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96-470: The championship, which is situated at the top of Ice Ribbon's championship hierarchy, was introduced as the ICE×60 Championship on December 23, 2008, when Seina defeated Makoto in the finals of a tournament to become the inaugural champion. Seina was the first champion in the title's history. Tsukasa Fujimoto holds the record for most reigns, with seven. Fujimoto also holds the record for

192-579: A WNC event on February 27, Makoto and Bambi made their first successful defense of the WEW Hardcore Tag Team Championship against Koharu Hinata and Takuya Kito. On April 13, Makoto returned to Kaientai Dojo for the promotion's twelfth anniversary event, where she and Bambi successfully defended the WEW Hardcore Tag Team Championship in a four-way match. On April 27, Makoto and Shiritsu Puroresu Gakuen won another title, when she and Kaho Kobayashi defeated Aki Shizuku and Ariya in

288-486: A WNC poster with graffiti and attacked one of the promotion's female trainees. The storyline culminated on August 2, when Hajime Ohara turned on WNC and revealed that he and Nagisa Nozaki , who made her WNC debut and first professional wrestling appearance in thirteen months by attacking Makoto, had been the culprits. Makoto made her in-ring return at a WNC event in Korakuen Hall on August 30, losing to Nozaki in

384-491: A battle royal, which featured all WNC wrestlers, scoring the last pinfall elimination over WNC Champion Tajiri. On October 1, former Stardom wrestler Haruka Kato was announced as the fourth member of Makoto's stable. The storyline rivalry between Makoto's and Takuya Kito's schools concluded on October 31 in a four-on-twelve handicap match, where Makoto, Kato, Matsumoto and Rey Paroma, Makoto's storyline uncle, defeated Kito and his Kuzu Pro school. Post-match, Makoto revealed

480-689: A better opportunity to reach her goal of getting to WWE. After the announcement, Makoto went on to unsuccessfully challenge Tsukasa Fujimoto for the ICE×60 Championship on August 7. However, six days later, Makoto and her trainer Emi Sakura defeated the Lovely Butchers ( Hamuko Hoshi and Mochi Miyagi) for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. On August 21, Makoto was defeated by Sakura in her Ice Ribbon farewell match, after which

576-473: A direct pinfall loss against the JWP president in a six-person tag team match on May 24. Makoto then announced that she was creating herself a masked persona named "Lady Face", inspired by Leatherface , to continue her rivalry with Bolshoi. Makoto made her in-ring debut as Lady Face on June 27, when she was defeated by Bolshoi 666, a darker version of Command Bolshoi. On July 14, Makoto returned to Ice Ribbon for

672-583: A four-way match to win Kaientai Dojo's WEW Hardcore Tag Team Championship . On January 9, WNC and Reina Joshi Puroresu held a press conference to announce that, as part of their new working relationship, all of WNC's female wrestlers, Makoto included, were now officially affiliated with both promotions. Ahead of Shiritsu Puroresu Gakuen's self-produced event on January 26, the stable was joined by wrestler and part-time referee Koharu Hinata, ring announcer Chiho Tomiyama and trainee Haruka Yoshimura. At

768-463: A great deal of pressure on adolescents to be successful and perpetuate the existing social status quo . A traditionally strong emphasis on complex social conduct , rigid hierarchies and the resulting, potentially intimidating multitude of social expectations, responsibilities and duties in Japanese society contribute to this pressure on young adults. Historically, Confucian teachings de-emphasizing

864-592: A high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (HPDD), and 12 more had other disorders or mental diseases (6 cases of personality disorders, 3 cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder, 2 cases of depression, 1 case of slight intellectual impairment); 10 out of 27 had primary hikikomori . The researchers used a vignette to illustrate the difference between primary hikikomori (without any obvious mental disorder) and hikikomori with HPDD or other disorder. Alan Teo and colleagues conducted detailed diagnostic evaluations of 22 individuals with hikikomori and found that while

960-492: A losing effort against the team of Kana and Smash Diva Champion Tomoka Nakagawa. On February 10, 2012, Smash announced that the promotion would be folding after its March 14 event, after which Makoto would become a free agent. In her final Smash appearance on March 14 at Smash.Final , Makoto teamed with Hisamaru Tajima and Jiro Kuroshio in a six-person tag team match, where they were defeated by Josh O'Brien, Tomoka Nakagawa and Yoshiaki Yago. On April 5, 2012, Tajiri announced

1056-573: A losing effort against the trio of Mima Shimoda , Portia Perez and Tsukasa Fujimoto at a Chikara event in Reading, Pennsylvania . The following day, Makoto was defeated by ICE×60 Champion Fujimoto in an "Ice Ribbon Showcase" match at the Asylum Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . On August 5, it was announced that Makoto would be leaving Ice Ribbon for Smash, where she felt she had

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1152-440: A losing effort. In January 2011, Makoto became the leader of a stable named " Heisei YTR" (Young Traditional Revolution), which also included Chii Tomiya , Hikari Minami , Kurumi, Riho and Tsukushi . The group mainly feuded with the "Ichinisanshidan" stable, which included Hikaru Shida , Miyako Matsumoto , Mochi Miyagi, Tsukasa Fujimoto and Mika Iida, who was originally a member of Heisei YTR, but switched sides early on in

