sweostor is inflected the same except without i-umlaut. Fæder is indeclinable in the singular like sweostor , but has taken its nominative/accusative plural from the a-stems. In addition, brōþor and sweostor often take the prefix ġe- in the plural, while the rest never do. Z-stems are the name given to four neuter nouns which inflect like light neuter a-stems, except

1400-493: The singular. Moreover, their plural forms are truly unique: the genitive plural always ends in -ra , which is normally used for adjectives, and the nominative/accusative plural varies between no ending, the adjective ending -e , and the a-stem ending -as . The adjectival endings are a relic of the nd-stems' origin as present participles . The r-stems comprise only five nouns: fæder , mōdor , brōþor , sweostor , and dohtor . Brōþor , mōdor , and dohtor are all inflected

1440-525: The source of nouns in Modern English which form their plural by changing a vowel, as in man ~ men, foot ~ feet, tooth ~ teeth, mouse ~ mice, goose ~ geese, and louse ~ lice. In Old English, there were many more such words, including bōc ("book"), cū ("cow"), gāt ("goat"), āc ("oak"), hnutu ("nut"), burg ("city"), and sulh ("plow"). All root nouns are either masculine or feminine. Masculine root nouns are all heavy, but among feminines there

1480-421: The three genders, while adjectives and determiners take different forms depending on the gender of the noun they describe. The word for "the" or "that" is sē with a masculine noun, sēo with a feminine noun, and þæt (which sounds like “that”) with a neuter noun. Adjectives change endings: for instance, since hring ("ring") is masculine and cuppe ("cup") is feminine, a golden ring is gylden hring , while

1520-400: The two words for "child", ċild and bearn , which are both neuter. However, it is not as easy to predict the gender of a noun that refers to a thing without biological sex, such as neuter seax ("knife"), feminine gafol ("fork"), and masculine cucler ("spoon"). That said, there are still ways to predict the gender even of nouns referring to things without biological sex: Since gender

1560-617: The usual singular and plural forms. The instrumental case was somewhat rare and occurred only in the masculine and neuter singular. It was often replaced by the dative. Adjectives, pronouns and (sometimes) participles agreed with their corresponding nouns in case, number and gender. Finite verbs agreed with their subjects in person and number. Nouns came in numerous declensions (with many parallels in Latin , Ancient Greek and Sanskrit ). Verbs came in ten main conjugations (seven strong and three weak ), all with numerous subtypes, as well as

1600-427: Was no longer possible. A-stem nouns are by far the largest class, totaling 60% of all nouns. Some are masculine, some are neuter. They are called a-stems because in Proto-Germanic times, they ended in -az (if masculine) or -ą (if neuter). However, in Old English, both these endings have vanished, and masculines only differ from neuters in the nominative/accusative plural. Masculine a-stems are almost all inflected

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