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90-540: Ifremer focuses its research activities in the following areas: In 1985, Ifremer partnered with Dr. Robert Ballard for an ultimately successful expedition to locate the wreck of the RMS Titanic . In 1994 Ifremer assisted in the salvage of the cargo from the SS John Barry . Ifremer operates a number of vessels, including the submarine Nautile . In 2008, Ifremer partnered with Dr. Bruce Shillito for

180-409: A Bachelor of Music degree. Graduate teaching involves seminar-style classes and an emphasis on research and further study. UCSB confers M.A. , M.S., and Ph.D degrees. Those studying music may pursue a MM or DMA degree. Students pursuing a career in education may receive a MEd or EdD degree. The university granted 5,812 bachelor's, 578 master's, and 354 Ph.D degrees in 2010–2011. UCSB

270-659: A Millennium Technology Prize , an IEEE Medal of Honor , a National Medal of Technology and Innovation and a Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics . UCSB traces its origins back to the Anna Blake School , which was founded in 1891, and offered training in home economics and industrial arts. The Anna Blake School was taken over by the state in 1909 and became the Santa Barbara State Normal School , which then became

360-732: A PhD in marine geology and geophysics at the University of Rhode Island . Ballard joined the United States Army in 1965 through the Army's Reserve Officers Training program . He was designated as an intelligence officer and initially received a commission as a second lieutenant in the Army Reserve . When called to active duty in 1967, he asked to fulfill his obligation in the United States Navy . His request

450-523: A killing spree occurred in Isla Vista, California , a community near the campus. All six people killed during the rampage were students at UCSB. The murderer was a former Santa Barbara City College student who lived in Isla Vista. Santa Barbara State College was under the supervision of a president. In 1944, the college became a campus of the University of California . The school name

540-602: A land-locked freshwater lake, the Black Sea was flooded with salt water from the Mediterranean Sea during the Holocene . The influx of salt water essentially smothered the freshwater below it because a lack of internal motion and mixing meant that no fresh oxygen reached the deep waters, creating a meromictic body of water. The anoxic environment, which is hostile to many biological organisms that destroy wood in

630-521: A mast rising 11 m into the water column. Radiocarbon dating of wood from the wreck provides a date of 410–520 A.D. It has been named "Sinop D" by the Ballard team. In 2000, the team conducted an expedition that focused on exploration of the seabed about 15–30 km west of Sinop, and an additional deep-water survey east and north of the peninsula. Their project had several goals. They sought to discover whether human habitation sites could be identified on

720-475: A new, cross-disciplinary institute that would integrate the many diverse research projects in energy efficiency and provide a focus for work in this area. UCSB is a politically active campus. For the 2008 presidential election, UCSB won a national college competition for student voter registration by registering 10,857 voters, or 51.5% of the student population. Over the years, many political parties and organizations have been known to be active on campus, such as

810-455: A primary trade center in the Black Sea, the wrecks were located west of the trade route predicted by the prevalence of Sinopian ceramics on the Crimean peninsula. On wrecks A-C, mounds of distinctive carrot-shaped shipping jars, called amphorae , were found. They were of a style associated with Sinop and retained much of their original stacking pattern on the sea floor. The jars may have carried

900-615: A sample from the bedrock . Ballard was geologist diver in Alvin during Project FAMOUS , which explored the median rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in 1974. During the summer of 1975, Ballard participated in a joint French-American expedition called Phere searching for hydrothermal vents over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , but the expedition did not find any active vents. On the Galapagos spreading center east of

990-525: A strip of "city" through the ocean to the Santa Barbara airport, runs through the east entrance to the university campus. Although UCSB has a Santa Barbara mailing address, as do other unincorporated areas around the city, only this entry parcel is in the Santa Barbara city limits. The campus is divided into four parts: the Main (East) Campus of 708 acres (287 ha), which houses all academic units, plus

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1080-536: A submersible was in the Ben Franklin (PX-15) in 1969 off the coast of Florida during a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution expedition. In the summer of 1970, he began a field mapping project of the Gulf of Maine for his doctoral dissertation . It used an air gun that sent sound waves underwater to determine the underlying structure of the ocean floor and the submersible Alvin , which was used to find and recover

