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98-576: The term "cursor movement key" is distinct from "arrow key" in that the former term may refer to any of various keys on a computer keyboard designated for cursor movement, whereas "arrow keys" generally refers to one of four specific keys, typically marked with arrows. Arrow keys are typically located at the bottom of the keyboard to the left side of the numeric keypad , usually arranged in an inverted-T layout but also found in diamond shapes and linear shapes. Arrow keys are commonly used for navigating around documents and for playing games. The inverted-T layout

196-527: A Dvorak one without any problems or additional configuration. This eliminates the burden of producing additional keymaps for every variant of QWERTY provided. Runtime layout switching is also possible. ChromeOS and ChromiumOS offer Dvorak, and there are three different ways to switch the keyboard to the Dvorak layout. ChromeOS includes the US Dvorak and UK Dvorak layouts. Apple had Dvorak advocates since

294-425: A diamond on QWERTY keyboards. In this layout, three of the four keys happen to correspond to the compass directions "West", "East" and "South". These games usually assign both "N" and "3" to "North". AZERTY users will use the "ZQSD" combination instead of "WASD", since those are the keys in place of WASD on a QWERTY keyboard. Depending on the configuration, "QAOP" may either still work or be vertically inverted. On

392-538: A few layouts: QWERTY, Dvorak, French ( AZERTY ), and other foreign-language layouts. Since about 1998, beginning with Mac OS 8.6 , Apple has included the Dvorak layout. It can be activated with the Keyboard Control Panel and selecting "Dvorak". The setting is applied once the Control Panel is closed out. Apple also includes a Dvorak variant they call "Dvorak – Qwerty ⌘". With this layout,

490-533: A keyboard layout that automatically switches to standard (QWERTY) after pressing the two hotkeys (SHIFT and CTRL). Many operating systems based on UNIX , including OpenBSD , FreeBSD , NetBSD , OpenSolaris , Plan 9 , and most Linux distributions , can be configured to use the U.S. Dvorak layout and a handful of variants. Furthermore, all current Unix-like systems with X.Org and appropriate keymaps installed (and virtually all systems meant for desktop use include them) are able to use any QWERTY-labeled keyboard as

588-523: A national flag that matches the current language, a 'DV' represents Dvorak and a 'DQ' represents Dvorak – Qwerty ⌘) brings up a drop-down menu, allowing the user to choose the desired layout. Subsequent keystrokes will reflect the choice, which can be reversed the same way. Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard" and later offer a keyboard identifier program that asks users to press a few keys on their keyboards. Dvorak, QWERTY and many national variations of those designs are available. If multiple keyboards are connected to

686-405: A number pad, many companies sell separate numpads that can be connected to a device by means such as USB ; some of these may include keys not found on a standard numpad, such as a spacebar or a 00 (or 000 ) key. Sometimes it is necessary to distinguish between a key on the numpad and an equivalent key elsewhere on the keyboard. For example, depending on the software in use, pressing

784-476: A numpad. To compensate, most such keyboards include Num Lock integrated into a function key (typically F6 or F8 ) and then press keys like 7 to produce their numpad counterpart. Ten key speed is measured in Keystrokes per Hour (KPH). The minimum required speed for many data entry jobs is around 9000 KPH with good accuracy. A speed of 12,000 is considered excellent. The numeric keypad

882-419: A patent in 1932 – most notably in the placement of Z. Today's keyboards have more keys than the original typewriter did, and other significant differences existed: Modern U.S. Dvorak layouts almost always place ; and : together on a single key, and / and ? together on a single key. Thus, if the keycaps of a modern keyboard are rearranged so that the unshifted symbol characters match

980-416: A result. Layouts such as Shift Z Ctrl X , where ⇧ Shift is up and Ctrl is down, allow all direction keys to be used in any combination, without the delay of changing finger position. But the use of modifier keys can be problematic, as some games do not allow mapping of these keys. Professional Counter Strike:Global Offensive player Fashr is known to use somewhat unorthodox keybindings. Using

1078-417: A right-handed mouse . During the early days of gaming, this was not a problem as the mouse was not used; the arrow keys controlled both movement ↑ ↓ as well as looking around ← → , with strafing done using modifier keys (usually Alt + ← → ). However, the introduction of mouselook , a system that let one use the mouse to look around both vertically and horizontally, enabled

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1176-517: A single finger to jump directly from one row, over the home row to another row (e.g., typing "minimum" [which often comes out as "minimun" or "mimimum"] on the QWERTY keyboard). In the English language, there are about 1,200 words that require a hurdle on the QWERTY layout. In contrast, there are only a few words requiring a hurdle on the Dvorak layout (e.g. "spiky", where the "piky" is typed entirely on

