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49-594: IFAS may refer: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences at University of Florida Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge , a sewage treatment process International French adjectival system , a grading system used in mountaineering Irish Federation of Astronomical Societies Institute for Advanced Studies, an education organization Indian Frontier Administrative Service , created in 1954 and merged into Indian Administrative Service in 1968, see Civil Services of India § Central Services Topics referred to by

98-446: A brand new packaging system, several variables need to be taken in consideration. As shown in the optimum packaging design chart, an ideal packaging design should only use the right amount of the appropriate materials to provide the desired performance for a specific product. Food packaging is often necessary or even essential for protecting food, keeping it safe and thus preventing substantial food losses. However, food packaging today

147-427: A gas molecule through a packaging system is a physical process made up of three independent phenomena: the adsorption of the molecule to the packaging's outer surface; the diffusion of the molecule through the packaging's section; and the desorption in the internal headspace. Under the assumption of steady state condition, the physical processes involved in the permeation can be modeled by simple equations. Particularly,

196-477: A gas through the packaging is defined as the amount of oxygen permeating per unit of permeable area and unit of time in a packaging system considering standardized test conditions (23 °C and 1 atm partial pressure difference). It is an effective tool to estimate the barrier properties of a certain material. The determination of the OTR is usually carried out by means of a steady-state and isostatic method, reported by

245-461: A minimum. Packaging machines may be of the following general types: Reduced packaging and sustainable packaging are becoming more frequent, although excessive overpackaging is still common. The motivations can be government regulations, consumer pressure, retailer pressure, and cost control. Reduced packaging often saves packaging costs. In the UK, a Local Government Association survey produced by

294-442: A permeant's molecule normally exhibit a linear dependency with the partial pressure gradient across the barrier layer while keeping the assumption of steady-state transport condition and exhibiting a concentration lower than the penetrant's maximum solubility, thereby adhering to Henry's law of solubility . The type of permeant, the barrier layer's thickness, the specific permeabilities of the packaging films against gases or vapors,

343-517: A variety of equipment types: integration of automated systems can be a challenge. All aspects of food production, including packaging, are tightly controlled and have regulatory requirements. Uniformity, cleanliness and other requirements are needed to maintain Good Manufacturing Practices . Product safety management is vital. A complete Quality Management System must be in place. Hazard analysis and critical control points

392-477: A wrapped pallet of corrugated case. A choice of packaging machinery requires consideration of technical capabilities, labor requirements, worker safety, maintainability , serviceability, reliability , ability to integrate into the packaging line, capital cost, floorspace, flexibility (change-over, materials, etc.), energy usage, quality of outgoing packages, qualifications (for food, pharmaceuticals, etc.), throughput, efficiency, productivity, and ergonomics , at

441-578: Is a packaging system specifically designed for food and represents one of the most important aspects among the processes involved in the food industry, as it provides protection from chemical, biological and physical alterations. The main goal of food packaging is to provide a practical means of protecting and delivering food goods at a reasonable cost while meeting the needs and expectations of both consumers and industries. Additionally, current trends like sustainability , environmental impact reduction, and shelf-life extension have gradually become among

490-576: Is created through the use of a wide variety of plastics and metals, papers, and glass materials. Recycling these products differs from the act of literally reusing them because the recycling process has its own algorithm which includes collecting, sourcing, processing, manufacturing and marketing these products. According to the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States , the recycling rate has been steadily on

539-426: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences UF/IFAS research and development covers natural resource industries that have a $ 101 billion annual impact. The program is ranked #1 in the nation in federally financed higher education R&D expenditures in agricultural sciences and natural resources conservation by

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588-666: Is part of the University of Florida's Emerging Pathogens Institute . UF/IFAS has been heavily involved in dealing with emerging food safety issues such the recent surge of E. coli and Salmonella infections due to bacteria on fresh produce served at restaurants and grocery stores. Established in 1917, the UF/IFAS Citrus Research and Education Center is the largest citrus research institution in existence with more than 40 laboratories, 250 employees, and more than 600 acres of groves and greenhouses. Dr. Gary Butcher

637-406: Is responsible for the marketing aspects of food packaging. Typically, the packaging materials used in the primary level include cardboard cartons, plastic trays, glass bottle and multi-layerd structure ( Tetra Pak ). Secondary packaging contains a number of primary packages into one box being made usually out of corrugated cardboard . Thus, the secondary level is a physical distribution carrier for