1248-546: A match on December 26, where Makoto was defeated by Byron with help from referee Soft Imai and was, as a result, forced to become the newest member of the villainous Kana-gun stable. Makoto then entered a storyline, where she was trained and remodeled by Kana as a member of Kana-gun, debuting a new look, which included clown makeup, on February 15, 2015. Shortly thereafter, Kana-gun was renamed Piero-gun ("Clown Army"). On February 22, Makoto returned to Gatoh Move, where she picked up her first ever win over her trainer Emi Sakura in

1344-495: A minute. Makoto's early wrestling character was based on her real-life social phobia and growing up as a hikikomori child. As is customary in Japanese professional wrestling, Makoto's first year in the business consisted of short matches and losses. Early on, Makoto also began working regularly for NEO Japan Ladies Pro Wrestling, where she represented the Sakura Ribbon-gun ("Sakura Ribbon Army"). She scored

1440-489: A mixed tag team match, where she and Choun Shiryu were defeated by Kengo Ohka and Mio Shirai. On April 26 at WNC's first event, Before the Dawn , Makoto teamed with Syuri in a tag team match, where they were defeated by Kana and Mio Shirai, with Kana pinning Makoto for the win. After the match, Kana verbally assaulted Makoto about her Smash/WNC losing streak, which led to Shirai turning on her and standing up for Makoto. During

1536-448: A much larger group of younger Japanese that includes freeters. Some organizations, such as the non-profit Japanese organization NPO lila , have been trying to combat the financial burden the hikikomori phenomenon has had on Japan's economy. The Japanese CD and DVD producer Avex Group produces DVDs of live-action women staring into a camera to help hikikomori learn to cope with eye contact and long spans of human interaction. The goal

1632-435: A new champion took place between May 28 and June 26, 2022. As of November 28, 2024, there have been 39 reigns between 24 champions and four vacancies . Seina was the inaugural champion. Tsukasa Fujimoto holds the record for most reigns at seven. Fujimoto's four reign is the longest at 615 days. while Maki Narumiya 's first and only reign is the shortest at 12 days. Fujimoto is the oldest champion at 37 years old, while Riho

1728-651: A new finishing hold, named Arabesque , which she intended to use to become the new WNC Women's Champion. On March 31, Makoto used the move for the first time to defeat Lin Byron during an afternoon show to become the number one contender to the WNC Women's Championship. During another event later that same day, Makoto used the Arabesque to defeat Syuri to become the new WNC Women's Champion. On April 6, Makoto made her debut for Reina Joshi Puroresu, defeating Jenny Rose in

1824-1076: A one-night return to take part in Konatsu's debut match. Makoto made her film debut in 2009, appearing in Three Count ( スリーカウント , Surī Kaunto ) and Heisei Tonpachi Yarou ( 平成トンパチ野郎～男はツラだよ～ ) , both of which also featured other Ice Ribbon wrestlers. In 2011, Makoto played a small role in the Muscle Girl! ( マッスルガール! , Massurugāru! ) television drama. Makoto has also released seven gravure DVDs, titled Miracle Hunter ( ミラクルハンター , Mirakuru Hantā , 2009) , Oriental Doll ( オリエンタルドール , Orientaru Dōru , 2012) , Oriental Doll II ( オリエンタルドールII , Orientaru Dōru II , 2013) , Coscchai Mashita...!! ( コスッちゃいました・・・!! , 2013) , Mako Masshigura ( マコまっしぐら , 2015) , Favorite Hold ( フェイバリットホールド , Feibaritto Hōrudo , 2017) , and Venus (2017). Makoto names Etsuko Mita and Trish Stratus as her two biggest idols. She lists cosplay and

1920-486: A press briefing at the Foreign Press Center Japan on the subject of hikikomori . In view of their rising age, he recommended practical advice to parents with older hikikomori , such as drawing up a lifetime financial plan for them, so they will be able to get by after the parents are gone. He also recommended that parents should not fear embarrassment or be concerned about appearances as they look at

2016-556: A problem by the late twenties, that involves cooping oneself up in one's own home and not participating in society for six months or longer, but that does not seem to have another psychological problem as its principal source". More recently, researchers have developed more specific criteria to more accurately identify hikikomori . During a diagnostic interview, trained clinicians evaluate for: The psychiatrist Alan Teo first characterized hikikomori in Japan as modern-day hermits, while

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2112-704: A rematch to become the new Reina World Tag Team Champions. They made their first successful title defenses against the Mexican team of Reyna Isis and Silueta on June 23, and Piero-gun stablemates Alex Lee and Cat Power on July 10. On October 9, Makoto and Yamashita lost the title to Silueta and Syuri in their third defense. The following day, Makoto returned to the United States, when she made her debut for Shimmer Women Athletes , losing to Yumi Ohka on Volume 76 and Cheerleader Melissa on Volume 77 . The following day, Makoto teamed with Hiroyo Matsumoto in