1274-455: A standard for the Dvorak layout known as ANSI X4.22-1983. This standard gave the Dvorak layout official recognition as an alternative to the QWERTY keyboard. The layout standardized by the ANSI differs from the original or "classic" layout devised and promulgated by Dvorak. Indeed, the layout promulgated publicly by Dvorak differed slightly from the layout for which Dvorak & Dealey applied for

1372-593: A standard inverted-T layout, either in the middle block or as half-height keys at the bottom right of the main keyboard. The arrow keys are used in many applications to do different things such as: Although the "arrow keys" provide one convention for cursor movement on computers, there are also other conventions for cursor movement that use entirely different keys. This cursor key layout was seen in Sinclair ZX80 , ZX81 , and ZX Spectrum home computer designs. These machines had 40-key keyboards with number keys on

1470-514: A switch, the user could switch from one layout to the other. This modification was entirely unofficial but was inadvertently demonstrated at the 1984 Comdex show, in Las Vegas , by an Apple employee whose mission was to demonstrate Apple Logo II. The employee had become accustomed to the Dvorak layout and brought the necessary parts to the show, installed them in a demo machine, then did his Logo demo. Viewers, curious that he always reached behind

1568-489: Is 1.4 ) that allows anyone to easily create any keyboard layout desired, thus allowing the creation and installation of any international Dvorak keyboard layout such as Dvorak Type II (for German), Svorak (for Swedish) etc. Another advantage of the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator with respect to third-party programs for installing an international Dvorak layout is that it allows creation of

1666-432: Is ASD-SPACE. Commonly used in 2D-based fighting games , ASD-SPACE maps A , S , and D to "left", "down", and "right" movement, while the spacebar is used for "up" (jumping). This allows an easier access to "360 degree" motions than a normal inverted-T layout, as well as being more ergonomic than simply placing all directions in a single row (ex. ASDF). There is even a "stickless" arcade controller based around

1764-522: Is DCAS (sometimes called ASDC). In this configuration, D and C control forward and backward motion, while A and S control side-stepping (strafing). Typically the Alt key is utilized for crouching instead of the Ctrl key, as it is more easily reached when the hand is positioned for DCAS. When Bungie's first-person shooter Marathon was released in 1994, it featured up/down look control and

1862-520: Is a keyboard layout for English patented in 1936 by August Dvorak and his brother-in-law, William Dealey, as a faster and more ergonomic alternative to the QWERTY layout (the de facto standard keyboard layout). Dvorak proponents claim that it requires less finger motion and as a result reduces errors, increases typing speed, reduces repetitive strain injuries , or is simply more comfortable than QWERTY. Dvorak has failed to replace QWERTY as

1960-419: Is a set of four keys on a QWERTY or QWERTZ computer keyboard that mimic the inverted-T configuration of the arrow keys. These keys are most commonly used to control the player character 's movement in computer games . W / S control forward and backward, while A / D control strafing left and right. The main reason for this arrangement is that the arrow keys are not ergonomic to use with

2058-407: Is also useful on Windows PCs for typing alt codes for special symbols; for example, the degree symbol, °, can be typed on these computers with the sequence Alt + 0 + 1 + 7 + 6 . To maintain their compact size, most laptops do not include a numeric keypad on their keyboard (though they can sometimes be found on larger models); even some desktop keyboards designed for compactness omit

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2156-461: Is mainly because these games usually have quite a large number of keys needed to control the vehicle properly and the number pad will have plenty of keys for that particular use. Another reason this is commonly used is because left-handed players will find this a more comfortable position than the IJKL keys (see above), and the number pad has fewer keys around it, thus it is less likely the player will hit

2254-403: Is notably different from the layout of telephone Touch-Tone keypads which have the 1 - 2 - 3 keys on top and 7 - 8 - 9 keys on the third row. Numeric keypads are useful for entering long sequences of numbers quickly, such as in spreadsheets , financial/accounting programs, and calculators. Input in this style is similar to a calculator or adding machine . A numpad

2352-512: Is on, digit keys produce the corresponding digit. On Apple Macintosh computers, which lack a Num Lock key, the numeric keypad always produces only numbers; the Num Lock key is replaced by the Clear key. The arrangement of digits on numeric keypads with the 7 - 8 - 9 keys two rows above the 1 - 2 - 3 keys is derived from calculators and cash registers . It

2450-648: Is only a small part of the complicated physical activity of typing. The work of Dvorak paved the way for other optimized keyboard layouts for English such as Colemak , but also for other languages such as the German Neo and the French BÉPO . Over the decades, symbol keys were shifted around the keyboard resulting in variations of the Dvorak design. In 1982, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) implemented