686-703: Is strongly associated with both environmental risks and health risks for consumers. To help packaging professionals address this challenge, a Responsible food packaging platform (FitNESS Food Packaging) was created in 2017 by 11 European partners, to provide both general and in-depth training courses on the design of responsible food packaging. Developed with funding from the European Union Erasmus+ program, this platform includes learning to optimise many sometimes contradictory criteria across all aspects of food packaging from its production and use through to its reuse, recycling, and disposal. Food packaging

735-477: Is widely recognized as one of the foremost experts on poultry pathogens in the United States. The 1914 Smith-Lever Act provided federal support for land-grant institutions to offer educational programs to enhance the application of useful and practical information beyond their campuses through cooperative extension efforts with states and local communities. UF/IFAS Extension provides Floridians with lifelong learning programs in cooperation with county governments,

784-479: The ASTM D 3985 or ASTM F 1307, containing respectively standardized protocol for the measurements of the OTR of several kind of packaging. The typical instrumentation consists in a permeation cell composed by two distinct chambers separated by the tested material; one of the chambers is then filled with a carrier gas (e.g., nitrogen ), while the other one with oxygen , hence creating the necessary driving force to let

833-622: The European Food Safety Authority . Certification programs such as the Global Food Safety Initiative are sometimes used. Food packaging considerations may include: use of hazard analysis and critical control points , verification and validation protocols, Good manufacturing practices , use of an effective quality management system , track and trace systems, and requirements for label content. Special food contact materials are used when

882-551: The National Science Foundation for FY 2019. Because of this mission and the diversity of Florida's climate and agricultural commodities, IFAS has facilities located throughout Florida. On July 13, 2020, Dr. J. Scott Angle became leader of UF/IFAS and UF's vice president for agriculture and natural resources. The mission of UF/IFAS is to develop knowledge in agricultural, human, and natural resources, and to make that knowledge accessible to sustain and enhance

931-498: The United States Department of Agriculture , and Florida A&M . The wide breadth of educational programming offered in each county responds to the local needs of residents, schools, regulatory agencies, community organizations, and industry. UF/IFAS owns 1,299 buildings and has employees in 1,397 buildings. It has 4,055,402 sq ft (376,759.2 m ) gross, and 54,038 acres (21,868 ha) throughout

980-405: The 1800s. Packaging and package's labeling have several objectives: Packaging design may vary largely depending on the function that are fashioned into different types of packages and containers, and depending on the food products and their function, such as: Since almost all food products is packed in some fashion, food packaging is both fundamental and pervasive. Additionally, by enabling

1029-567: The British Market Research Bureau compared a range of outlets to buy 29 common food items, and found that small local retailers and market traders "produced less packaging and more that could be recycled than the larger supermarkets ." In the last decades, the growing demand from the consumers and governments for more sustainable and eco-friendly packaging design has driven the food industry to re-design and propose alternative packaging solutions. However, in designing

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1078-568: The Dutch navy start to use such packaging to prolong the preservation of food products. 1804: Nicolas Appert, in response to inquiries into extending the shelf life of food for the French Army, employed glass bottles along with thermal food treatment. Glass has been replaced by metal cans in this application. However, there is still an ongoing debate about who first introduced the use of tinplates as food packaging. 1870: The use of paper board

1127-1204: The Gainesville campus programs, the college offers baccalaureate degrees online and at four UF/IFAS research and education centers. Graduate degrees and undergraduate and graduate certificates are also available online. Recognizing the specialized needs of nontraditional students, CALS offers Bachelor of Science degree programs at Fort Lauderdale , Milton , Ft. Pierce , Apopka , and Plant City . Degree programs include agricultural education and communication, geomatics, natural resource conservation , and agribusiness management. Students must have an associate of arts degree to enter these statewide programs. These programs are in partnership with local/state/ community colleges . CALS offers three Bachelor of Science degree programs in UF Online: entomology & nematology, environmental management in agriculture and natural resources, and microbiology and cell science. The college also has eight online master's degree programs, seven online undergraduate certificates and more than 20 online graduate certificates. The 2006 fall academic semester marked