1170-489: A variety of archetypal Black Sea products such as olive oil, honey, wine, or fish sauce. The contents are unknown because no artifacts were recovered from these wreck sites in 2000. The wreck provided the team with vast information about the technological changes and trade in the Black Sea during political, social, and economic transition through their study of the ship's construction techniques. Studies show that in Sinop during

1260-472: A video. Many of the relics retrieved by various groups, not including Ballard, from RMS Titanic were owned by Premier Exhibitions which filed for bankruptcy in 2016. In late August 2018, the groups vying for ownership of the 5,500 relics included one by museums in England and Northern Ireland with assistance from filmmaker James Cameron and some financial support from National Geographic . Ballard told

1350-481: A wall of shipping jars standing about 2 m above the seabed. The amphorae highest on the mound had fallen over without displacing those still standing in the rows beneath them, and, likely, the ship settled upright on the seabed gradually being both buried in and filled with sediment as exposed wood was devoured by the larva or the shipworm . Shipwreck B also consisted of a large pile of amphorae but several types are visible, as are multiple timbers protruding from within

1440-559: Is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and is regarded as a Public Ivy . The university has 12 national research centers and institutes, including the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and NSF Quantum Foundry. According to the National Science Foundation , UC Santa Barbara spent $ 238 million on research and development in fiscal year 2018, ranking it 100th in

1530-586: Is 4,000 feet deeper than that where the Titanic sank. He attempted to determine whether it had been sunk by the British or was scuttled by its crew. Three weeks after the expedition however, personal tragedy struck him when his 21-year-old son, Todd, who had aided him in the search, was killed in a car accident. Ballard later published a book about the quest, The Discovery of the Bismarck (1990) The discovery

1620-520: Is a large, comprehensive, primarily residential doctoral university. The full-time, four-year undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments and has a liberal arts & sciences focus with high graduate coexistence. UCSB is organized into five colleges and schools offering 87 undergraduate degrees and 55 graduate degrees. The campus is the sixth-largest in the UC system by enrollment with 18,620 undergraduate and 3,065 graduate students. In 2015, UCSB

1710-450: Is an American retired Navy officer and a professor of oceanography at the University of Rhode Island who is noted for his work in underwater archaeology ( maritime archaeology and archaeology of shipwrecks ) and marine geology . He is best known by the general public for the discoveries of the wrecks of the RMS Titanic in 1985, the battleship Bismarck in 1989, and the aircraft carrier USS  Yorktown in 1998. He discovered

1800-504: Is considered to be a " Public Ivy ". The 2022 edition of U.S. News & World Report ranked UC Santa Barbara as the 7th best public university and tied for the 32nd best university in the United States. Money magazine ranked UC Santa Barbara 30th in the U.S. out of the 744 schools it evaluated for its 2019 Best Colleges ranking. In 2019, Kiplinger ranked UCSB 30th out of 174 best-value public colleges and universities in

1890-559: Is home to a five-octave, 61-bell carillon . KCSB 91.9 and the Daily Nexus have headquarters beneath Storke Tower. The UCSB Family Vacation Center, founded in 1969, is a summer family camp located on campus that draws over 2,000 guests each summer. The staff of over 50 includes many UCSB students who have been extensively trained as camp counselors. UCSB is known for its extensive biking system. A recent survey says that 53% of UCSB students get around by cycling. UC Santa Barbara

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1980-873: Is ranked first for research in sex and gender, and the History department is ranked seventh for women's history. In 2015, QS World University Rankings ranked UCSB 129th in the world. Forbes magazine ranked the university 24h in the nation (and 5th best public university) in 2024. This ranking focuses mainly on net positive financial impact, in contrast to other rankings, and generally ranks liberal arts colleges above most research universities. PayScale's 2015–16 College Salary Report (ranking universities in terms of graduates' salary potential), UCSB came in first in computer science, seventh in engineering, 14th in Humanities, and 30th in Social Sciences. UCSB

2070-505: Is the director. The focus of the University of California is on research. Like all University of California campuses, UCSB prioritizes academic development over vocational learning. Undergraduate teaching is centered on lectures, with larger lecture classes having sections. Sections may be tutorial style, or they may be set up as seminars or discussions. For undergraduates, UCSB confers both B.A. and B.S. degrees. Music majors may pursue