2548-485: Is that it allows the user to use the left-hand thumb to press the space bar (often the jump command) and the left-hand little finger to press the Ctrl or ⇧ Shift keys (often the crouch and sprint commands), as opposed to the arrow keys which lack other keys in proximity to press. Ctrl and ⇧ Shift were chosen partly because they are larger keys and thus easier to hit, but primarily because in older systems

2646-502: Is used by some systems for input of Chinese characters , for example CKC Chinese Input System and Q9 input method . Numeric keypads are also used for playing some computer games where the player must control a character, such as roguelikes . Unlike arrow keys , the numeric keypad can allow for diagonal movement. For keyboards without a numeric keypad, some games provide alternative movement keys, such as classic Rogue 's HJKL keys . The numeric keypad can also be an alternative to

2744-576: The F key home row marker (available on most standard keyboards) to easily return to position with the index finger. Moreover, these keys are compatible with both QWERTY and AZERTY keyboard layouts, which is a major plus if the game is also released in France or Belgium. Perhaps the earliest game to use ESDF was Crossfire (1981), which used the keys for firing in multiple directions. Dan "vise" Larsen from Quake Team Deathmatch clan "clan Kapitol" popularized ESDF versus "WASD", explaining that

2842-568: The Digital Equipment Corporation LK201 keyboard from 1982. Most Commodore 8-bit computers used two cursor keys instead of four, with directions selected using the shift key. The original Macintosh had no arrow keys at the insistence of Steve Jobs , who felt that people should use the mouse instead. They were deliberately excluded from the Macintosh launch design as a forcing device, acclimating users to

2940-469: The Dvorak keyboard layout , "WASD" is ",AOE". Left-handed players may use the numeric keypad instead. A somewhat uncommon variant is YGHJ which while requiring the keyboard to be turned slightly clockwise, can result in the thumb resting comfortably upon the right Alt key and the little finger resting on C . This can be useful in games that utilize both jump and sprint functions as it allows

3038-579: The Esc key entered a mode where pressing the I , J , K or M keys would move the cursor without altering the input buffer. After exiting this mode by pressing Escape again, normal behavior would resume. This made it easy to edit lines of BASIC code by listing them, then re-inputting them with edits interspersed. The Apple II and Apple II Plus originally had left and right arrow keys but no up and down arrow keys. Many programs written for these computers used A and Z to substitute for

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3136-514: The QL -style keyboard on later Spectrum + and + 128K models introduced various dedicated keys including arrow keys either side of the space bar (left/right in a pair to its immediate left, and up/down to the immediate right) and removed related labels, either method produced the same signals and there was no difference between which of the alternatives was used as far as software was concerned. WASD (,AOE on Dvorak keyboards; ZQSD on AZERTY keyboards)

3234-476: The WASD keys for navigation in computer gaming. This can be an attractive option for left-handed people who prefer to use the mouse with their left hand. Most operating systems have a mouse keys accessibility feature where mouse navigation can be done using the numeric keypad, with the other keys adapted to be mouse buttons . Dvorak Simplified Keyboard Dvorak / ˈ d v ɔːr æ k /

3332-674: The WordStar word processor and related applications, in combination with the Control key . These keys were also used, and had arrows printed on them on the TI-99/4A computer. The Model F keyboard that came with the original IBM PC didn't have dedicated arrow keys, and instead used the 8426 keys with Num Lock turned off. Therefore this was the scheme used by the earliest DOS games. The numpad or number pad keys are used quite often, but are used mostly in driving simulator games. This

3430-460: The Workbench (operating system), but most games require a mouse or joystick. The use of arrow keys in games has come back into fashion from the late 1980s and early 1990s when joysticks were a must, and were usually used in preference to arrow keys with some games not supporting any keys. It can be used instead of WASD keys, to play games using those keys. The inverted-T layout was popularized by

3528-410: The " ASDF " and " JKL; " keys). The row containing said keys is called the home row. The more strokes there are in the home row, the less movement the fingers must do, thus allowing a typist to type faster, more accurately, and with less strain to the hand and fingers. According to letter frequency analysis, the majority of the Dvorak layout's key strokes (70%) are done in the home row, claimed to be

3626-529: The "s" key is often used to either "select" or "shoot", depending upon the application. This layout also appears on the numeric keypads of some keyboards, using 8462 (including 7913). Vaguely related is the ZXC layout, used in many freeware games, and a common setup for emulation and older 2D gaming using a keyboard. A few games from the 1980s, such as the Phantasie series , use the "3WES" layout, which forms

3724-475: The Dvorak keyboard mapping , though it was purportedly available through undocumented interfaces. In the early days, Macintosh users could only use the Dvorak layout by editing the "System" file using Apple's "RESource EDITor" ResEdit  – which allowed users to create and edit keyboard layouts, icons, and other interface components. By 1994, a package named 'Electric Dvorak' by John Rethorst provided an easily user-installable "implementation [that]

