A fuel tax (also known as a petrol , gasoline or gas tax , or as a fuel duty ) is an excise tax imposed on the sale of fuel . In most countries the fuel tax is imposed on fuels which are intended for transportation. Fuel tax receipts are often dedicated or hypothecated to transportation projects, in which case the fuel tax can be considered a user fee . In other countries, the fuel tax is a source of general revenue. Sometimes, a fuel tax is used as an ecotax , to promote ecological sustainability. Fuel taxes are often considered by government agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service as regressive taxes .
76-525: The DBAG Class 605 , commonly known as the ICE ;TD is a high-speed diesel multiple unit (DMU) train, formerly in service with Deutsche Bahn and DSB . It was retired from active passenger service in 2017 after years of operational issues with one trainset being kept and repurposed as a technology testbed. Following the successful inauguration of the Intercity-Express system in 1991 and
152-790: A Stadler FLIRT fleet, with 20 trains DEMU version. Germany has employed DMUs for both commuter and express services for many decades. The SVT 877 Fliegender Hamburger DMU, introduced in 1933, made the run from Berlin to Hamburg in an astonishing 138 minutes, and its derivative SVT 137 broke the land speed record in 1936. After World War 2, the VT 11.5 DMU was the flagship of the glamorous Trans Europ Express . Since 1968, DB has designated DMUs with class numbers beginning in 6. While DB and regional transport authorities generally prefer electric power for commuter rail, many local and rural lines remain un-electrified, and DMUs are invaluable in providing services to those areas. DMUs in service as of 2021 include
228-453: A carbon tax and an energy tax . The total tax (including value added tax ) is, from July 1, 2018, 8.425 kr per liter petrol and 7.425 kr per liter diesel. From 23 March 2022 the UK duty rate for the road fuels unleaded petrol, diesel, biodiesel and bioethanol is £0.5295 per litre (£2.41/imp gal; £2.00/US gal). Value Added Tax at 20% is also charged on the price of the fuel and on
304-628: A WDM-2 or WDM-3A locomotive in the middle. These old trains had the loco controls duplicated in the Driving Trailer coach and all the actuation information reaching the locomotive through thin communication lines. This was called 'push-pull train'. The longest running such push-pull service operated between Diva – Bhiwandi Road and Vasai Road and was recently converted into an MEMU train service in 2018. India's first and largest DMU shed at Jalandhar , Punjab, holds more than 90 units placed in service all over Punjab. First generation DMU: Rated power
380-612: A locomotive hauled service. Today, DMUs are widely used throughout Australia's southern states: In Queensland, heritage DMUs are used on the Savannahlander and Gulflander tourist trains. Chinese manufactured (CNR Tangshan) DEMU was introduced in Bangladesh from 25 May 2013. DEMU is the country's first-ever commuter train service starting its journey on the Chittagong–Fouzdarhat line. These DEMUs also operate on
456-636: A short while, in anticipation of extra traffic during the 2006 FIFA World Cup being held in Germany. After this, they were used for charter and relief trains. From the end of 2007, class 605 trains were used in regular service on the Berlin – Hamburg – Copenhagen route, as a replacement for the Danish IC3 trains in Hamburg–;Copenhagen service ( Vogelfluglinie ), due to delays in
532-504: A total US average fuel tax of 48.18 cents per US gallon (12.73 ¢/L) for gas and 54.21 cents per US gallon (14.32 ¢/L) for diesel. The state and local tax figures includes fixed-per-gallon taxes as well as variable-rate taxes such as those levied as a percentage of the sales price. For state-level fuel taxes, nineteen states and the District of Columbia levy variable-rate taxes of some kind. The other thirty one states do not tie
608-533: A variable tax, but varies in the case of exemptions including tax credits and certain excise free fuel. Since October 2018, the fuel tax in Australia is A$ 0.412 per litre for petrol and ultra-low sulphur diesel (conventional diesel being taxed at A$ 0.412 per litre) and the excise for LPG is $ 0.282 per litre. Since 2000, there is also the GST (goods and services tax) on top of the fuel tax and inflation calculated twice