1176-667: The US, along with the ring-pull opener and the Tetra Brik Aseptic carton package. 1970s: The barcode system was introduced in the retail and manufacturing industry. PET plastic blow-mold bottle technology, which is widely used in the beverage industry, was introduced. 1990s: The application of digital printing on food packages became widely adopted. Plastic packaging saw its inaugural use during World War II , even though materials employed in its manufacturing (such as cellulose nitrate, styrene and vinyl chloride) were discovered in

1225-485: The amount of water vapor per unit of area and unit of time passing through the packaging film. The WVTR measurements, like the OTR, adhere to the standards for standardized tests as outlined in the ASTM E96 (standard methods for water vapor transmission of materials). An impermeable test dish (such as a stainless steel cup) and a test chamber where temperature and relative humidity (RH) can be adjusted in accordance with

1274-418: The barrier properties against the permeation of gases, water vapor, and aroma compounds of the packaging system. In fact, the chemical interactions between the products and the environment are the principal reasons for improper shelf-life and spoilage phenomena. Therefore, the evaluation of the gas exchange by means of the permeation of gas molecules is a crucial aspect in designing a product. The permeation of

1323-406: The consumers need to be aware of certain chemical products that are packaged exactly like food products to attract them. Most of them have pictures of fruits and the containers also resemble food packages. However, they can get consumed by kids or careless adults and lead to poisoning. Microplastics and nanoparticles from plastic containers are an increasing concern. Packaging lines can have

1372-523: The correct conditions inside the package's headspace to lessen food spoiling. It is critical to maintain food safety during processing, packaging, storage, logistics (including cold chain ), sale, and use. Conformance to applicable regulations is mandatory. Some are country specific such as the US Food and Drug Administration and the US Department of Agriculture ; others are regional such as

1421-490: The creation and standardization of brands, it provides the opportunity to realized significant advertising, extensive distribution, and mass merchandising. Therefore, a distinction between the various type (or level) of packaging needs to be made. Primary packaging is directly in contact with the food products, creating the ideal headspace for them while providing protection from external alteration. Additionally, primary packaging, also known as retail packaging or consumer units,

1470-487: The diffusion of a permeant's molecule is dependent to the concentration difference between the two sides of the packaging system, which acts as a driving force, thus creating a diffusive flux following the first Fick's law of diffusion . Furthermore, other assumptions are needed, such as the absence of chemical interaction between the penetrant and the packaging material and the fact that the diffusion flow must follow only one direction. The adsorption/desorption processes of

1519-586: The most important aspects in designing a packaging system. Packaging of food products has seen a vast transformation in technology usage and application from the Stone Age to the industrial revolution : 7000 BC: The adoption of pottery and glass which saw industrialization around 1500 BC. 1700s: The first manufacturing production of tinplate was introduced in England (1699) and in France (1720). Afterwards,

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1568-631: The official launch of a science-based organic agriculture undergraduate degree program at UF, making it one of the first three U.S. institutions to offer this major. Colorado State University and Washington State University began similar programs simultaneously. The College of Veterinary Medicine is jointly administered through the university's Health Science Center and IFAS. Support from UF/IFAS includes resources for large animal disease research, undergraduate instruction and veterinary extension. 40,685 living alumni as of August 2021, including 1,219 overseas. Food packaging Food packaging

1617-402: The organoleptic properties, hence causing off-flavours, excessive weight loss, textural changing and generally shortening the shelf life. To quantify the barrier properties of a packaging system, both oxygen and water vapor permeation are commonly assessed by measuring the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), respectively. The oxygen transmission rate of

1666-420: The oxygen permeate across the barrier's material. Concurrently to the oxygen barrier property, the permeability of water vapor through a food packaging system should be minimized to effectively prevent physical and chemical changes connected to an excessive moisture content. The moisture barrier properties of a material can be assessed by measuring the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), which can be defined as

1715-435: The package is in direct contact with the food product. Depending on the packaging operation and the food, packaging machinery often needs specified daily wash-down and cleaning procedures. Health risks of materials and chemicals that are used in food packaging need to be carefully controlled. Carcinogens , toxic chemicals, mutagens etc. need to be eliminated from food contact and potential migration into foods. Besides,

1764-479: The packaging's permeable area, the temperature, and the pressure or concentration gradient between the barrier's interior and external sides can all have an impact on a system's permeability. The gas exchange occurring between the packaging system and the external environment has a significant impact on the quality and safety of food products. Uncontrolled physico-chemical and biological processes such as oxidation of vitamins, excessive microbial growth, and spoilage of