3822-583: The Dvorak keyboard layout increased by the early 1950s. Numerous businesses and government organizations began to consider retraining their typists on Dvorak keyboards. In this environment, the General Services Administration commissioned Earle Strong to determine whether the switch from QWERTY to Dvorak should be made. After retraining a selection of typists from QWERTY to Dvorak, once the Dvorak group had regained their previous typing speed (which took 100 hours of training, more than

3920-509: The Q/A keys for up/down or forward/backwards movement. With SPACE being located at the bottom right of the original rubber-keyed Spectrum, the M or sometimes N key would be used for fire/action; on later models the SPACE bar would be used. QAOP had its own variations, such as ZXKM or WELP. Many BBC Micro games used the keys ZX*? respectively for left, right, up, and down (with "*" being

4018-528: The QWERTY layout by alleviating some of its perceived shortcomings, such as: August Dvorak studied letter frequencies and the physiology of the hand and created a new layout to alleviate the above problems, based on the following principles: The Dvorak layout is intended for the English language. For other European languages, letter frequencies, letter sequences, and bigrams differ from those of English. Also, many languages have letters that do not occur in English. For non-English use, these differences lessen

Arrow keys - Misplaced Pages Continue

4116-581: The QWERTY layout needed to be replaced, as QWERTY had not been laid out with the pure intention of ease and speed. Dvorak was joined by his brother-in-law William Dealey, a professor of education at the then North Texas State Teacher's College in Denton, Texas . Dvorak and Dealey's objective was to scientifically design a keyboard to decrease typing errors, speed up typing, and lessen typist fatigue. They engaged in extensive research while designing their keyboard layout. In 1914 and 1915, Dealey attended seminars on

4214-733: The Right Mouse to move forward, Semicolon to move backwards, Comma for strafing left and a Full Stop to strafe right. Numeric keypad A numeric keypad , number pad , numpad , or ten key , is the palm-sized, usually-17-key section of a standard computer keyboard , usually on the far right. It provides calculator -style efficiency for entering numbers. The numpad's keys are digits 0 to 9 , + ( addition ), - ( subtraction ), * ( multiplication ), and / ( division ) symbols, . ( decimal point ), Num Lock , and ↵ Enter keys. As smaller keyboards such as those found on laptops often lack

4312-684: The Workbench disk or installing the system to a hard drive, Dvorak was usable for Workbench application programs. Versions of Microsoft Windows including Windows 95 , Windows NT 3.51 and later have shipped with U.S. Dvorak layout capability. Free updates to use the layout on earlier Windows versions are available for download from Microsoft. Earlier versions, such as DOS 6.2 / Windows 3.1 , included four keyboard layouts: QWERTY, two-handed Dvorak, right-hand Dvorak, and left-hand Dvorak. In May 2004, Microsoft published an improved version of its Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC version 1.3 – current version

4410-686: The advantage of letting touch-typists move the cursor without taking their fingers off of the home row. Examples of games that use HJKL are the text-based "graphic" adventures like NetHack , the Rogue series, and Linley's Dungeon Crawl . It is also used by some players of the Dance Dance Revolution clone StepMania , where HJKL corresponds directly to the order of the arrows. Gmail , Google Labs ' keyboard shortcuts and other websites use J and K for "next" and "previous". Another old-style variation that spawned from games like Quake

4508-464: The advantages of WASD and mouselook were recognized over a purely keyboard-based control system. In the same year that Castle Wolfenstein was released, 1981, the game Wizardry used the AWD keys for movement in a first-person dungeon. Both the programmers of Castle Wolfenstein and Wizardry were users of the earlier PLATO system where the game Moria used the AWD keys. Another advantage of WASD

4606-608: The alleged advantages of the original Dvorak keyboard. However, the Dvorak principles have been applied to the design of keyboards for other languages, though the primary keyboards used by most countries are based on the QWERTY design. The layout was completed in 1932 and granted U.S. patent 2,040,248 in 1936. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) designated the Dvorak keyboard as an alternative standard keyboard layout in 1982 (INCITS 207-1991 R2007; previously X4.22-1983, X3.207:1991), "Alternate Keyboard Arrangement for Alphanumeric Machines". The original ANSI Dvorak layout

4704-399: The application. Occasionally, stickers were provided to place over the keys for these layouts. However, IBM-compatible PCs used an active, "smart" keyboard. Striking a key generated a key "code", which was sent to the computer. Thus, changing to an alternative keyboard layout was accomplished most easily by simply buying a keyboard with the new layout. Because the key codes were generated by

4802-408: The camera, such as some city-building games and economic simulation games . The ESDF variation is an alternative to WASD and is sometimes preferred because it provides access to movement independent keys for the little finger ( Q , A , Z ) which generally allows for more advanced manual binding . Incidentally, it allows the left hand to remain in the home row with the advantage of