2208-516: A sense of personal honne and tatemae – one's "true self" and one's "public façade" – necessary to cope with the paradoxes of adulthood. The dominant nexus of hikikomori centres on the transformation from youth to the responsibilities and expectations of adult life. Indications are that advanced industrialized societies such as modern Japan fail to provide sufficient meaningful transformation rituals for promoting certain susceptible types of youth into mature roles. As do many societies, Japan exerts

2304-406: A singles match. Makoto was also defeated in two rematches the following two days, losing all matches via referee stoppage due to a sleeper hold . On September 25, Makoto returned to Pro Wrestling Wave, when she and Moeka Haruhi entered the 2012 Dual Shock Wave tournament. Despite their previous problems with each other, the team, known collectively as " 1st Impact ", opened their tournament with

2400-399: A singles match. On April 14, Makoto returned to JWP to nominate the promotion's president Command Bolshoi as the third and final challenger for her first title defense, a four-way match on April 25. Bolshoi ended up accepting the challenge, but also entered JWP Openweight Champion Arisa Nakajima , JWP Tag Team Champion Kayoko Haruyama and Pro-Wrestling: EVE Champion Nikki Storm to

2496-406: A six-person tag team match, where they defeated Akira, Shinya Ishikawa and Syuri, with Makoto pinning the WNC Women's Champion Syuri for the win. Two days later, Makoto was defeated by Syuri in a non-title singles match. Despite the loss, Makoto announced her intention of going for the WNC Women's Championship and was backed in her quest by Tajiri. In March, Makoto revealed that she had developed

2592-629: A six-person tag team match. In the buildup to the match Makoto and Melissa brawled at the pre-event press conference. The following day, Makoto was defeated by Melissa in what was billed as the first ever women's wrestling match in Taiwan. On December 25, Makoto made an appearance at Ice Ribbon's RibbonMania 2011 event, taking part in Seina's and Minori Makiba's retirement ceremony after their final match. On December 30 at Smash.24 , Makoto wrestled her first hardcore match , when she teamed with Lin Byron in

2688-409: A six-woman tag team match. On May 3 at Smash.17 , Makoto teamed with Tajiri in a three-way intergender tag team ladder match , contested for possession of the new Smash Championship and Smash Diva Championship belts, which had been stolen earlier by Michael Kovac. In the match, Makoto and Tajiri defeated the teams of Kovac and Lin Byron , and Hajime Ohara and Jessica Love to regain possession of

2784-528: A social problem in Japanese discourse, hikikomori has a number of possible contributing factors. Alan Teo has summarized a number of potential cultural features that may contribute to its predominance in Japan. These include tendencies toward conformity and collectivism, overprotective parenting, and particularities of the educational, housing and economic systems. Severe social withdrawal in Japan appears to affect men and women equally. However, because of differing social expectations for maturing boys and girls,

2880-473: A tag team match at Volume 78 , where they were defeated by Ohka and Melissa, before picking up her only win of the weekend over Marti Belle on Volume 79 . On February 21, 2016, Makoto and Hanako Nakamori , billed together as Makafushigi, defeated Kazuki and Rydeen Hagane in the finals to win the 2016 JWP Tag Tournament . As a result, Makoto and Nakamori received a shot at the JWP and Daily Sports Women's Tag Team Championships , but were defeated by

2976-436: A tournament for the vacant Reina World Tag Team Championship , losing to Leon and Rydeen Hagane in their first round match. The following day, Makoto returned to Ice Ribbon and teamed with Aoi Kizuki, Arisa Nakajima and Sawako Shimono in an eight-woman tag team match, where they were defeated by Hikaru Shida, Hanako Nakamori, Misaki Ohata and Syuri. On September 6, Miyako Matsumoto joined Makoto's "wrestling school", becoming

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3072-438: A very difficult job market in Japan, often finding only part-time employment and ending up as freeters with little income, unable to start a family. Another source of pressure is from their co-students, who may harass and bully ( ijime ) some students for a variety of reasons, including physical appearance, wealth, or educational or athletic performance. Refusal to participate in society makes hikikomori an extreme subset of

3168-403: A win over Kurigohan ( Ayumi Kurihara and Mika Iida). However, the team went on to lose the following matches against Hikaru Shida and Yumi Ohka , and Shuu Shibutani and Syuri, and were, as a result, eliminated from the tournament. On October 3, Makoto made her debut for World Wonder Ring Stardom , wrestling Mika Iida to a ten-minute time limit draw. On November 9, Makoto and Kana, who share

3264-476: Is tōkōkyohi ( 登校拒否 ) ). Hikikomori has been defined by a Japanese expert group as having the following characteristics: While many people feel the pressures of the outside world, hikikomori react by complete social withdrawal. In some more severe cases, they isolate themselves in their bedrooms for months or years at a time. They usually have few or no friends. In interviews with current or recovering hikikomori , media reports and documentaries have captured

3360-715: Is a former one-time Reina World Women's Champion and a two-time Reina World Tag Team Champion . She is also known for working at Seadlinnng where she and Asuka are the current title holders of Beyond The Sea Tag Team Championship . She is also known for being a group in Seadlinnng called “ Las Fresa De Ego Istas.” In February 2006, Makoto began training under Gatokunyan wrestler Emi Sakura . Two months later Sakura left Gatokunyan to form her own promotion, Ice Ribbon , taking, among others, Makoto with her. Makoto would make her wrestling debut on July 25, 2006, at Ice Ribbon's third ever show, losing to then nine-year-old Riho in