684-618: A year called CPI (consumer price index) into the fuel tax since 2015. Fuel taxes in New Zealand are considered an excise applied by the New Zealand Customs Service on shipments brought into the country. A breakdown of the fuel taxes is published by the Ministry of Economic Development . Excise as at 1 August 2012 totals 50.524 cents per litre ( NZ $ 2.30/imp gal; $ 1.91/US gal on petrol. In addition
760-511: Is ₹ 89.54 (US$ 1.10) per litre. Out of this ₹ 32.98 (40¢ US) go to Central Govt of India in the form of excise and customs tax. ₹ 19.32 (23¢ US) is collected by state government in the form of sales tax and entry tax. Thus, a total of ₹ 52.30 (63¢ US) is collected due to various taxes (which accounts for around 58% of the total price). In Israel , tax on fuel is 1.35 USD per liter which includes direct fuel tax and VAT. This totals to 78% of total pump price. Jet fuel tax
836-473: Is EUR0.766 per litre and diesel excise tax is EUR0.482 per litre, while LPG excise tax is EUR0.185 per litre. The 2007 fuel tax was €0.684 per litre (€2.59/US gal; €3.11/imp gal). On top of that is 21% VAT over the entire fuel price, making the Dutch taxes one of the highest in the world. In total, taxes account for 68.84% of the total price of petrol and 56.55% of the total price of diesel. A 1995 excise
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#1732776608917912-484: Is banned on commercial flights within the European Union , according to the 2003 Energy Taxation Directive . It can be levied on domestic flights or by agreement between Member States, however no such agreements exist. As of 2017, the excise tax on gasoline was €0.651 per liter (regional prices varied from €0.407 to €0.6682). With a VAT rate of 20%, the percent of the total price of gasoline that came from taxes
988-577: Is even higher than this EU minimum in Poland, a policy pursued by the former Minister of finance . Tax on mineral resource extraction (2008–2009): Excise tax on motor fuel 2008–2009: Other fuel (like avia gasoline, jet fuel, heavy oils, natural gas and autogas ) prices has no excise tax. Value Added Tax — 18% on fuel and taxes. Full tax rate is near 55% of motor fuel prices (ministry of industry and energy facts 2006). The fuel tax in Sweden comprises
1064-488: Is provided by DMU tilting trains " RegioSwinger " (Croatian series 7123) since 2004. Those trains may also cover other lines in the country depending on need and availability. Luxury DMU series 7021 , built in France , started to operate for Yugoslav Railways in 1972 and after 1991 still remained in service of Croatian Railways until 2005. Units 7121 and 7122 (which came as a replacement for 7221 units), together with
1140-459: Is taxed at a rate of €0.53799/litre and diesel at a rate of €0.42875/litre, with a VAT of 16% added to the total price. As of 2022, a "maximum fuel price" has been established by the government, capped at €1.546/litre for EURO 95 petrol and at €1.525/litre for diesel as of 11 November 2023. The sale of fuels in the Netherlands is levied with an excise tax . As of 2015, petrol excise tax
1216-579: Is typically charged at a different rate to fuel for ground-based vehicles. Jet fuel and avgas can attract different rates. In many jurisdictions such as the United States and the European Union, commercial aviation fuel is tax free. Other fuels such as gases, or solid fuels such as coal, may also be taxed. In countries with a sales tax or a value added tax, these taxes may also be levied on top of fuel taxes. The rate can vary depending on
1292-725: The Bombardier Voyager , each car is entirely self-contained and has its own engine, generator and electric motors. In other designs, such as the British Rail Class 207 or the Stadler GTW and Stadler FLIRT DMU , some cars within the consist may be entirely unpowered or only feature electric motors, obtaining electric current from other cars in the consist which have a generator and engine. With diesel–electric transmission, some DMU can be no other than an EMU without pantograph or contact shoes (for use on
1368-603: The Chittagong Circular Railway and on the Bangladesh Railway 's service between Dhaka and Narayanganj . Mexican manufacturer Ferrovias Del Bajio supplied in 2019, three DSUs (Diesel Single Unit) to Royal Railway in Cambodia for their airport shuttle service from Phnom Penh international airport to the city central station. The other two units were assigned to long-distance services from
1444-555: The ICE T , DWA (Bombardier) produced the end cars and Siemens produced the middle cars. The ICE TD was fitted with an electro-mechanic tilting actuator system developed by Siemens, rather than the Fiat (Alstom) Pendolino hydraulic system used in the ICE T. Also, the secondary suspension between bogie and carbody is air springs rather than metal coils for higher ride comfort. A characteristic element of