4900-501: The classic Dvorak layout then the result is the ANSI Dvorak layout. Dvorak is included with all major operating systems (such as Windows , macOS , Linux and BSD ). Although some word processors could simulate alternative keyboard layouts by software, this was application specific; if more than one program was commonly used (e.g., a word processor and a spreadsheet ), the user could be forced to switch layouts depending on

4998-567: The combination IJKM used as the standard control key combination, which was more logically arranged, if far less ergonomic than an inverted-T. In addition, on the Apple II , special support existed in ROM for Escape mode . At the Applesoft BASIC prompt, using the right and left arrow keys to move the cursor would add/remove characters the cursor passed over to/from the input buffer. Pressing

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5096-426: The company's early (pre- IPO ) days. Several engineers devised hardware and software to remap the keyboard, which were used inside the company and even sold commercially. The Apple IIe had a keyboard ROM that translated keystrokes into characters. The ROM contained both QWERTY and Dvorak layouts, but the QWERTY layout was enabled by default. A modification could be made and was reversible and did no damage. By flipping

5194-469: The computer could only recognize a couple of alphanumeric key presses, a limitation circumvented by the use of modifier keys . In later games, the usage of the E key to interact with items or open up the inventory was also popularized due to its location next to the WASD keys, allowing players to reach it quickly. Telengard (1982) may be the first game to use WASD keys; Dark Castle (1986) may be

5292-517: The concept, called the Hitbox. Another, close, variation is the WQSE combination, which follows the belief that the index and ring fingers' natural and more ergonomic positions when the middle finger is on W are Q and E rather than A and D , respectively. This can be attested to by the fact that the arrow keys were partly designed in the inverted-T shape in order to avoid having

5390-588: The corresponding control characters Ctrl + H , Ctrl + J , Ctrl + K , and Ctrl + L when sent to the terminal, moving the cursor left, down, up, and right, respectively. (The Ctrl + H and Ctrl + J functions were standard, but the interpretations of Ctrl + K and Ctrl + L were unique to the ADM-3A.) This key arrangement is often referred to as "vi keys". HJKL keys are still ubiquitous in newly developed Unix software even though today's keyboards have arrow keys. They have

5488-399: The easiest row to type because the fingers rest there. Additionally, the Dvorak layout requires the fewest strokes on the bottom row (the most difficult row to type). By contrast, QWERTY requires typists to move their fingers to the top row for a majority of strokes and has only 32% of the strokes done in the home row. Because the Dvorak layout concentrates the vast majority of key strokes to

5586-480: The fingers to rest on smaller keys than ⇧ Shift and Space. The YGHJ configuration also places the hand closer to the center of the QWERTY section of the keyboard, potentially opening up the entire board to custom keybindings . The game QWOP uses the control scheme "QWOP" to control Qwop's arms and legs. the Q and W keys control Qwop's thighs while the O and P keys control Qwop's calves making an intentionally difficult control system as

5684-427: The first to use WASD keys and mouse for control. Half-Life (1998) was one of the first mainstream games to use WASD by default. After being popularized by first-person shooters , WASD became more common in other computer game genres as well. Many of the games that have adopted this layout use a first-person or over-the-shoulder third-person perspective. Some games that use overhead camera views also use WASD to move

5782-512: The home row, the Dvorak layout uses about 63% of the finger motion required by QWERTY, which is claimed to make the keyboard more ergonomic. Because the Dvorak layout requires less finger motion from the typist compared to QWERTY, some users with repetitive strain injuries have reported that switching from QWERTY to Dvorak alleviated or even eliminated their repetitive strain injuries; however, no scientific study has been conducted verifying this. The typing loads between hands differs for each of

5880-574: The index finger naturally over the D key when the left arm rests down to the left of the keyboard. Another variation is EWDF, which is the same shifted right one key, as in ESDF. SAZD is a slight variation on WQSE and WQSD, in that it is both ergonomic and rotated, but gives the fingers closer proximity to the ⇧ Shift and SPACE keys. QAOP, sometimes called OPQA, dates back to the ZX Spectrum . The O/P keys were used for left/right movement, and

5978-412: The introduction of iOS 8 in 2014, Apple iPhone and iPad users have been able to install third party keyboards on their touchscreen devices which allow for alternative keyboard layouts such as Dvorak on a system wide basis. Starting with iOS 16, the Dvorak keyboard became available as an included system wide keyboard. Apple iOS 4.0 and later supported external Dvorak keyboards. iOS 8.0 and later had

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6076-400: The key above and right of "?", where "@" is on modern UK keyboards ). In each case, one hand controls left/right, and the other hand controls up/down movement. A further variation is used when two players use the keyboard at the same time; for example, Gauntlet uses the combination 1QSD for Player 1, and 8IKL for Player 2. The ESDX keys (known as the "cursor movement diamond") were used in