3456-420: Is extremely difficult to gauge the number accurately. A 2015 Cabinet Office survey estimated that 541,000 recluses aged 15 to 39 existed. In 2019, another survey showed that there are roughly 613,000 people aged 40 to 64 that fall into the category of "adult hikikomori", which Japan's welfare minister Takumi Nemoto referred to as a "new social issue". While the terminology hikikomori is of Japanese origin,

3552-859: Is hard for therapists to attain direct access to hikikomori ; research to find different and effective treatment plans to aid hikikomori has been ongoing. One such treatment plan is focused on the families of hikikomori . Such focus primarily includes educational intervention programs (e.g. lectures, role-play, etc.) that are geared towards reducing any averse stigma that family members have towards psychiatric disorders like hikikomori . These educational programs are derived from other established family support programs, specifically Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) and Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT). CRAFT specifically trains family members to express positive and functional communication, whereas MHFA provides skills to support hikikomori with depression/suicidal like behaviour. Studies so far that have modified

3648-717: Is in order to attempt to recover the daily lives of the hikikomori and attempt to reintegrate them into society. A "rental sister" is a system whereby hikikomori are regularly visited, encouraged to try and leave their bedrooms and integrate back into society. This can come through various methods, such as talking through a door and/or eating out, among other methods. Based on prior outbreaks (e.g. SARS , MERS ), studies have shown that due to increased loneliness, quarantined individuals have heightened stress-related mental disturbances. Considering that political, social, and/or economical challenges already bring people to express hikikomori -like behavior, researchers theorize that since all

3744-687: Is the youngest at 12 years old. As of November 28, 2024. Makoto (wrestler) Makoto ( 真琴 , Makoto , born September 26, 1989) is a Japanese professional wrestler . Trained by Emi Sakura , Makoto made her debut for her Ice Ribbon promotion in July 2006. During the next five years, Makoto went on to win Ice Ribbon's top title, the ICE×60 Championship , once and the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship twice, before transferring over to

3840-460: Is to ultimately help hikikomori reintegrate into society by personal choice, thereby realizing an economic contribution and reducing the financial burden on parents or guardians. The "80–50 problem" refers to hikikomori children from earlier days now entering their 50s, as their parents on whom they rely, enter their 80s. It was first described in Japanese publications and media in the late 2010s. In 2019, Japanese psychiatrist Tamaki Saitō held

3936-535: The Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) promotion, Makoto, along with Maki Narumiya, traveled to Mexico for a two-week tour with the promotion. They made their debuts on October 14, teaming with La Comandante in a six-woman tag team match, where they defeated Estrellita , Goya Kong and Princesa Sugehit . On October 19, Makoto won a ten-woman "Mexico vs. Rest of the World" torneo cibernetico , scoring

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4032-654: The Japanese Ministry of Education has taken steps to address this 'pressure-cooker' educational environment and instill greater creative thought in Japanese youth by significantly relaxing the school schedule from six-day weeks to five-day weeks and dropping two subjects from the daily schedule, with new academic curricula more comparable to Western educational models. However, Japanese parents are sending their children to private cram schools , known as juku , to 'make up' for lost time. After graduating from high school or university, Japanese youth also have to face

4128-615: The Smash promotion in August 2011. She remained with Smash until March 2012, when the promotion folded. The following month, Makoto was announced as part of the roster of the new Wrestling New Classic (WNC) promotion. In March 2013, Makoto became the second WNC Women's Champion . In January 2014, Makoto made Reina Joshi Puroresu her second home promotion in addition to WNC. Reina became her primary home promotion after WNC shut down in June 2014. She

4224-412: The hikikomori interviewed for the book had discovered independent thinking and a sense of self that the current Japanese environment could not accommodate. The syndrome also closely parallels the terms avoidant personality disorder , schizoid personality disorder , schizotypal personality disorder , agoraphobia or social anxiety disorder (also known as "social phobia"). Sometimes referred to as

4320-544: The hikikomori . However, studies have delineated that efficacious treatment of hikikomori requires a multifaceted approach rather than the utilization of one individual approach, such as individual psychotherapy or family therapy. In South Korea hikikomori in low income families can get up to ₩ 650,000 (equivalent to $ 490 or £ 390) as a monthly living allowance. They can also apply for subsidies for various services, including (but not limited to): health, education, counselling, legal services and cultural activities. This

4416-399: The 1960s, the pressure on Japanese youth to succeed began successively earlier in their lives, sometimes starting before pre-school , where even toddlers had to compete through an entrance exam for the privilege of attending one of the best pre-schools. This was said to prepare children for the entrance exam of the best kindergarten , which in turn prepared the child for the entrance exam of

4512-468: The Ice Ribbon dojo in three years, teaming with Kaho Kobayashi in a main event tag team match, where they defeated Risa Sera and Shiori Akiba. On June 18, it was announced that WNC would be shutting down following June 26. The promotion's female wrestlers, Makoto included, remained affiliated with Reina Joshi Puroresu. At the first post-WNC Reina event on June 29, Makoto and Kaho Kobayashi unsuccessfully challenged .STAP ( Maki Narumiya and Risa Sera) for

