Misplaced Pages

#920079

40-518: The coalition was formed in 1992 when six organisations with similar interests (France-based Handicap International , Germany-based Medico International , UK-based Mines Advisory Group , and US-based Human Rights Watch , Physicians for Human Rights and Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation ) agreed to cooperate on their common goal. The campaign has since grown and spread to become a network with active members in some 100 countries—including groups working on women, children, veterans, religious groups,

80-553: A ban on cluster munitions and conducting research documenting the human impact of these weapons. Humanity & Inclusion is a founding member of the Cluster Munition Coalition , an international civil society campaign that works to erase the production and storage of all the munition. In February 2006, Belgium became the first country to enact such a ban as a result of Handicap International's public awareness and advocacy efforts. Handicap International has been

120-500: A relic of the Cold War. They are a legacy that has to be eliminated because they increasingly won't work." Nobel peace prize winner Jody Williams called the convention "the most important disarmament and humanitarian convention in over a decade". Anti-cluster munitions campaigners praised the rapid progress made in the adoption of the convention, and expressed hope that even non-signatories – such as China, North Korea, Russia, and

160-679: A vocal advocate of the Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM), an international treaty banning the use, transfer and stockpile of these weapons adopted on 30 May 2008 in Dublin , Ireland. There are currently 68 states that have ratified the CCM and 43 non-ratifying signatories. Humanity & Inclusion won the prize of the 2011 Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize , a $ 1.5 million prize, for its commitment to disabled people living in situations of poverty , exclusion , conflict or natural disasters . It

200-769: Is also a member organization of the International Disability and Development Consortium . The Brazilian football player Neymar Jr . became an "ambassador" of Humanity & Inclusion on 15 August 2017 until April 2019. The organization was ranked the 8th best international NGO in the world in the NGO Advisor 2017 rankings. The organization changed its name to Humanity & Inclusion in January 2018 to better communicate "the diversity of its activities, which are not confined to supporting people with disabilities." This new identity, change of name and logo,

240-429: Is an international treaty that prohibits all use, transfer, production, and stockpiling of cluster munitions , a type of explosive weapon which scatters submunitions ("bomblets") over an area. Additionally, the convention establishes a framework to support victim assistance, clearance of contaminated sites, risk reduction education, and stockpile destruction. The convention was adopted on 30 May 2008 in Dublin , and

280-527: Is the de facto monitoring regime for the Mine Ban Treaty and the Convention on Cluster Munitions of 2008. It monitors and reports on States Parties' implementation of and compliance with the Mine Ban Treaty and the Convention on Cluster Munitions, and more generally, it assesses the problems caused by landmines, cluster munitions, and other explosive remnants of war (ERW). The Monitor represents

320-750: The United States . It is an organization which aims to help disabled and vulnerable people in situations of poverty and exclusion , conflict and disaster. More than 3,500 field staff are currently located in more than 60 countries worldwide. The organization was founded in France by two French doctors in 1982 to help people affected by landmines in Cambodian refugee camps. The first orthopedic centers were set up in refugee camps in Thailand, Cambodia, Burma and Laos. Simple, locally available equipment

360-530: The "Wellington Declaration", setting forth the principles to be included in the convention. Delegates from 107 nations agreed to the final draft of the treaty at the end of a ten-day meeting held in May 2008 in Dublin, Ireland. Its text was formally adopted on 30 May 2008 by 107 nations, including 7 of the 14 countries that have used cluster bombs and 17 of the 34 countries that have produced them. The treaty

400-736: The 27 member-states of the European Union and 18 of the 26 countries in NATO . Among the signatories were several states affected by cluster munitions, including Laos and Lebanon. In November 2008, ahead of the signing conference in Oslo, the European Parliament passed a resolution calling on all European Union governments to sign and ratify the convention, as several EU countries had not yet declared their intention to do so. Finland had declared it would not sign, having just signed

440-548: The CMC campaigns remain separate and continue to remind governments of their commitments to implement and promote both treaties. Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor continues its unique civil society monitoring program on the humanitarian and developmental consequences of landmines, cluster munitions, and explosive remnants of war. The activities of the ICBL-CMC are supported by a Governance Board representative of various elements of

SECTION 10

#1732780527921

480-638: The ICBL has 14 staff members based in Geneva (the central office), Lyon, Paris, and Ottawa. Additionally, the ICBL-CMC hosts several interns each year. The Mine Ban Treaty, or the Ottawa Treaty , is the international agreement that bans anti-personnel mines . Officially entitled The Convention on the Prohibition, Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Antipersonnel Mines and on Their Destruction ,

520-508: The ICBL that provides strategic, financial and human resources oversight. An Advisory Committee provides more regular input to staff and the working of the campaign. Four ambassadors serve as campaign representatives at speaking events and other conferences worldwide. They include Jody Williams , Tun Channareth (Cambodian landmine survivor), Song Kosal (Cambodian landmine survivor), and Margaret Arech Orech (Ugandan landmine survivor and founder of Ugandan Landmine Survivors Association ). Currently,