1520-455: The ICE T . Later, Deutsche Bahn also saw the need for a similar new train on its non-electrified routes, and started the ICT-VT project, with "VT" standing for Verbrennungstriebwagen (internal combustion motor car). Deutsche Bahn pursued the development of the ICE 3 , IC T and ICT-VT projects in parallel. The trains share a general styling concept, most prominently a lounge section in
1596-629: The National People's Congress , largely out of concern for its impact on farmers. This has been one of the uncommon instances in which the legislature has asserted its authority. The following is a list of fuel tax rates for different fuels in Hong Kong: The following is a list of fuel tax rates for different fuels in Singapore: In India , the pricing of fuel varies by state, though central taxes still are part of
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#17327766089171672-695: The Road User Charge instead. The Goods and Services Tax (15%) is then applied to the combined total of the value of the commodity and the various taxes. On 25 July 2007 the Minister of Transport Annette King announced that from 1 July 2008 all fuel excise collected would be hypothecated to the National Land Transport Programme. South Africa imposes a fuel tax, in Dec 2020, per (unleaded 93 octane, inland) liter, composed of
1748-518: The national railways ) had been built since the 1920s, the first two streamlined DMUs came in service in 1937, class Kiha 43000 (キハ43000系). The service of several hundreds (in sum even thousands) of diesel railcars and DMUs started in 1950s following the improvement of fuel supply that was critical during World War II . In 2021, Kenya acquired DMUs from France to operate in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area. These trains connect
1824-883: The Adtranz Class 612 tilting train ("Regio Swinger"), the Alstom Coradia LINT (Classes 620–623, 640 and 648), the Siemens Desiro (Class 642) and the Bombardier Talent (Class 643/644). From 2001 to 2016 there was even a DMU version of DB's high-speed Intercity Express , the Class 605 ICE TD . In the Republic of Ireland the Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ), which controlled the republic's railways between 1945 and 1986, introduced DMUs in
1900-480: The CO 2 -tax on petrol is NOK 0.88 per litre. The road use tax on auto diesel is NOK 3.62 per litre mineral oil and NOK 1.81 per litre bio diesel. The CO 2 -tax on mineral oil is NOK 0.59 per litre. In Poland half of the end-user price charged at a petrol station goes towards 3 distinct taxes: Excise and fuel tax are prescribed by European Commission law , and therefore cannot be lower in any EU nation. However it
1976-471: The FRA. This has greatly restricted the development of DMUs within the U.S. as no other country requires the much heavier FRA compliant vehicles, and no export market for them exists. Operations using FRA-compliant vehicles: Operations using non FRA-compliant vehicles: Proposed operations: DMUs were first introduced to Australia in the late mid-20th century for use on quiet branch lines that could not justify
2052-534: The ICT-VT, a four-car configuration was chosen, without a restaurant car, otherwise, Deutsche Bahn aimed for a common appearance and the greatest possible technical commonality with the IC ;T. Even the possibility of coupling together an electric and diesel train and operate them jointly was to be provided. In 1996, Deutsche Bahn placed an order for 20 diesel multiple units with a consortium led by Siemens. As for
2128-758: The PNR in the island of Luzon . Even without active inter-city rail services in the present-day, DMUs are still used on the PNR Metro Commuter Line in Metro Manila and the Bicol Commuter service in the Bicol Region . Three generations of DMUs are in use: second-hand DMUs handed over by JR East such as the KiHa 35 , 52 and 59 series originally built in the 1960s and acquired in
2204-574: The Siemens system visible on the outside is the crescent-shaped top of the outer carbody supports (above the bogie center). The tilting system also left room for electric motors on both axles in a bogie, thus every car of the diesel-electric train has an unpowered bogie and a powered bogie (2 ′ Bo ′ configuration). The power for the electric motors of the class 605 is generated by four diesel engines, one on each car, with 560 kW power each. These engines are based on engines for trucks . Electrically,