4608-435: The International Ribbon Tag Team Championship was vacated . Makoto made her debut for Yoshihiro Tajiri's Smash promotion on December 24, 2010, at Happening Eve , where she teamed with Isami Kodaka and Yusuke Kodama to defeat Chii Tomiya, Hikari Minami and Kushida in a six-person intergender tag team match, scoring the deciding pinfall over Tomiya. In her next Smash appearance on January 29, 2011, at Smash.13 , Makoto

4704-650: The International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. On July 31, Makoto celebrated her eighth anniversary as a professional wrestler, working in a main event match, where she and Ray unsuccessfully challenged La Comandante and Yumiko Hotta for the Reina World Tag Team Championship. On August 12, Makoto made her debut for Emi Sakura's Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling promotion, teaming with Riho in a main event tag team match, where they defeated Sakura and "Kotori". On August 20, Makoto and her new partner Ariya defeated La Comandante and Yumiko Hotta to become

4800-705: The Internet, social media and video games) and the phenomenon is not conclusively established, those technologies are considered at least an exacerbating factor that can deepen and nurture withdrawal. Previous studies of hikikomori in South Korea and Spain found that some of them showed signs of Internet addiction , though researchers do not consider this to be the main issue. However, according to associate professor of psychiatry at Kyushu University in Fukuoka, Takahiro Kato, video games and social media have reduced

4896-475: The aforementioned factors are by-products of a pandemic, a hikikomori phenomenon may become more common in a post-pandemic world. In fact, people who do experience mental disturbances in Japan generally view seeking the help of a psychiatrist as shameful or a reason for them to be socially shunned. Experts predict an increase in focus on issues such as the mental health problems now affecting youth, and specifically through effective telemedicine services to either

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4992-423: The amount of time that people spent outside and in social environments that require direct face to face interaction. The emergence of mobile phones and then smartphones may also have deepened the issue, given that people can continue their addiction to gaming and online surfing anywhere, even in bed. The Japanese education system puts great demands upon youth. There is high competition to pass entrance exams into

5088-699: The belts, which were then put up for grabs in separate tournaments. In preparation for the Smash Diva Championship tournament, Makoto, now a member of the Smash Seikigun ("regular army"), began training with the likes of Tajiri and Funaki , the latter of whom taught her a new finishing maneuver, the spear , which he had learned from Edge during his years in the WWE. Makoto entered the Smash Diva Championship tournament on July 15 at Smash.19 , defeating fellow Ice Ribbon regular Chii Tomiya with

5184-480: The best elementary school , junior high school , high school , and eventually for their university entrance exam. Many adolescents take one year off after high school to study exclusively for the university entrance exam , and are known as ronin . More prestigious universities have more difficult exams. The most prestigious university with the most difficult exam is the University of Tokyo . Since 1996,

5280-553: The defending champions, Arisa Nakajima and Tsukasa Fujimoto, on March 9. On March 25, Makoto defeated Fujimoto to win the Reina World Women's Championship for the first time. With Maki Narumiya retiring and Syuri leaving the promotion the same day, Makoto was dubbed the new " ace " of Reina. On April 9, Makoto took part in a World of Unpredictable Wrestling (WUW) event in New York City , defeating Jenny Rose to win

5376-457: The defending champions, Makkurokorosuke ( Misaki Ohata and Tsukasa Fujimoto). On December 24, Makoto made an appearance for JWP Joshi Puroresu , taking part in an eleven-woman Santa Cosplay battle royal , which was won by Nana Kawasa. On January 4, 2013, Makoto scored her first win over rival Nagisa Nozaki in a singles grudge match. On January 25, Makoto main evented her first WNC event, when she teamed with Mitoshichi Shinose and Tajiri in

5472-425: The estimates vary from around 350,000–500,000. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare defines hikikomori as a condition in which the affected individuals refuse to leave their parents' house, do not work or go to school , and isolate themselves from society and family in a single room for a period exceeding six months. The psychiatrist Tamaki Saitō defines hikikomori as "a state that has become

5568-515: The family unit's behavioral response to a hikikomori has yielded positive results, indicating that family behavior is essential for recovery, however further research is still needed. Although there has been a primary emphasis on educating family members, there are also therapy programs for the hikikomori themselves to participate in, like exercise therapy. The individual psychotherapy methods that are being stressed in current research are primarily directed towards cultivating self-confidence within

5664-485: The finals of an eight-team tournament for the vacant Reina World Tag Team Championship. Makoto and Bambi lost the WEW Hardcore Tag Team Championship to Nasu Banderas and Ricky Fuji on May 3. Two days later, Makoto and Kobayashi made their first successful defense of the Reina World Tag Team Championship against the Ice Ribbon team of Shiori Akiba and Yuka. On May 25, they lost the title to Aki Shizuku and Ariya. On June 4, Makoto returned to Ice Ribbon for her first match at