2160-430: Is the third-oldest undergraduate campus in the system, after UC Berkeley and UCLA . UCSB's campus sits on the oceanfront site of a converted WWII -era Marine Corps air station. UCSB is organized into three undergraduate colleges ( Letters and Science , Engineering , Creative Studies ) and two graduate schools ( Education and Environmental Science & Management ), offering more than 200 degrees and programs. It

2250-575: The Center for Ocean Exploration and Archaeological Oceanography , a research program at the University of Rhode Island's Graduate School of Oceanography. In 1976, Willard Bascom suggested that the deep, anoxic waters of the Black Sea might have preserved ships from antiquity because typical wood-devouring organisms could not survive there. At a depth of 150 m, it contains insufficient oxygen to support most familiar biological life forms. Originally

2340-569: The East Pacific Rise west of Mexico at 21°N was aided by deep-towed still camera sleds that were able to take pictures of the ocean floor, making it easier to find hydrothermal vent locations. When Alvin inspected one of the sites the deep tow located, the scientists observed black "smoke" billowing out of the vents, something not observed at the Galápagos Rift. Ballard and geophysicist Jean Francheteau went down in Alvin

2430-555: The JASON Project , and leads ocean exploration on the research vessel E/V Nautilus . Robert Duane Ballard was born on June 30, 1942 in Wichita, Kansas . He had an older brother, Richard, and a younger sister, Nancy Ann. When Ballard was two years old, his family moved to southern California , where his father worked as a flight test engineer. He has attributed his early interest in underwater exploration to watching

2520-899: The National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis , the Southern California Earthquake Center , the UCSB Center for Spatial Studies , an affiliate of the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis , and the California Nanosystems Institute . Eight of these centers are supported by the National Science Foundation. UCSB is also home to Microsoft Station Q , a research group working on topological quantum computing where American mathematician and Fields Medalist Michael Freedman

2610-643: The National Geographic Society and Ballard fielded a ship with remote vehicles to the Solomon Islands . They succeeded in finding a torpedo tube and the forward section from the shipwreck of John F. Kennedy 's PT-109 which was rammed in 1943 by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri off Ghizo Island . The visit also brought to light the identity of islanders Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana who had received little recognition for finding

2700-584: The Royal Navy several years after the sinking and had also been damaged by other explorers, making a forensic analysis difficult. He found no evidence of boiler explosion and he speculated the ignition of coal dust inside the ship caused a "massive, uncontrollable [second] explosion". Others have questioned this hypothesis, some suggesting that the ship had been sabotaged by the British. Ballard found no evidence to support this claim. Some experts have indicated that it was, in fact, boiler explosions that caused

2790-715: The Santa Barbara State College in 1921. In 1944, intense lobbying by an interest group in the City of Santa Barbara led by Thomas Storke and Pearl Chase persuaded the State Legislature, Gov. Earl Warren , and the Regents of the University of California to move the State College over to the more research-oriented University of California system. The State College system sued to stop

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2880-505: The Titanic . In 1982, Ballard had approached the Navy about his new deep sea underwater robot craft, the Argo , and his search for the Titanic . The Navy, while not interested in funding Ballard's Titanic search on its own, ultimately concluded that Argo was their best chance to locate their missing submarines, and agreed to finance his expedition on the condition that he first investigated

2970-532: The US Army 's ROTC program, giving him an Army officer's commission in Army Intelligence. His first graduate degree ( MS , 1966) was in geophysics from the University of Hawaiʻi 's Institute of Geophysics where he trained porpoises and whales. Subsequently, he returned to Andreas Rechnitzer's Ocean Systems Group at North American Aviation . Ballard was working towards a PhD in marine geology at

3060-888: The University of Southern California in 1967 when he was called to active duty. Upon his request, he was transferred from the Army into the US Navy as an oceanographer . The Navy assigned him as a liaison between the Office of Naval Research and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods Hole, Massachusetts . After leaving active duty and entering the Naval Reserve in 1970, Ballard continued working at Woods Hole persuading organizations and people, mostly scientists, to fund and use Alvin for undersea research. Four years later he received