2280-707: The Slovenská strela motor express train led on the Bratislava-Prague route by a motor car of the same name, or the Tatran express from Bratislava to Košice. Representatives of high-speed motor wagons were, for example, motor wagons of the M262 or M286 series, which, however, lost their application in high-speed wagons due to the gradual electrification of main lines and were, like the current wagons currently used for passenger trains. The first significant use of DMUs in
2356-603: The U.S. was the Budd Rail Diesel Car (RDC). The RDC was a single passenger car with two diesel engines and two sets of controls. In the United States, DMU systems must be FRA-compliant to be permitted on freight rail corridors. The Federal Railway Administration has mandated higher coupling strength requirements than European regulators, effectively prohibiting the use of lighter weight European-style inter-city rail DMUs on U.S. main line railways without timesharing with freight operations or special waivers from
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2432-551: The US states and the CA provinces, transmit the return information to each other and settle their net tax balances with each other either by a single transmittal through a clearinghouse set up by the IFTA and operated by Morgan Stanley, or by separate transfers with the other member jurisdictions. The fuel tax system in Australia is very similar to Canada in terms of featuring both a fixed and
2508-482: The US, but new services are evaluated on a case-by-case basis. As a result, several types of lightweight DMUs have been used: Costa Rica has purchased several Apolo 2400 series DMU railcars from the former narrow gauge operator in Spain, which are run in commuter service. 42 X'Trapolis Tsíimin K'áak train sets have been ordered for Tren Maya , 10 of which are DMU and 32 are EDMU. A type of diesel multiple units in
2584-650: The United Kingdom was by the Great Western Railway , which introduced its small but successful series of diesel–mechanical GWR railcars in 1934. The London & North Eastern Railway and London, Midland & Scottish Railway also experimented with DMUs in the 1930s, the LMS both on its own system , and on that of its Northern Irish subsidiary , but development was curtailed by World War II . After nationalisation, British Railways (BR) revived
2660-575: The central station to Sihanoukville and to Poipet. Royal Railways Cambodia have now acquired eleven carriages DMU from Japan. Model: " Kiha 183 heavy snow ". (キハ183系オホーツク・大雪) Speed: 110 km/h (max) Type: 特急 (Limited Express) Started: 1986 ............ End of Service in Japan 17 March 2023 DMUs (DEMUs) are widely used in India. DEMUs in India are used in both the eight-coach format and the four-coach format. These trains replaced many (up to 10 car) trains with
2736-666: The city with settlements outside Nairobi, Jomo Kenyatta International Airport and the Nairobi Terminus. The Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) has a total of 13 DMU KTM Class 61 ordered from CRRC for the West Coast Line and are assembled locally at CRRCs Batu Gajah factory from 2016 to 2020. The first scheduled service is expected from 1 September along the Gemas-Johor Bahru route, replacing old non-automotive stock. The Philippine National Railways (PNR)
2812-418: The concept in the early 1950s. At that time there was an urgent need to move away from expensive steam traction which led to many experimental designs using diesel propulsion and multiple units . The early DMUs proved successful, and under BR's 1955 Modernisation Plan the building of a large fleet was authorised. These BR "First Generation" DMUs were built between 1956 and 1963. BR required that contracts for
2888-531: The country depending on need and availability too. Also, the DMUs were manufactured for foreign carriers. The tables of cars and units are divided into vehicles operated until 1987, when the ČSD used the series designations proposed by Vojtěch Kryšpín , and vehicles created after this date, which no longer have Kryšpín's designations (with some exceptions). In addition, these new cars are the new vehicles are already different in both countries. Elron has since 2015