560-442: The Mine Ban Treaty, humanitarian mine action programs geared toward the needs of mine-affected communities, support for landmine survivors, their families and their communities, and a stop to the production, use and transfer of landmines, including by non-State armed groups. The ICBL participates in the periodical meetings of the Mine Ban Treaty process, urges states not parties to the treaty to join and non-state armed groups to respect

600-648: The Monitor's Editorial Team prior to publication. Handicap International Claude Simonnot Humanity & Inclusion (formerly Handicap International ) is an international non-governmental organization . It was founded in 1982 to provide help in refugee camps in Cambodia and Thailand . Headquartered in France and Belgium , since its creation, it has opened branches in six other countries: Switzerland , Luxembourg , United Kingdom , Germany , Canada and

640-756: The Oslo Process, began in February 2007 in Oslo. At this time, 46 nations issued the "Oslo Declaration", committing themselves to: Conclude by 2008 a legally binding international instrument that prohibits the use and stockpiling of cluster munitions that cause unacceptable harm to civilians and secure adequate provision of care and rehabilitation to survivors and clearance of contaminated areas. The Oslo Process held meetings in Lima in May 2007 and Vienna in December 2007. In February 2008, 79 countries adopted

680-539: The Ottawa Treaty and replaced its mine arsenal largely with cluster munitions. According to article 17 of the treaty, the convention entered into force "on the first day of the sixth month after the month in which the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession has been deposited". Since the thirtieth ratification was deposited during February 2010, the convention entered into force on 1 August 2010; by that point, 38 nations had ratified

720-537: The Pentagon pledged not to use any cluster munitions with a failure rate higher than 1 percent after 2018. However, U.S. did not impose an outright ban. The treaty allows certain types of weapons with submunitions that do not have the indiscriminate area effects or pose the same unexploded ordnance risks as the prohibited weapons. These must contain no more than nine submunitions, and no submunition may weigh less than 4 kilograms (8.8 lb). Each submunition must have

760-511: The US – would be discouraged from using the weapons by the entry into force of the convention. As one of the countries that did not ratify the treaty, the United States said that cluster bombs are a legal form of weapon, and that they had a "clear military utility in combat." It also said that compared to other types of weapons, cluster bombs are less harmful to civilians. Article 11 required

800-496: The United Kingdom and others, the treaty includes a provision allowing signatory nations to cooperate militarily with non-signatory nations. This provision is designed to provide legal protections to the military personnel of signatory nations engaged in military operations with the U.S. or other non-signatory nations that might use cluster munitions. David Miliband , who was Britain's foreign secretary under Labour, approved

840-583: The United Kingdom would withdraw all of its cluster bombs from service. This was done despite intense behind-the-scenes lobbying by the U.S. and objections by British government personnel who saw utility in the weapons. The CCM was opened for signature at a ceremony at Oslo City Hall on 3– 4 December 2008. By the end of the ceremony, 94 states had signed the treaty, including four (Ireland, the Holy See , Sierra Leone and Norway) which had also submitted their instruments of ratification. Signatories included 21 of

SECTION 20

#1732780527921

880-528: The United States. On 18 July 2024, the Parliament of Lithuania decided to withdraw from the convention. The Lithuanian government argued that Russia has used cluster munitions extensively during the Russian invasion of Ukraine and would not hesitate to use them in conflict with NATO . The government also pointed out that from the NATO states bordering Russia, only Lithuania and Norway were parties to

920-579: The capability to detect and engage a single target object and contain electronic self-destruct and self-deactivation devices. Weapons containing submunitions which each weigh at least 20 kg (44 lb) are also excluded. Australia, which supports the treaty, stated that the convention does not prohibit the SMArt 155 artillery shell that it has bought, which releases two self-guided self-destructing submunitions. In response to U.S. lobbying, and also concerns raised by diplomats from Australia, Canada, Japan,

960-406: The convention. Lithuania deposited its instrument of withdrawal from the convention on 6 September 2024, and the withdrawal will take effect on 6 March 2025 (though the convention will continue to apply in any armed conflicts that Lithuania may be engaged in at that time). As of September 2024, there were 112 states parties to the convention. Another 12 states have signed, but not ratified

1000-474: The development and introduction of "smart" cluster munitions , where each submunition contains its own targeting and guidance system as well as an auto-self-destruct mechanism, means that the problematic munitions are being moved away from, in any case. In 2006, Barack Obama voted to support a legislative measure to limit use of the bombs, while his general election opponent John McCain and his primary opponent Hillary Clinton both voted against it. In 2008,

1040-495: The environment, human rights, arms control, peace and development—working locally, nationally and internationally to eradicate antipersonnel landmines. A prominent supporter was Diana, Princess of Wales . The organization and its founding coordinator, Jody Williams , jointly received the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to bring about the Mine Ban Treaty (Ottawa Treaty). The signature of this treaty (which bans

1080-545: The explosive canisters well after the conflict has ended. The 2006 Lebanon War provided momentum for the campaign to ban cluster bombs. The United Nations estimated that up to 40% of Israeli cluster bomblets failed to explode on impact. Norway organized the independent Oslo Process after discussions at the traditional disarmament forum in Geneva fell through in November 2006. The cluster munitions ban process, also known as