3150-682: The 1954 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , an adaptation of Jules Verne’s 1870 novel . While he was a high school student, his father connected him with oceanographers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography , and he participated in several short research expeditions. Ballard enrolled at University of California, Santa Barbara , and joined the Army Reserve Officer Training Corps . Beginning in 1962, Ballard worked part-time with Andreas Rechnitzer 's Ocean Systems Group at North American Aviation , where his father

3240-604: The Black Sea in the 8th millennium BC . Ballard's research has contributed to the debate over the Black Sea deluge theory . In 2004, Ballard was appointed professor of oceanography , and currently serves as Director of the Institute for Archaeological Oceanography, at the University of Rhode Island 's Graduate School of Oceanography. He was the first speaker to give the Charles and Marie Fish Lecture in Oceanography at

3330-483: The Byzantine era, they had developed long-distance trading as early as 4500 BC. Sea-trading on the Black Sea was most intense during the period of late antiquity, between the 2nd and 7th centuries AD. The examination of the four shipwrecks found by Ballard and his team provide the direct evidence for Black Sea maritime trade so well attested by the distribution of ceramics on land. The video images of Shipwreck A show

3420-560: The College Republicans, Campus Democrats, Green Party , Libertarians , NORML , Young Democratic Socialists of America , and Queer Student Union. There are a variety of on-campus centers that offer social, recreational, religious, and preprofessional activities for students. The UCSB Multicultural Center hosts numerous activities yearly to support students of color and promote awareness of diversity issues on campus. Other organizations and centers include The Daily Nexus ,

3510-458: The College of Engineering include military contractors Raytheon Vision Systems, Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman. From 2005 to 2009, UCSB was ranked fourth in terms of relative citation impact in the U.S. (behind MIT , Caltech , and Princeton University ) according to Thomson Reuters . UCSB hosts 12 National Research Centers, including the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics ,

3600-647: The Davidson Library and the Arts Library, hold more than three million bound volumes and millions of microforms , government documents, manuscripts, maps, satellite and aerial images, sound recordings, and other materials. Situated at the center of campus, the Davidson Library in June 2013 broke ground on a significant addition and renovation project, which was completed in November 2015 with re-opening to

3690-473: The Navy involved developing small, unmanned submersibles that could be tethered to and controlled from a surface ship and were outfitted with lighting, cameras, and manipulator arms. As early as 1973, he saw this as a way of searching for the wreck of the Titanic . In 1977, he led his first expedition, which was unsuccessful. In the summer of 1985, Ballard was aboard the French research ship Le Suroît , which

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3780-399: The Santa Barbara campus in 1949. Originally, only 3000–3500 students were anticipated, but the post-WWII baby boom led to the designation of a general campus in 1958, along with a name change from "Santa Barbara College" to "University of California, Santa Barbara," and the discontinuation of the industrial arts program for which the state college was famous. A chancellor , Samuel B. Gould,

3870-470: The UC system). The original campus the regents acquired in Santa Barbara was located on only 100 acres (40 ha) of largely unusable land on a seaside mesa. The availability of a 400-acre (160 ha) portion of the land used as Marine Corps Air Station Santa Barbara until 1946 on another seaside mesa in Goleta , which the regents could acquire for free from the federal government, led to that site becoming

3960-476: The University of Rhode Island in 2002. University of California, Santa Barbara The University of California, Santa Barbara ( UC Santa Barbara or UCSB ) is a public land-grant research university in Santa Barbara County, California , United States. Tracing its roots back to 1891 as an independent teachers' college, UCSB joined the University of California system in 1944. It

4050-604: The administration to acknowledge the needs of black students. The University answered the demands of the group by creating the Department of Black Studies. In 1995, UCSB was elected to the Association of American Universities , an organization of leading research universities, with a membership consisting of 59 universities in the United States (both public and private ) and two universities in Canada. On May 23, 2014,

4140-452: The ancient submerged landscape, they examined the sea-bed for shipwrecks (where they found Sinop A-D), to test the hypothesis that the anoxic waters below 200 m would protect shipwrecks from the expected biological attacks on organic components, and to seek data about an ancient trade route between Sinop and the Crimea indicated by terrestrial archaeological remains. Although Sinop served as