2964-999: The country. Proponents advocate that automobiles should pay for the roads they use and argue that the user tax should not be applied to mass transit projects. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , the International Energy Agency , the International Monetary Fund , and the World Bank have called on governments to increase gasoline tax rates in order to combat the social and environmental costs of gasoline consumption. Fuel taxes can be implicit carbon pricing . International pump prices for diesel and gasoline are tracked by several websites, including Bloomberg L.P. Price differences mostly reflect differences in tax policy. A Nature study has shown that while gasoline taxes have increased in more countries than they have decreased in during
3040-408: The design and manufacture of new locomotives and rolling stock be split between numerous private firms as well as BR's own workshops, while different BR Regions laid down different specifications. The result was a multitude of different types, one of which was: In 1960, British Railways introduced its Blue Pullman high-speed DEMUs. These were few in number and relatively short-lived, but they paved
3116-430: The driver, as in the great majority of first-generation British Rail DMUs, but in most applications, gears are changed automatically. In a diesel–hydraulic multiple unit (DHMU), a hydraulic torque converter , a type of fluid coupling, acts as the transmission medium for the motive power of the diesel engine to turn the wheels. Some units feature a hybrid mix of hydraulic and mechanical transmissions, usually reverting to
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3192-604: The duty. An additional vehicle excise duty , depending on a vehicle's theoretical CO 2 production per kilometre, which is applied regardless of the amount of fuel actually consumed, is also levied. Diesel for use by farmers and construction vehicles is coloured red ( red diesel ) and has a much reduced tax, currently £0.1133 per litre (£0.515/imp gal; £0.429/US gal). Jet fuel used for international aviation attracts no duty, and no VAT. Fuel taxes in Canada can vary greatly between locales. On average, about one-third of
3268-477: The early 2010s, the Rotem DMUs of 2009 built by Korean manufacturer Hyundai Rotem , and the 8000 and 8100 classes built by Indonesian firm PT INKA . Fuel tax Fuels used to power agricultural vehicles, as well as home heating oil which is similar to diesel , are taxed at a different, usually lower rate. These fuels may be dyed to prevent their use for transportation. Aviation fuel
3344-548: The few remaining unelectrified lines. As electrification progresses, the DMUs become less and less important. Diesel multiple units cover large number of passenger lines in Croatia which are operated by the national passenger service operator HŽ Putnički Prijevoz . On Croatian Railways, DMUs have important role since they cover local, regional and distant lines all across the country. The country's two largest towns, Zagreb and Split , are connected with an inter-city service that
3420-596: The following routes: [REDACTED] Media related to ICE TD at Wikimedia Commons Diesel multiple unit A diesel multiple unit or DMU is a multiple-unit train powered by on-board diesel engines . A DMU requires no separate locomotive , as the engines are incorporated into one or more of the carriages. Diesel-powered single-unit railcars are also generally classed as DMUs. Diesel-powered units may be further classified by their transmission type: diesel–mechanical DMMU , diesel–hydraulic DHMU , or diesel–electric DEMU . The diesel engine may be located above
3496-444: The former British Rail Southern Region ), which "is substituted" by one or more on-board diesel generators ; this kind of DEMU can be potentially upgraded to electro-diesel multiple unit (EDMU), becoming a bi-mode multiple units train (BMU), just adding one or two pantographs or contact shoes (with opportune converters, if necessary) and related modifications on the electric system. NMBS/SNCB uses its NMBS/SNCB Class 41 DMUs on
3572-432: The frame in an engine bay or under the floor. Driving controls can be at both ends, on one end, or in a separate car. DMUs are usually classified by the method of transmitting motive power to their wheels. In a diesel–mechanical multiple unit (DMMU), the rotating energy of the engine is transmitted via a gearbox and driveshaft directly to the wheels of the train, like a car . The transmissions can be shifted manually by
3648-478: The front cars with a view forward at the tracks, being separated only by a glass wall from the driver's compartment. Technically, the trains share a lot of components and technical layout, as well as the concept of distributed traction : in contrast to the ICE 1 and ICE 2 designs, the new units were planned not with powerheads, but with peripheral underfloor motors, in order to reduce axle load (quite important for tilting trains ) and increase tractive effort. For