1813-582: The packed food may lead to improper conditions inside the packaging headspace, hence reducing their shelf-life. Therefore, the packaging system should be designed to create the ideal conditions for the selected product, avoiding excessive gas exchange. Among the permeants that could affect the organoleptic properties of food, oxygen and water vapor represent the most important ones. These permeants affect several bio-chemical processes in food products, such as ripening, degradation, hydration/dehydration, microbial growth, vitamins oxidation; they also have an impact on

1862-507: The primary packages, making more easy to handle during the transportation. Occasionally it can be used as an aid in retail outlets or super market for the display of basic goods. The outermost package, known as tertiary packaging, makes it easier to handle, store, and distribute both primary and secondary packages in bulk safely, providing further protection of the product while creating an easy way to transport large quantities of materials. The most familiar type of tertiary packaging comprises

1911-525: The quality of human life. Faculty members pursue fundamental and applied research that furthers understanding of natural and human systems. Research is supported by state and federally appropriated funds and supplemented by grants and contracts. UF/IFAS received $ 155.6 million in annual research expenditures in sponsored research for FY 2021. The Florida Agricultural Experiment Station administers and supports research programs in UF/IFAS. The research program

1960-522: The rise, with data reporting that in 2018, the recycling rate of generated packaging and containers was 53.9 percent. The product's quality and safety are the package's most important responsibility. However, there have been growing demands for packaging to be designed, manufactured, consumed, and recycled in a more sustainable fashion due to the increasing pollution connected with packaging and food wastes . It has been estimated that only 10.33% of all municipal solid waste (MSW), which makes up to 30.3% of

2009-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title IFAS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IFAS&oldid=1173221348 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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2058-466: The science of food packaging and a Center for Food Distribution and Retailing. Florida is the state most inundated with invasive plant and animal species. Nearly 85 percent of new plants entering the country travel through Miami. As such, much of the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology as well as a Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants have been dedicated to fighting this problem. IFAS

2107-506: The searchable UF/IFAS Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS). UF/IFAS supports one of the nation's largest collections of food safety facilities and faculty in the country, and is integral in maintaining the National Food Safety Database. Along with researchers specializing in controlling spread of pathogens such as E. coli and Salmonella , UF/IFAS also has uniquely specialized research programs dedicated to

2156-431: The standard specification, make up the basic instrumentation used in such tests. Although both oxygen and water vapor represent the most studied permeants in food packaging application, other gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrogen (N 2 ) have also great relevance in the preservation of food products. In fact, N 2 and CO 2 have been employed in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology to establish

2205-674: The state. These facilities are used for teaching, research and demonstration: The Meat Processing Center is also located within the UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences. Inside the center is the UF Meat Retail Store, a meat market selling locally raised meat products. UF/IFAS also operates the Beef Teaching Unit. The College of Agricultural and Life Sciences (CALS) offers 23 undergraduate majors and more than 50 areas of specialization to address

2254-416: The total waste, is recycled into new products globally. However, depending on the level of packaging and the materials that are being used during their manufacturing, the end-of-life of a package may differ completely. Despite the fact that a recycling process is usually the desired path, lots of complications may lead to less sustainable destines. A critical requirement in food packaging is represented by

2303-416: The world's critical challenges related to agriculture, food systems, human wellbeing, natural resources and sustainable communities. Master's and doctoral degrees are offered by every department and school. The college has more than 6,900 students (Fall 2021), including more than 2,400 graduate students. A majority are women, 26% are underrepresented minorities and 8% are international students. In addition to

2352-457: Was created in 1887 by federal legislation known as the Hatch Act , a follow-up to the 1862 Morrill Act that established U.S. land-grant universities. The research programs support approximately 350 full-time equivalent faculty members in 16 academic departments on UF's Gainesville campus and at 13 research and education centers around the state. Most UF/IFAS research can be easily accessed via

2401-418: Was launched and corrugated materials patented. 1880s: First cereal packaged in a folding box by Quaker Oats. 1890s: The crown cap for glass bottles was patented by William Painter. 1950s: The bag-in-box system was invented by American chemist William R. Scholle – initially for acid liquids, but quickly also used for food liquids. 1960s: Development of the two-piece drawn and wall-ironed metal cans in

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