4230-541: The anoxic waters of the Black Sea would allow extraordinary organic preservation is borne out by the discovery of Sinop D, the 1,500-year-old shipwreck with excellent preservation of features above the sediment layer. According to a report in New Scientist magazine (May 4, 2002, p. 13), the researchers found an underwater delta south of the Bosporus . There was evidence of a strong flow of fresh water out of

4320-713: The arts, mathematics, and sciences. The campus also has two professional schools: the Bren School of Environmental Science & Management , located in Bren Hall , and the Gevirtz Graduate School of Education . Founded in 1973, the Institute for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research ( ISBER ), originally the Community and Organization Research Institute (CORI), is the research unit for work in

4410-622: The day after the black smokers were first observed. They were able to take an accurate temperature reading of the active vent (the previous dive's thermometer had melted) and recorded a temperature of 350 °C (623 K; 662 °F). They continued searching for more vents along the East Pacific Rise between 1980 and 1982. While Ballard had been interested in the sea since an early age, his work at Woods Hole and his scuba diving experiences off Massachusetts spurred his interest in shipwrecks and their exploration. His work in

4500-457: The descent and impact". Filmmaker Cameron, however, said that his crew's examination of the wreckage indicated that the Bismarck would have sunk eventually even if it had not been scuttled. In 1993, Ballard investigated the wreck of RMS Lusitania off the Irish coast. It had been struck by a torpedo, whose explosion was followed by a second, much larger one. The wreck had been depth charged by

4590-465: The islands a 1977 exploration by Alvin found deep-sea hydrothermal vents surrounded by communities of living organisms with energy derived by chemosynthesis . Ballard was a participating diver. While the discovery was of immense biological significance, the expedition's scientists were all geologists, with no biologists, as it was thought certain there would be no life to study, let alone forms unknown to science. The 1979 RISE project expedition on

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4680-480: The lagoon, and along the beach. It owns and manages Coal Oil Point nature preserve on the West Campus. Much of the campus's early architecture was designed by famed architect William Pereira and his partner Charles Luckman and made heavy use of custom tinted and patterned concrete blocks. This design element was carried over into many of the school's subsequent buildings. The UCSB Libraries , consisting of

4770-542: The majority of undergraduate housing; Storke Campus; West Campus; and North Campus. The campuses surround the unincorporated community of Isla Vista . UCSB is one of the few universities in the United States with its own beach. The campus, bordered on two sides by the Pacific Ocean, has miles of coastline, its own lagoon, and the rocky extension, Goleta Point , which is also known as "Campus Point". The campus has numerous walking and bicycle paths across campus, around

4860-567: The mound and on it. In addition to the Sinop-style jars, several amphorae similar to examples excavated on the Yassiada Byzantine shipwreck and dating from the 5th to late 6th century AD are present. Two discrete and mostly buried piles of carrot-shaped shipping jars comprise shipwreck C. The team's visit to the site was short and was intended primarily to test survey methodology for deep-water procedures. Shipwreck D provided

4950-529: The nation, and fifth in California. UC Santa Barbara was ranked 32nd in the United States out of 1,380 colleges and universities by Payscale and CollegeNet's 2018 Social Mobility Index rankings. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked UCSB 48th worldwide for 2016–17, while the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) in 2016 ranked UCSB 42nd in the world, 28th in

5040-400: The nation, and in 2015 tied for 17th worldwide in engineering. Washington Monthly named UCSB as the 20th best national university in 2020, based on its contribution to the public good as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service. U.S. News & World Report ' s 2016 rankings placed UCSB's graduate programs in Materials Engineering and Chemical Engineering

5130-504: The nation. UCSB was the No. 3 host on the ARPAnet and was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1995. UCSB alumni, faculty, and researchers have included 14 Nobel Prize laureates, founders of notable companies, 1 Fields Medalist , 39 members of the National Academy of Sciences , 29 members of the National Academy of Engineering , and 49 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The faculty also includes two Academy and Emmy Award winners and recipients of