3724-484: The fuel used was bought there, wherever the fuel is purchased. While most commercial truck drivers have an agent to handle the required paperwork: what's reported is how much tax was collected in each state, how much should have been paid to each state, the net tax for each state and the combined net tax for all states to be paid by or refunded to the operator by their base jurisdiction where they file. The operator carries paperwork proving compliance. The member jurisdictions,
3800-428: The fuel, as well as the location. Taxes on transportation fuels have been advocated as a way to reduce pollution and the possibility of global warming and conserve energy. Placing higher taxes on fossil fuels makes petrol just as expensive as other fuels such as natural gas, biodiesel or electric batteries, at a cost to the consumer in the form of inflation as transportation costs rise to transport goods all over
3876-830: The introduction of DSB 's IC4 trains which were caused by technical problems. The ten class 605 used on these services were equipped with the Danish ATC safety system. From 2008, the Denmark-compatible 605 were also used for Berlin–Hamburg– Aarhus services (previously, IC3 was used on the Flensburg – Aarhus route, and regional trains on Hamburg–Flensburg services). From mid-2009, three more ICE-TD units were used on Germany–Denmark services, allowing DSB to free up more IC3 trains for domestic use. On 11 December 2016, most class 605 trainsets were taken out of service. DB did not want to invest in
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#17327766089173952-410: The latter at higher operating speeds as this decreases engine RPM and noise. In a diesel–electric multiple unit (DEMU), a diesel engine drives an electrical generator or an alternator which produces electrical energy . The generated current is then fed to electric traction motors on the wheels or bogies in the same way as a conventional diesel–electric locomotive . On some DEMUs, such as
4028-478: The mid '80s, British Rail embarked upon its so called "Sprinterisation" programme, to replace most of the first generation DMUs and many locomotive-hauled trains with three new families of DMU: Following the impact of the privatisation of British Rail in the late 1990s, several other DMU families have been introduced: In 2018, the first bi and tri-mode electro-diesel multiple units were introduced: Canada generally follows similar buffer strength requirements to
4104-591: The mid-1950s and they were the first diesel trains on many main lines. DMUs are used mostly on shorter or less frequently travelled routes in remote areas. The national railway company CFR still uses, along with other DMU models, Class 77 and 78 DMUs, locally built by Malaxa between the 1930s and 50s and refurbished in the 70s. The main DMU in use is the Class 96 Siemens Desiro aka Săgeata Albastră (The Blue Arrow). Private operators also largely use DMU units, mainly purchased from various French and German operators. In
4180-590: The names of the electric and diesel trains were changed to ICE T and ICE TD respectively, with "T" now standing either for the English word tilt(ing) or the German Triebzug ( trainset , trains with underfloor-engines as opposed to the older ICEs which consisted of carriages coupled between locomotives), and "TD" for tilt(ing) / trainset diesel . In 2001, all 20 units were commissioned for Deutsche Bahn, who numbered them as class 605. After pilot runs,
4256-543: The national compulsory Accident Compensation Corporation motor vehicle account receives a contribution of 9.9 cents per litre (45 ¢/imp gal; 37 ¢/US gal). The ethanol component of bio blended petrol currently attracts no excise duty. This was to be reviewed in 2012. Diesel is not taxed at the pump, but road users with vehicles over 3.5 tonne in Gross Laden Weight and any vehicles not powered wholly by any combination of petrol, LPG or CNG must pay
4332-522: The necessary major overhaul procedure where all components are checked and replaced if needed. DSB was offered the opportunity to buy the trainsets, but declined to do so. The trains suffered from overall high maintenance and operation costs. The Vogelfluglinie between Hamburg and Copenhagen continues to be operated with Danish IC3 trainsets as well as the Aarhus-Hamburg route, however both with fewer departures. One single remaining ICE TD trainset