6174-692: The key caps. Several modifications were designed by the team directed by Dvorak or by ANSI . These variations have been collectively or individually termed the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard , the American Simplified Keyboard or simply the Simplified Keyboard , but they all have come to be known commonly as the Dvorak keyboard or Dvorak layout . Dvorak was designed with the belief that it would significantly increase typing speeds with respect to

6272-408: The keyboard itself, all software would respond accordingly. In the mid to late 1980s, a small industry for replacement PC keyboards developed; although most of these were concerned with keyboard "feel" and/or programmable macros , there were several with alternative layouts, such as Dvorak. Amiga operating systems from the 1986 version 1.2 onward allow the user to modify the keyboard layout by using

6370-466: The keyboard layouts. On QWERTY keyboards, 56% of the typing strokes are done by the left hand. As the right hand is dominant for the majority of people, the Dvorak keyboard puts the more often used keys on the right hand side, thereby having 56% of the typing strokes done by the right hand. Awkward strokes are undesirable because they slow down typing, increase typing errors, and increase finger strain. The term hurdling refers to an awkward stroke requiring

6468-456: The keyboard temporarily becomes QWERTY when the Command (⌘/Apple) key is held down. By keeping familiar keyboard shortcuts like "close" or "copy" on the same keys as ordinary QWERTY, this lets some people use their well-practiced muscle memory and may make the transition easier. Mac OS and subsequently Mac OS X allow additional "on-the-fly" switching between layouts: a menu-bar icon (by default,

6566-537: The letters DHIATENSOR for the home row. Blickensderfer had determined that 85% of English words contained these letters. The Dvorak keyboard uses the same letters in its home row, apart from replacing R with U , and even keeps the consonants in the same order, but moves the vowels to the left: AOEUIDHTNS . In 1933, Dvorak started entering typists trained on his keyboard into the International Commercial Schools Contest, which

6664-504: The machine before and after allowing other people to type, asked him about the modification. He spent as much time explaining the Dvorak keyboard as explaining Logo. Apple brought new interest to the Dvorak layout with the Apple IIc , which had a mechanical switch above the keyboard whereby the user could switch back and forth between the QWERTY and Dvorak. The IIc Dvorak layout was even mentioned by 1984 advertisements, which stated that

6762-518: The missing up and down keys. The IJKM combination was also popular on these computers. Another fairly common variant on these machines was the combination of RETURN and / (slash) with the left and right arrows, as those four keys roughly form a diamond on the keyboard; while the right ⇧ Shift key would be in the more natural position for "down", pressing ⇧ Shift alone was not detectable by software on an unmodified Apple II or Apple II plus. All these keys fell somewhat out of favor after

6860-474: The most common keyboard layout, with the most pointed-to reasons being that QWERTY was popularized 60 years prior to Dvorak's creation, and that Dvorak's advantages are debated and relatively small. However, most major modern operating systems (such as Windows , macOS , Linux , iOS , Android , ChromeOS , and BSD ) allow a user to switch to the Dvorak layout. The layout can be chosen for use with any hardware keyboard, regardless of any characters printed on

6958-401: The new mouse input device and inducing software developers to conform to mouse-driven design rather than easily porting previous terminal -based software to the new platform. Arrow keys were included in later Apple keyboards. Early models with arrow keys but no middle section (Home, End, etc.) placed them in one line below the right-hand Shift key in an HJKL -like fashion; later versions had

7056-559: The numpad's 0 key may produce different results than pressing the alphanumeric 0 key. In such cases, the numpad-specific key may be indicated as e.g. Numpad 0 , NumPad0 , Num 0 , or likewise to remove ambiguity. Numeric keypads usually operate in two modes. When Num Lock is off, keys 8 , 6 , 2 , and 4 act like arrow/navigation keys up, right, down, and left; and 7 , 9 , 3 , and 1 act like Home , PgUp , PgDn , and End , respectively. When Num Lock

7154-400: The option to fully control turning and aiming by mouse (a feature later popularized by id's Quake as mouselook/freelook ). However, it did not include a set of default controls to handle this. With WASD not yet a well-known standard, some people devised their own control schemes to handle combined keyboard movement with mouse aiming; DCAS was one such control scheme. Like WASD, DCAS allows

7252-558: The option to install onscreen keyboards from the App Store, which includes several free and paid Dvorak layouts. Apple added native support for the Dvorak keyboard with the release of iOS 16 in September 2022. Google's Android OS touchscreen keyboard can use Dvorak and other nonstandard layouts natively as of version 4.1. The traditional method for touch typing requires typists to rest their fingers in home position (on QWERTY,