5760-480: The first half of 2011, Makoto also made several appearances for Union Pro Wrestling , where she portrayed a tougher villainous character, working under the ring name Makoto-hime ("Princess Makoto") and managing Cao Zhang and Choun Shiryu during their Big China Unified Nakahara Tag Team Championship reign. Makoto, who had stated that her dream was to make it to WWE , made her American debut on July 30, 2011, when she teamed with Daizee Haze and Sara Del Rey in

5856-564: The first singles match between the two in three and a half years, after which she challenged Riho to a match for her IWA Triple Crown Championship . On March 7, Makoto teamed up with her Piero-gun stablemate Rina Yamashita to unsuccessfully challenge Hikaru Shida and Syuri for the Reina World Tag Team Championship. On March 26, Makoto unsuccessfully challenged Riho for the IWA Triple Crown Championship. On June 13, Makoto and Yamashita defeated Hikaru Shida and Syuri in

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5952-440: The first time in two years, wrestling another Ice Ribbon original, Aoi Kizuki, to a fifteen-minute time limit draw. Later in the event, after Hikaru Shida had defeated her fellow WNC worker Syuri, Makoto confronted Shida and challenged her to an eight-woman tag team match, where the two would captain two teams of wrestlers between the ages of 24 and 25. On August 3, Makoto entered a three-woman round-robin tournament to determine

6048-557: The first win of her career in NEO on February 18, 2007, pinning Tanny Mouse in a fourteen-person tag team match between the Sakura Ribbon-gun and the NEO Machine Guns-gun. She would go on to win her first title on February 1, 2008, when she teamed with her idol Etsuko Mita to defeat Tanny Mouse and Yuki Miyazaki for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship . They would hold the title for five months, before losing it to

6144-469: The follow-up promotion to Smash, Wrestling New Classic (WNC), which would hold its first event on April 26, and named Makoto as part of the promotion's roster. Prior to WNC's first event, Makoto made her debut for Pro Wrestling Wave on April 8, appearing as former Gatokunyan training partner Moeka Haruhi 's surprise opponent and defeating her in just three minutes. Later that same day, Makoto returned to Union Pro to wrestle her first match as Makoto-hime,

6240-506: The following months, Shirai took Makoto under her wing and the two began referring to each other as sisters. Makoto also declared war on Kana, though failing to end her Smash/WNC losing streak in both tag team and singles matches against her. The streak finally ended on June 22, when Makoto scored her first direct pinfall since July 2011, by pinning Kana in a tag team match, where she and Mio Shirai faced Kana and Syuri. On June 23, Makoto wrestled her first singles match against Syuri, losing

6336-460: The government estimates that 1.55 million people are on the verge of becoming hikikomori . Tamaki Saitō, who first coined the phrase, originally estimated that there may be over one million hikikomori in Japan , although this was not based on national survey data. Nonetheless, considering that hikikomori adolescents are hidden away and their parents are often reluctant to talk about the problem, it

6432-507: The inaugural Smash Diva Champion, Makoto, along with Syuri, Ray and Tomoka Nakagawa , entered the ring to challenge the new champion to a title match. The four challengers had a number one contender's match on October 28 at Smash.22 , which was won by Nakagawa. On November 5, Makoto made her debut for All Japan Pro Wrestling in Taiwan , teaming with Bushi and Último Dragón to defeat Cheerleader Melissa , Black Bushi and Dark Dragon in

6528-440: The individual and favouring a conformist stance to ensure social harmony in a rigidly hierarchical society have shaped much of East Asia , possibly explaining the emergence of the hikikomori phenomenon in other East Asian countries. In general, the prevalence of hikikomori tendencies in Japan may be encouraged and facilitated by three primary factors: Although the connection between modern communication technologies (such as

6624-505: The kind between mother and infant). Other Japanese commentators such as academic Shinji Miyadai and novelist Ryū Murakami , have also offered analysis of the hikikomori phenomenon, and find distinct causal relationships with the modern Japanese social conditions of anomie , amae and atrophying paternal influence in nuclear family child pedagogy . Young adults may feel overwhelmed by modern Japanese society, or be unable to fulfill their expected social roles as they have not yet formulated

6720-453: The last elimination over La Amapola , whom she afterwards challenged to a match for her CMLL-Reina International Championship . The title match between the two took place on October 26 and saw Amapola retain. The match also marked the end of Makoto's CMLL tour. Back in Reina, Makoto entered a rivalry with Lin Byron, after she had turned on Syuri and aligned herself with Kana. This led to

6816-424: The literary and communication scholar Flavio Rizzo similarly described hikikomori as "post-modern hermits" whose solitude stems from ancestral desires for withdrawal. While the degree of the phenomenon varies on an individual basis, in the most extreme cases, some people remain in isolation for years or even decades. Often hikikomori start out as school refusers , or futōkō ( 不登校 ) in Japanese (an older term

6912-522: The longest reign in the title's history at 615 days, achieved on her fourth reign. Maki Narumiya holds the record for the shortest reign with her only reign lasting 12 days. The championship's original name referred to its weight limit of 60 kilograms (130 lb), which was abolished in July 2013. To reflect the change, the title was renamed the ICE×∞ (ICE Cross Infinity) Championship on August 12, 2013. Time limits for championship matches were also raised from