5220-458: The news media that he favored this bid since it would ensure that the memorabilia would be permanently displayed in Belfast and in Greenwich . A decision as to the outcome was to be made by a United States district court judge. Ballard undertook an even more daunting task when he and his team searched off the coast of France for the German Battleship Bismarck in 1989, using an ocean-crawling robot. The 15,000 foot deep water in which it sank

5310-501: The oxygenated waters, provides an excellent testing site for deep-water archaeological surveys. In a series of expeditions, a team of marine archaeologists led by Ballard identified what appeared to be ancient shorelines, freshwater snail shells, and drowned river valleys in roughly 300 feet (100 m) of water off the Black Sea coast of modern Turkey . Radiocarbon dating of freshwater mollusk remains indicated an age of about 7,000 years. The team discovered three ancient wrecks west of

5400-541: The planks of Sinop D are held together. There are no mortise and tenon fastenings and no sewing. Shipwreck D may be one of the earliest lateen -rigged ships to be studied by archaeologists. The angle of the mast and the lack of fittings on it suggest that a lateen sail is the most likely configuration for such a small vessel. The Institute for Exploration Black Sea expeditions relied on remote sensing with side-scan sonar in shallow and deep water to identify potential archaeological sites examined by ROVs . The hypothesis that

5490-453: The public in January 2016. Campbell Hall is the university's largest lecture hall with 862 seats. It's also the main venue for the UCSB Arts & Lectures series, which presents special performances, films, and lectures for the UCSB campus and Santa Barbara community. Storke Tower , completed in 1969, is the tallest steel/cement structure in Santa Barbara County . It can be seen from most places on campus, and it overlooks Storke Plaza. It

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5580-438: The rapidly growing college, Santa Barbara City College moved into the vacated State College buildings. Originally, the regents envisioned a small, several thousand–student liberal arts college, a so-called " Williams College of the West", at Santa Barbara. Chronologically, UCSB is the third general-education campus of the University of California, after Berkeley and UCLA (the only other state campus to have been acquired by

5670-399: The second and ninth best in the U.S., respectively; graduate school Physics was ranked 10th best, including the fifth-best program for Condensed Matter Physics, seventh-best program for Quantum Physics, seventh-best program for Elementary Particles/Field/String Theory, and eighth-best program for Cosmology/Relativity/Gravity. In terms of the social sciences, UCSB's graduate program in Sociology

5760-402: The ship to sink so quickly, in a mere 18 minutes. Ballard published a book about the discovery, Exploring the Lusitania: Probing the Mysteries of the Sinking that Changed History , also titled Robert Ballard's Lusitania in some markets, with co-author Spencer Dunmore. In 1992, Ballard and his team visited the sites of many wrecks of World War II in the Pacific . Doing so, he discovered

5850-432: The ship's interior. Although the first dive (taking over two hours) encountered technical problems, subsequent ones were far more successful and produced a detailed photographic record of the wreck's condition. In 1988, Ballard published a book, Discovery Of The Titanic: Exploring The Greatest Of All Lost Ships , ISBN   0-446-51385-7 and he later recounted the specifics of the expedition for National Geographic in

5940-457: The shipwrecked crew after searching for days in their dugout canoe . A TV special and a book were produced, and Ballard spoke at the John F. Kennedy Library in 2005. In the 1990s Ballard founded the Institute for Exploration , which specializes in deep-sea archaeology and geology. It joined forces in 1999 with the Mystic Aquarium in Mystic, Connecticut . They are a part of the non-profit Sea Research Foundation, Inc. In 2003, Ballard started

6030-422: The social sciences. In 1990, it absorbed the Social Process Research Institute (SPRI), and its work now includes the humanities. In February 2015, UCSB opened a Confucius Institute on campus, one of about 400 installments worldwide. It promotes the study of Chinese language , culture , history , science , politics , and economics . In 2008, the Institute for Energy Efficiency was founded to establish

6120-557: The spring of 1970, multiple occasions of arson occurred, including a burning of the Bank of America branch building in the student community of Isla Vista , during which time one male student, Kevin Moran, was shot and killed by police. UCSB's anti-Vietnam activity impelled then-Gov. Ronald Reagan to impose a curfew and order the National Guard to enforce it. Armed guardsmen were common on campus and in Isla Vista during this time. In 1968, twelve black students occupied North Hall — temporarily renaming it Malcolm X Hall — to force