7350-460: The player gains three additional keys to bind the Quake game's controls to. It is the default configuration for several games, such as Tribes 2 . The game Blackthorne used a combination of arrow keys for movement and ESDF for actions. Some players use RDFG or TFGH to give access to even more keys ( S and X for the little finger). Another alternate to the WASD shooter movement style

7448-400: The player to easily utilize the left modifier keys; this is advantageous because on most keyboards, the circuitry is better at tracking multiple key-presses simultaneously if some of them are modifier keys. But unlike WASD, the position of the left hand for DCAS gameplay is very similar to the left hand's position on the home row keys. This is very comfortable for right-handed players and seen as

7546-511: The player to perform techniques such as smooth circle strafing , which, although possible with the keyboard, was difficult to perform and resulted in jagged movement. Since the mouse was now used for looking, the ← and → keys for looking would be redundant and thus were altered to become strafe keys. The style was popularized in competitive play in Quake and subsequently QuakeWorld , notably by professional player Dennis Fong , where

7644-644: The previous apparent benefits of Dvorak to improper experimental design and outright bias on the part of Dvorak, who had designed and directed the previous studies. However, Strong had a personal grudge against Dvorak and had made public statements before his study opposing new keyboard designs. After this study, interest in the Dvorak keyboard waned. Later experiments have shown that many keyboard designs, including some alphabetical ones, allow very similar typing speeds to QWERTY and Dvorak when typists have been trained for them, suggesting that Dvorak's careful design principles may have had little effect because keyboard layout

7742-508: The primary advantage over using WASD, but it is ill-suited for left-handed mousing. Two early games that used IJKL were Crossfire (1981) and Lode Runner (1983). IJKL is used by a growing number of browser games . These games cannot use the arrow keys because many browsers' windows will scroll if the arrow keys are used, thus hindering gameplay. This is a problem specific to DHTML / JavaScript games. IJKL, like WASD, are arranged in an ergonomic inverted T shape, and, since they are used by

7840-508: The release of the Apple IIe , which had a full set of arrow keys. HJKL is a layout used in the Unix computer world, a practice spawned by its use in the vi text editor. The editor was written by Bill Joy for use on a Lear-Siegler ADM-3A terminal, which places arrow symbols on these letters, since it did not have dedicated arrow keys on the keyboard. These correspond to the functions of

7938-479: The right hand, adjustment is easy for people who commonly use the arrow keys. Also, in many games that also use the WASD keys, the IJKL keys are sometimes used as a secondary player control for games that have multiplayer. Devil May Cry 4 by Capcom utilizes IJKL as the player's action keys (such as Melee Attack, Ranged Attack, Special Attack etc.) as an alternative to mouse-driven actions. Some older computer games, especially those on 8-bit platforms, often had

8036-691: The same Mac computer, they can be configured to different layouts and use simultaneously. However should the computer shut down (lack of battery, etc.) the computer will revert to QWERTY for reboot, regardless of what layout the Admin was using. Most mobile phones have software implementations of keyboards on a touch screen. Sometimes the keyboard layout can be changed by means of a freeware third-party utility, such as Hacker's Keyboard for Android , AE Keyboard Mapper for Windows Mobile , or KeybLayout for Symbian OS . The RIM BlackBerry lines offer only QWERTY and its localized variants AZERTY and QWERTZ . Since

8134-566: The science of motion and later reviewed slow-motion films of typists with Dvorak. Dvorak and Dealey meticulously studied the English language, researching the most used letters and letter combinations. They also studied the physiology of the hand. The result in 1932 was the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard. In 1893, George Blickensderfer had developed a keyboard layout for the Blickensderfer typewriter model 5 that used

8232-408: The setmap command line utility with "usa2" as an argument, or later in 3.x systems by opening the keyboard input preference widget and selecting "Dvorak". Amiga systems versions 1.2 and 1.3 came with the Dvorak keymap on the Workbench disk. Versions 2.x came with the keymaps available on the "Extras" disk. In 3.0 and 3.1 systems, the keymaps were on the "Storage" disk. By copying the respective keymap to

8330-485: The side buttons possibly directly underneath other keys. It also has the advantage that there is less distance needed to travel to reach the number keys. For similar reasons, some gamers use the WQSD combination (which is WASD with the A key moved up to Q , or WQSE with the E moved down to D ). For players who prefer to keep the keyboard centered on the body, this results in less wrist rotation, as it places

8428-476: The time it took to learn QWERTY. When a new school board was elected, however, it chose to terminate the Dvorak classes. During World War II, while in the Navy, Dvorak conducted experiments which he claimed showed that typists could be retrained to Dvorak in a mere 10 days, though he discarded at least two previous studies which were conducted and whose results are unknown. With such great apparent gains, interest in