7008-640: The majority of cases fulfilled criteria for multiple psychiatric conditions, about 1 in 5 cases were primary hikikomori . To date, however, hikikomori is not included in the DSM-5 (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), due to insufficient data. According to Michael Zielenziger 's book Shutting Out the Sun: How Japan Created Its Own Lost Generation , the syndrome is more closely related to posttraumatic stress disorder . The author claimed that

7104-402: The match via referee stoppage, after legitimately injuring her left wrist. The injury, later diagnosed as an avulsion fracture , forced Makoto to take a two-month break from in-ring action and cancel her first own independent event, titled Mako Pro, scheduled to take place on July 8. During her inactivity from the ring, Makoto entered a storyline, where she set out to find out who had defaced

7200-722: The match, turning it into a seven-way match. On April 25 at WNC's one year anniversary event, Makoto lost the WNC Women's Championship to Lin Byron, ending her reign at just 25 days. On April 29, Makoto returned to World Wonder Ring Stardom to take part in the promotion's big Ryōgoku Cinderella event at Ryōgoku Kokugikan , teaming with Eri Susa, Hikaru Sato and Michael Nakazawa in an eight-person tag team match, where they were defeated by Gota Ihashi, Kota Ibushi , Lin Byron and Mayu Iwatani , after both Makoto and Susa turned on their male tag team partners. Makoto continued working against Command Bolshoi during WNC's events in May, suffering

7296-536: The most widely reported cases of hikikomori are from middle- and upper-middle-class families; sons, typically their eldest, refuse to leave the home, often after experiencing one or more traumatic episodes of social or academic failure. In The Anatomy of Dependence , Takeo Doi identifies the symptoms of hikikomori , and explains its prevalence as originating in the Japanese psychological construct of amae (in Freudian terms, "passive object love", typically of

7392-442: The new Reina World Tag Team Champions. They made their first successful title defense on August 30 against Cherry and Kaho Kobayashi. On September 30, Makoto unsuccessfully challenged Syuri for the WNC Women's Championship in the title's final match before its retiring. On October 9, Reina's new storyline "consultant" Kana stripped Makoto and Ariya of the Reina World Tag Team Championship. Through Reina's working relationship with

7488-480: The new WNC Women's Champion, losing to Serena in her first match. After losing also her second match against Syuri on August 7, Makoto was eliminated from the tournament. On August 20, Makoto announced that she was starting a new stable, named Shiritsu Puroresu Gakuen ("Private Wrestling School"), revealing the recent debutante Kaho Kobayashi as its first inductee. On August 24, Makoto returned to Reina Joshi Puroresu, when she and Ice Ribbon's Miyako Matsumoto entered

7584-525: The newest member of her stable; the returning Mio Shirai, who in turn brought Misaki Ohata with her to also join Shiritsu Puroresu Gakuen. On December 22, Makoto made an appearance for Kaientai Dojo, losing to Bambi, who afterwards agreed to become the newest member of Shiritsu Puroresu Gakuen. On January 5, 2014, Makoto and Bambi defeated Kaji Tomato and Yuki Sato , Kengo Mashimo and Saburo Inematsu and Daigoro Kashiwa and Ricky Fuji in

7680-900: The next tier of education in what could be termed a rigid pass-or-fail ideology, which could induce a high level of stress. Echoing the traditional Confucian values of society, the educational system is viewed as playing an important part in society's overall productivity and success. In this social frame, students often face significant pressure from parents and society in general to conform to its dictates and doctrines. These doctrines, while part of modern Japanese society, are increasingly being rejected by Japanese youth in varying ways such as hikikomori , freeter , NEET (Not currently engaged in Employment, Education, or Training), and parasite singles . The term "Hodo-Hodo zoku " (the "So-So tribe") applies to younger workers who refuse promotion to minimize stress and maximize free time. Beginning in

7776-447: The options, including disability pensions or other forms of public assistance for their children. Tamaki emphasized the urgency and necessity for families in these situations to plan ahead; the Japanese government failed to see the urgency of the problem and demonstrated no motion toward developing substantive policies or systems like special safety nets related to the ageing group of hikikomori . When it comes to psychosocial support, it

7872-478: The original 20 minutes to 30 minutes; in the event of a time limit draw, the title is vacated . Like most professional wrestling championships, the title is won as a result of a scripted match. There have been a total of thirty-nine reigns shared among twenty-four different wrestlers. Yuki Mashiro is the current champion in her first reign. Tsukushi Haruka vacated the title on May 4, 2022 prior of her retirement from professional wrestling . A tournament to crown

7968-411: The phenomenon in general and the recluses themselves, described as loners or "modern-day hermits ". The phenomenon is primarily recognized in Japan, although similar concepts exist in other languages and cultures, especially South Korea . Estimates suggest that in Japan, half a million youths have become social recluses , as well as more than half a million middle-aged individuals. In South Korea,

8064-860: The phenomenon is not unique to Japan. There have been cases found in the United States , the United Kingdom , Oman , Spain , Germany , Italy , India , Sweden , Brazil , China , Hong Kong , Taiwan , Singapore , South Korea , France and Russia . Hikikomori is similar to the social withdrawal exhibited by some people with autism spectrum disorder . This has led some psychiatrists to suggest that hikikomori may be affected by autism spectrum disorder and other disorders that affect social integration, but that their disorders are altered from their typical Western presentation because of Japanese sociocultural pressures. Suwa and Hara (2007) discovered that 5 of 27 cases of hikikomori had