4408-514: The newest series 7022 and 7023 built in 2010s Croatia, cover many of the country's local and regional services on unelectrified or partly electrified lines. Diesel multiple units also cover large number of passenger lines in the Czech Republic which are operated by the national operator České dráhy . They have important role since they cover local, regional and distant lines all across the country. Those trains may also cover other lines in
4484-433: The order to develop the ICE 2 , in 1994 DB started plans to upgrade long-distance services using conventional lines, with comfort level raised near the ICE standard and higher speeds, with tilting electric multiple units to replace locomotive-pulled InterCity (IC) and InterRegio (IR) trains. DB assigned the name IC T to the project, with "T" standing for Triebzug (multiple unit). This development resulted in
4560-423: The per-gallon tax rate to inflation, gas prices, or other factors, and the rate changes only by legislation. As of July 2016, twenty one states had gone ten years or more without an increase in their per-gallon gasoline tax rate. Because the fuel tax is universally styled as a "road use" tax, exempting off-road farming, marine, etc. use; states impose a tax on commercial operators traveling through their state as if
4636-595: The period 2003–2015, the global mean gasoline tax has decreased due to greater consumption in the low-tax countries. Chinese gasoline taxes have increased the most among the top twenty CO 2 -emitting countries over the period 2003–2015. In China , fuel tax has been a very contentious issue. Efforts by the State Council to institute a fuel tax in order to finance the National Trunk Highway System have run into strong opposition from
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#17327766089174712-562: The power cars were later reclassified as locomotives under Class 43 . HSTs started being replaced in 2017, but as of October 2022 some are still in use. By the early 1980s, many of the surviving First Generation units were reaching the end of their design life, leading to spiralling maintenance costs, poor reliability and a poor public image for the railway. A stopgap solution was to convert some services back to locomotive haulage, as spare locomotives and hauled coaching stock were available, but this also increased operating costs. Commencing in
4788-588: The present, several types of DMUs operate in Slovakia. Was the most common type in Slovakia is a Class 812 ZSSK based on the ČD Class 810 . These are used almost exclusively for hauling passenger trains on non-electrified regional lines and these trains often excel in low travel speeds. In the past, however, in Slovakia there were a number of express trains driven by motor coaches , which often overcame heavier trains driven by steam locomotives at cruising speed, and classic sets. A typical example can be, for example,
4864-680: The protests, the French government expected to increase both the petrol and diesel taxes until they both reached €0.78 per liter in 2022. Fuel taxes in Germany are €0.4704 per litre for ultra-low sulphur Diesel and €0.6545 per litre for conventional unleaded petrol, plus Value Added Tax (19%) on the fuel itself and the Fuel Tax. That adds up to prices of €1.12 per litre (€4.24/US gal; €5.09/imp gal) for ultra-low sulphur Diesel and €1.27 per litre (€4.81/US gal; €5.77/imp gal) for unleaded petrol (December 2019). Since January 2023, petrol
4940-455: The pump price of fuel. The Central and state government's taxes make up nearly half of petrol's pump price. The Central govt has different taxes, which amount to about 10–20% of the final cost. The states taxes vary, but on average end up making about 17–20% of the final cost. As a result, approximately 50% - 60% of the pump cost goes to the government in the form of different taxes. For example, in Delhi , as of February 18, 2021, price of petrol
5016-582: The retail price and the excise taxes. The first U.S. state to enact a gas tax was Oregon in 1919. The states of Colorado , North Dakota , and New Mexico followed shortly thereafter. By 1929, all existing 48 states had enacted some sort of gas tax. Today, fuel taxes in the United States vary by state. The United States federal excise tax on gasoline is 18.4 cents per US gallon (4.9 ¢/L) and 24.4 cents per US gallon (6.4 ¢/L) for diesel fuel . On average, as of July 2016, state and local taxes add 29.78 cents to gasoline and 29.81 cents to diesel for