8526-400: The top row. Each of the number keys had secondary functions requiring simultaneous use of a shift key ( CAPS SHIFT in particular from Spectrum onwards) to activate them. Of these, 5 to 8 were designated as cursor control keys and were labelled with left-, down-, up-, and right-arrow symbols printed on or directly above them in a colour matching the relevant shift key. The sequence

8624-570: The turn commands useless because the mouse can act as a turning device, and so they assign S and F to the sidestep commands and leave the turn commands unassigned. The second, and probably more prominent reason is, in assigning both the turn and strafe commands, performing movements and dodges can be much more confusing, so newcomers tend to not prefer this key setup. Though no longer widely used, many FPS veterans and tournament players still employ this key setup. This variant adopted to newer games using mouse-look doesn't really need worry about

8722-539: The turn left and turn right keys. Instead S = strafe left, D = strafe right, A = backpedal, and space or F = forward. This is a more natural feel on the keyboard as your fingers rest on the home row . The comfort and usability points from ESDF apply here. Notice that jump is left out, that is because in games like Quake jump was usually MOUSE2. With more alternate fire and aim-down-sights oriented games today you may have to play with F , SPACE, and MOUSE2 on what you want them to do. A similar layout

8820-494: The world's fastest typist, Barbara Blackburn , had set a record on an Apple IIc with the Dvorak layout. Dvorak was also selectable using the built-in control panel applet on the Apple II GS . The Apple III used a keyboard-layout file loaded from a floppy disk: the standard system-software package included QWERTY and Dvorak layout files. Changing layouts required restarting the machine. The Apple Lisa did not offer

8918-611: The wrong key by mistake. Another variation is WAXD, using either 4 or 8 keys surrounding the "s" key. Eight directional arrows were printed on the keysets of PLATO terminals developed in the 1960s and 1970s, and many games (including Empire , Dogfight, and more than a dozen dungeon games such as Avatar ) utilize this layout. The TUTOR language display editor, character set (bitmap) editor, and line set editor also use these keys on that system and its successors. For ballistic targeting, key combinations (e.g. "we", "de", etc.) are used to get angles in multiples of 22.5 degrees. In many programs,

9016-567: Was a typing contest sponsored by typewriter manufacturers consisting of a series of professional and amateur contests. The professional contests had typists sponsored by typewriter companies to advertise their machines. In the 1930s, the Tacoma, Washington, school district ran an experimental program in typing designed by Dvorak to determine whether to hold Dvorak layout classes. The experiment put 2,700 high school students through Dvorak typing classes and found that students learned Dvorak in one-third

9114-659: Was adopted from Lear-Siegler/vi style (see HJKL below). The Jupiter Ace keyboard was similar but with up and down functions swapped. The underlying character codes varied between machines, but in Spectrum and Ace designs the order of up and down keys on the keyboard reflected which had the lesser and greater numeric value. In some software for these machines (eg. games), the unshifted 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 keys were directly associated with direction control when they had no other purpose, as this meant less complicated keypress detection routines could be used. Although

9212-545: Was available as a factory-supplied option on the original IBM Selectric typewriter . August Dvorak was an educational psychologist and professor of education at the University of Washington in Seattle . Touch typing had come into wide use by that time and Dvorak became interested in the layout while serving as an advisor to Gertrude Ford, who was writing her master's thesis on typing errors. He quickly concluded that

9310-450: Was claimed in Dvorak's Navy test), Strong took a second group of QWERTY typists chosen for equal ability to the Dvorak group and retrained them in QWERTY in order to improve their speed at the same time the Dvorak typists were training. The carefully controlled study failed to show any benefit to the Dvorak keyboard layout in typing or training speed. Strong recommended speed training with QWERTY rather than switching keyboards, and attributed

9408-421: Was particularly good on pre-system 7 Macs" as freeware, and especially useful for Mac+ and Mac SE machines running MacOS 6 and 7. Another third-party developer offered a utility program called MacKeymeleon, which put a menu on the menu bar that allowed on-the-fly switching of keyboard layouts. Eventually, Apple Macintosh engineers built the functionality of this utility into the standard system software, along with

9506-512: Was popularized by the Digital Equipment Corporation LK201 keyboard from 1982. Before the computer mouse was widespread, arrow keys were the primary way of moving a cursor on screen. Mouse keys is a feature that allows controlling a mouse cursor with arrow keys instead. A feature echoed in the Amiga whereby holding the Amiga key would allow a person to move the pointer with the cursor keys in

9604-499: Was the SDF-SPACE layout. In this layout, S = turn left, D = forward, F = turn right, space = backpedal, E = strafe left and R = strafe right. This layout allows the player to aim with the mouse while strafing (sidestepping), turning and running or backpedaling all at once creating slightly more complex movements. This variation is not favoured any longer for two main reasons. First, because many players deem

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