8160-467: The rivalry. On February 6, Makoto and Riho made it to the finals of the Ike! Ike! Ima, Ike! Ribbon Tag Tournament, before being defeated by Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto in a match that was also contested for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. On March 21, Makoto had another high-profile match against a male wrestler, when she was defeated by Taka Michinoku at Ice Ribbon March 2011 . During

8256-427: The same birthday, co-produced a "MakoKana Pro" event at Shinjuku Face , celebrating their 23rd and 31st birthday, respectively. Early in the event, the two teamed together in a tag team match, where they defeated the Ice Ribbon team of Hikaru Shida and Hamuko Hoshi. Later, in the semi-main event, Makoto was defeated by veteran wrestler and Oz Academy founder Mayumi Ozaki in a singles match. On November 26, Makoto

8352-474: The spear in just four minutes. On August 11 at Smash.20 , Emi Sakura accompanied Makoto in a press conference, where she officially signed to become a full-time member of the Smash roster, finalizing her jump from Ice Ribbon. Later that same day, Makoto was eliminated from the Smash Diva Championship tournament in the semifinal stage by Serena. On September 8 at Smash.21 , after Kana had defeated Serena to become

8448-516: The strong levels of psychological distress and fear felt by these individuals. While hikikomori favor indoor activities, some venture outdoors occasionally. The withdrawal from society usually starts gradually. Affected people may appear unhappy, lose their friends, become insecure and shy , and talk less. According to Japanese government figures released in 2010, there were at that time 700,000 individuals living as hikikomori within Japan, with an average age of 31. (Population of Japan in 2014

8544-404: The team of Chounko and Masako Takanashi . On December 23, Makoto made it to the finals of a tournament to crown the first ever ICE×60 Champion , before being defeated by Seina. After two unsuccessful title challenges against Kiyoko Ichiki, she would finally win the ICE×60 Championship on August 23, 2009, by defeating Ichiki in their third title match against each other. She would go on to lose

8640-480: The third member of her new stable. The stable then entered a storyline rivalry with male wrestler Takuya Kito, who announced he was also forming a wrestling school. The stable wrestled its first match together on September 18, when they defeated Kito in a three-on-one handicap match. On September 21, Makoto made her debut for the Wrestle-1 promotion, losing to Syuri in a singles match. On September 29, Makoto won

8736-579: The title to Emi Sakura on October 12, 2009. Makoto's 2009 was highlighted by a feud with her former partner Etsuko Mita, which built to Mita's retirement match on November 1, 2009, where she defeated Makoto. The feud with Mita also led to the evolution of Makoto's character, turning her from a weak and scared comedic character to a more serious competitor. In 2010, Makoto began making appearances for other promotions such as Kaientai Dojo , Osaka Pro Wrestling , Pro Wrestling Zero1 and Smash . On December 26 at Ribbon Mania 2010 , Makoto faced Tajiri in

8832-458: The vacant WUW Women's Championship. On November 19, Makoto defeated Riho at a Gatoh Move event to win the IWA Triple Crown Championship. On July 1, 2017, Makoto relinquished her three championships, announcing that she was going on an extended hiatus to undergo treatment for a neck injury she had suffered in 2016. Makoto later stated that she had a choice to make between undergoing surgery or being sidelined for two years. On October 25, Makoto made

8928-835: The video game Shin Sangokumusou as her hobbies. Makoto is also a fan of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) and attended the UFC 88: Breakthrough pay-per-view live at the Philips Arena in Atlanta, Georgia . Hikikomori Hikikomori ( Japanese : ひきこもり or 引きこもり , lit. "pulling inward, being confined") , also known as severe social withdrawal , is total withdrawal from society and seeking extreme degrees of social isolation and confinement. Hikikomori refers to both

9024-419: Was 127.3 million.) Still, the numbers vary widely among experts. These included the hikikomori who were at that time in their 40s and had spent 20 years in isolation. This group is generally referred to as the "first-generation hikikomori ". There is concern about their reintegration into society in what is known as "the 2030 Problem", when they will be in their 60s and their parents begin to die. Additionally,

9120-606: Was defeated by Kana in the first round of the WNC Women's Championship tournament . At the following day's Pro Wrestling Wave event, Makoto and Moeka Haruhi defeated Aya Yuki and Sawako Shimono, Cherry and Shuu Shibutani, Hikaru Shida and Nagisa Nozaki, and Ryo Mizunami and Yuu Yamagata in a five-way tag team match to become the number one contenders to the Wave Tag Team Championship . 1st Impact received their title shot on December 16, but were defeated by

9216-463: Was defeated by former WWE wrestler, Serena . After the match, Makoto was attacked by Kana , Io Shirai and Mio Shirai , the trio known as Triple Tails, who had earlier attacked another one of Tajiri's protégés, Yusuke Kodama, after his match. The trio was eventually chased out of the ring by Tajiri. On April 30 at Smash.16 , Makoto teamed with Serena and Syuri to defeat the Triple Tails in

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