6210-409: The takeover, but the governor did not support the suit. A state constitutional amendment was passed in 1946 to stop subsequent conversions of State Colleges to University of California campuses. From 1944 to 1958, the school was known as Santa Barbara College of the University of California , before taking on its current name. When the vacated Marine Corps training station in Goleta was purchased for

6300-439: The team with an unprecedented opportunity to document hull construction during a time of transition. When observing the sonar signature of Shipwreck D, a long, slender upright feature on the seabed, transformed itself into a wooden mast. Elements rarely present on shallower shipwreck sites are beautifully preserved 200 m below the surface. Disappointingly for ship scholars and historians of technology, there are few indications of how

6390-514: The testing and initial operations of the PERISCOP , a deep sea fish recovery device. In 2023, Ifremer sent the Atalante ship and the Victor 6000 ROV to the rescue operation of the Titan submersible . Ifremer is located at 26 sites, including five main centres ( Boulogne , Brest , Nantes , Toulon and Tahiti ), with headquarters at Brest . About twenty research departments are associated to these centres : Robert Ballard Robert Duane Ballard (born June 30, 1942)

6480-453: The town of Sinop at depths of 100 m. Wreck A and Wreck C probably date to the late Roman period (2nd–4th century A.D.), while Wreck B probably dates to the Byzantine period (5th to 7th century A.D.). To the east of Sinop, the team discovered a remarkably well-preserved wreck at a 320 m depth, in the Black Sea's deep anoxic waters. The vessel's entire hull and cargo are intact, buried in sediments. Its deck structures are also intact, including

6570-425: The two submarines, Ballard and his team discovered they had imploded from the immense pressure at depth. It littered thousands of pieces of debris all over the ocean floor. Following the large trail of debris led them directly to the remnants of both vessels and made them significantly easier to locate than if they were to search for the hulls directly. He already knew that the Titanic imploded from pressure, much like

6660-423: The two submarines, and concluded that it too must have left a scattered debris trail. Using that lesson, they had Argo sweep back and forth across the ocean floor looking for the Titanic's debris trail. They took shifts monitoring the video feed from Argo as it searched the ocean floor two miles below. In the early morning of September 1, 1985, observers noted anomalies on the smooth ocean floor. At first, it

6750-485: The two submarines, assessed the state of their nuclear reactors, and determined if their long submergence had cause any radioactive environmental impact. He was placed on temporary active duty in the Navy, in charge of finding and investigating the wrecks, after which he would be free to use any remaining time and resources to hunt for the Titanic . After their missions for the Navy, Knorr arrived on site on August 22, 1985, and deployed Argo . When they searched for

6840-571: The wreck of John F. Kennedy 's PT-109 in 2002 and visited Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana , who saved its crew. Ballard discovered hydrothermal vents , where life goes on powered by nutrient chemicals emitted by the vents rather than the sunlight that drives most life on Earth; he said "finding hydrothermal vents beats the hell out of finding the Titanic", and his mother commented "It's too bad you found that rusty old boat... they're only going to remember you for finding [it]". Ballard also established

6930-578: The wreck of the IJN Kirishima . His book Lost Ships of Guadalcanal locates and photographs many of the vessels sunk at Ironbottom Sound , the strait between Guadalcanal Island and the Floridas in the Solomon Islands . On May 19, 1998, Ballard found the wreck of Yorktown , sunk at the Battle of Midway . Found three miles (5 km) beneath the surface, it was photographed. In 2002,

7020-505: Was 4.29. According to the UCSB Office of Research, UC Santa Barbara budgeted $ 235.3 million on research and development in fiscal 2020, with the National Science Foundation contributing $ 60.5 million; Department of Defense-$ 40 million; UC General Fund-$ 28 million; Industry- $ 19.5 million; National Institutes of Health-$ 17 million; Department of Energy-$ 9 million; Non-Profit-$ 8.7 million; Other-$ 20 million. Corporate research partners in