5092-399: The start. After the breaking of an axle on 2 December 2002, all the remaining 19 units (one fell off a working platform during maintenance) were taken out of service and although the trains were placed back service one year later, DB judged their operation to be overly expensive. DB is required to pay full diesel tax for the fuel. After four years of storage, the trains were re-activated for
5168-539: The total price of gas at the pump is tax. Excise taxes on gasoline and diesel are collected both federal and provincial governments, as well as by some select municipalities ( Montreal , Vancouver , and Victoria ); with combined excise taxes varying from 16.2 ¢/L (73.6 ¢/imperial gal)) in the Yukon to 30.5 ¢/L ($ 1.386/imperial gal) in Vancouver . As well, the federal government and some provincial governments ( Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , and Quebec ) collect sales tax ( GST and PST ) on top of
5244-459: The trains entered regular service on the new ICE line 17 between Dresden and Nuremberg from 10 June 2001. Shortly after, they were also used between Munich and Zurich as a replacement for EuroCity trains. Both of these routes between major cities are partially not electrified, which explains the usage of the diesel powered trains. The service life of the class 605 ICE TD units was rather ill-fated. They were plagued by technical problems from
5320-404: The two halves of the train form two independent power units of two cars each, with the theoretical possibility of the addition of a fifth car as middle trailer. The first train was assembled in 1998, trials on track started in April 1999. During a test run on 13 January 2000 with train set 5502, 222 km/h (138 mph) was achieved. Shortly before the first IC T entered service in 1999,
5396-440: The way for the very successful InterCity 125 or High Speed Train (HST) units, which were built between 1975 and 1982 to take over most principal express services on non-electrified routes. These 125 mph (201 km/h) trains run with a streamlined power car at each end and (typically) seven to nine intermediate trailer cars. Although originally classified as DEMUs, the trailer cars are very similar to loco-hauled stock, and
5472-506: Was 63.9% The excise tax on diesel fuel was €0.531 per liter (€0.5307 to €0.5631). With the 20% VAT, 59.3% of the total cost of diesel fuel was taxes. Petroleum products destined for utilisation by aircraft engaged in commercial flights outside of the customs territory of continental France are exempt from all customs duties and domestic taxes. Recently, a rise of 23% in the diesel fuel tax has caused serious protests in major cities of France , leaving disruption and damage behind them. Before
5548-633: Was 700 HP and had three or six coaches, made first by ICF. Transmission was Voith-hydraulic. Max speed 100 km/h. Second generation DMU: Rated power is 1400 HP and have eight coaches. Max speed is 105 km/h. Transmission is DC electric. Made at ICF and RCF . Third generation DMU: Rated power is 1,600 HP and have ten coaches. Max speed is 110 km/h. Transmission is AC electric. Made at ICF . State-owned company PT.INKA builds several type of DMU, some of which operate in urban and suburban areas. In Japan, where gasoline-driven railbuses (on small private lines) and railmotors ( Kihani 5000 of
5624-575: Was one of the first adopters of diesel multiple unit trains in Asia. Initially built as gasoline-powered railmotors, the locally assembled Manila Railroad RMC class of 1929 was the first to be powered by diesel traction. Some units were also converted to streamliner units by 1932 for first-class services on the South Main Line between Manila and Legazpi, Albay . Since then, generations of DMUs were used chiefly for short-distance commuter services by
5700-601: Was operated on the Hamburg-Copenhagen route until 1 October 2017 and then also retired. As of 2019, DB was in the process to gradually scrap most of the remaining ICE TD trainsets. 605 017 entered non-public service as a test train in February 2019, 605 019 followed in August 2021. Named Advanced TrainLab , the trains serve as a testbed for new technologies. ICE TD trainsets were, in chronological order, used on
5776-485: Was raised by Dutch gulden 25 cents (€0.11), the Kok Quarter (€0.08 raise per litre gasoline and €0.03 raise per litre diesel ), by then Prime-Minister Wim Kok is now specifically set aside by the second Balkenende cabinet for use in road creation and road and public transport maintenance. Motor fuel is taxed with both a road use tax and a CO 2 -tax . The road use tax on petrol is NOK 4.62 per litre and
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