1120-548: The first meeting of states parties to be held within 12 months of the entry into force. The first such meeting was held in Laos in November 2010. There is a president, currently Swiss ambassador Félix Baumann . According to Cluster Munition Monitor 2022, the list of 16 countries that refuse to sign the convention and who produce cluster munitions included Brazil, China, Egypt, Greece, India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Turkey and

1160-489: The first time that NGOs have come together in a coordinated, systematic, and sustained way to monitor humanitarian law or disarmament treaties, and to regularly document progress and problems, thereby successfully putting into practice the concept of civil society-based verification. Since its creation in 1998, Monitor research has been carried out by a global network of primarily in-country researchers, most of them ICBL-CMC campaigners, and all content undergoes rigorous editing by

1200-695: The indiscriminate area effects or pose the same unexploded ordnance risks as cluster munitions. Permitted weapons must contain fewer than ten submunitions, and each must weigh more than 4 kilograms (8.8 lb), and each submunition must have the capability to detect and engage a single target object and contain electronic self-destruct and self-deactivation mechanisms. Weapons containing submunitions which all individually weigh at least 20 kg (44 lb) are also excluded. A limited number of prohibited weapons and submunitions can be acquired and kept for training in, and development of, detection, clearance and destruction techniques and counter-measures. The impetus for

1240-533: The mine ban norm, condemns mine use and promotes public awareness and debate on the mine issue, organizing events and generating media attention. In 2011, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC) merged into one unified structure, now known as the ICBL-CMC , in order to realize operational efficiencies and reinforce complementary work. The ICBL and

International Campaign to Ban Landmines - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-595: The treaty is sometimes referred to as the Ottawa Convention . The Mine Ban Treaty was adopted in Oslo, Norway, in September 1997 and signed by 122 States in Ottawa, Canada, on 3 December 1997. As of March 2018, there were 164 States Parties to the Ottawa Treaty. The mine ban treaty suggest several agendas to member states: Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor is the ICBL-CMC's research and monitoring arm. It

1320-634: The treaty, like that of the 1997 Ottawa Treaty to limit landmines , has been concern over the severe damage and risks to civilians from explosive weapons during and long after attacks. A varying proportion of submunitions dispersed by cluster bombs fail to explode on impact and can lie unexploded for years until disturbed. The sometimes brightly-colored munitions are not camouflaged, but have been compared to toys or Easter eggs , attracting children at play. Human rights activists claim that one in four casualties resulting from submunitions that fail to explode on impact are children, who often pick up and play with

1360-614: The treaty. As the convention entered into force, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon spoke of "not only the world's collective revulsion at these abhorrent weapons, but also the power of collaboration among governments, civil society and the United Nations to change attitudes and policies on a threat faced by all humankind". A spokesman for the International Committee of the Red Cross said "These weapons are

1400-403: The use of a loophole to manoeuvre around the ban which allows the US to keep the munitions on British territory. Prior to the Dublin meeting, the United Kingdom was thought to be one of a group of nations in a pivotal role, whereby their cooperation could make or break the treaty. In an unexpected turn of events shortly before the end of the conference, Prime Minister Gordon Brown declared that

1440-603: The use, production, stockpiling, and transfer of anti-personnel mines) is seen as the campaign's greatest success. The prize was received on the organisation's behalf by its co-founder, Rae McGrath of the Mines Advisory Group and by Tunn Channareth, a Cambodian mine victim and ICBL activist. The ICBL monitors the global mine and cluster munition situation (through Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor, its research and monitoring arm), and conducts advocacy activities, lobbying for implementation and universalization of

1480-460: Was led by Cossette, a marketing agency in Canada. With this new name, Cossette launched the campaign "Be a lifeline" which was directed by Olivier Staub , Canadian filmmaker and photographer. This campaign won a bronze lion at Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity in the design category in 2018. Convention on Cluster Munitions The Convention on Cluster Munitions ( CCM )

1520-570: Was opened for signature on 3 December 2008 in Oslo . It entered into force on 1 August 2010, six months after it was ratified by 30 states. As of December 2023, a total of 124 states are committed to the goal of the convention, with 112 states that have ratified it, and 12 states that have signed the convention but not yet ratified it. Countries that ratify the convention will be obliged "never under any circumstances to": The treaty allows certain types of weapons with submunitions that do not have

1560-569: Was opposed by a number of countries that produce or stockpile significant quantities of cluster munitions, including China, Russia, the United States, India, Israel, Pakistan and Brazil. The U.S. has acknowledged humanitarian concerns about the use of cluster munitions, but insisted that the proper venue for a discussion of cluster munitions was the forum attached to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons , which includes all major military powers. The U.S. has further stated that

1600-556: Was used to provide immediate, effective and practical aid, and local teams carried out the work. In 1986, Handicap International Belgium was set up, and the organization began to extend its work to other countries. It is one of the 6 founding members of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines which received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997. Since February 2005, the organization has also been calling for

#920079