7110-474: Was also documented for National Geographic in a 1989 James Cameron video Search for the Battleship Bismarck which indicated that the ship had been damaged by torpedoes and shells from British ships. The actual cause of the sinking, however, was sabotage of the underwater valves by the onboard crew, according to Ballard, who said, "we found a hull that appears whole and relatively undamaged by

7200-464: Was appointed in 1959. In 1959, UCSB professor Douwe Stuurman hosted the English writer Aldous Huxley as the university's first visiting professor. Huxley delivered a lectures series called "The Human Situation". In the late '60s and early '70s, UCSB became nationally known as a hotbed of anti–Vietnam War activity. A bombing at the school's faculty club in 1969 killed the caretaker, Dover Sharp. In

7290-480: Was approved, and he was transferred to the Navy Reserve on the reserve active duty list. After completing his active-duty obligation in 1970, he was returned to reserve status, where he remained for much of his military career, being called up only for mandatory training and special assignments. He retired from the Navy as a commander in 1995 after reaching the statutory service limit. Ballard's first dive in

7380-489: Was changed to the Santa Barbara College of the University of California . The title of the campus leader was changed to provost . In September 1958, the Regents of the University of California established Santa Barbara as a general university campus. The school was renamed the University of California, Santa Barbara. The official title of the campus leader was changed to chancellor . UCSB's first provost

7470-481: Was created in 1952 to lead individual campuses. The Board of Regents appointed Henry T. Yang to be the fifth chancellor of the university in 1994. UC Santa Barbara has three colleges: the College of Letters & Science , the College of Engineering , and the College of Creative Studies . The College of Creative Studies offers students an alternative approach to education by supporting advanced, independent work in

7560-419: Was designated a Hispanic-Serving Institution . Admission to UC Santa Barbara is rated as "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report . UC Santa Barbara no longer uses SAT or ACT scores in admission decisions or for scholarships. UC Santa Barbara had an acceptance rate of 25.8% for the 2022 incoming freshman class. 111,006 applied, 28,589 were admitted, and 4,968 enrolled. The average High School GPA

7650-467: Was now assured. He originally planned to keep the location secret to prevent anyone from claiming prizes. He considered the site a cemetery and refused to desecrate it by removing artifacts. On July 12, 1986, Ballard and his team returned on board Atlantis II to make the first detailed study of the wreck. This time, he brought Alvin . It was accompanied by Jason Junior , a small remotely operated vehicle that could fit through small openings to see into

7740-517: Was pockmarks, like small craters from impacts. Eventually, debris was sighted as the rest of the team was awakened. Finally, a boiler was sighted, and soon after that, the hull was found. Ballard's team made a general search of the Titanic's exterior, noting its condition. Most significantly, they confirmed that it had split in two and that the stern was in far worse shape than the bow. They did not have much time to explore, as others were waiting to take Knorr on other scientific pursuits, but his fame

7830-551: Was ranked third in The Princeton Review ' s 2015 list of top party schools. Santa Barbara is one of the ten major campuses affiliated with the University of California . The University of California is governed by a 26-member board of regents , 18 of which are appointed by the Governor of California to 12-year terms, seven serving as ex officio members, and a single student regent. The position of chancellor

7920-524: Was the chief engineer of North American's Minuteman missile program. At North American, Ballard worked on its failed proposal to build the submersible Alvin for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . In 1965, Ballard graduated from the University of California, Santa Barbara , earning undergraduate degrees in chemistry and geology. While a student in Santa Barbara, California , he joined Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and also completed

8010-415: Was thus Clarence L. Phelps , while UCSB's first chancellor was Samuel B. Gould . UCSB is located on cliffs directly above the Pacific Ocean. UCSB's campus is completely autonomous from local government and has not been annexed by the city of Santa Barbara , and thus is not part of the city. While it appears closer to the recently formed city of Goleta , a parcel of the City of Santa Barbara that forms

8100-596: Was using the side scan sonar SAR to search for the Titanic 's wreck. When the French ship was recalled, he transferred onto a ship from Woods Hole , the R/V Knorr . Unbeknownst to some, this trip was financed by the U.S. Navy for secret reconnaissance of the wreckage of two Navy nuclear powered attack submarines , the USS Scorpion and the USS Thresher , which sank in the 1960s, and not for

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