38-516: Ipe or IPE can refer to: Isopropyl ether, a chemical solvent, usually in the form of DIPE ( diisopropyl ether ) Icosapent ethyl, that is, ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid , an omega-3 lipid formulation L’Institut pour I’Expertise (IPE), that is, IPE Management School Paris , a private higher education institution in Paris, France International political economy , an academic discipline Ipê, trees in
76-419: A hydroxyl group ( chemical formula (CH 3 ) 2 CHOH ) it is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol , where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms. It is a structural isomer of propan-1-ol and ethyl methyl ether . They all have the formula C 3 H 8 O . It was first synthesized in 1853 by Alexander William Williamson and later produced for cordite preparation. It
114-515: A biological specimen preservative, isopropyl alcohol provides a comparatively non-toxic alternative to formaldehyde and other synthetic preservatives. Isopropyl alcohol solutions of 70–99% are used to preserve specimens. Isopropyl alcohol is often used in DNA extraction . A lab worker adds it to a DNA solution to precipitate the DNA, which then forms a pellet after centrifugation. This is possible because DNA
152-425: A chemical reagent in itself, by acting as a dihydrogen donor in transfer hydrogenation . Rubbing alcohol , hand sanitizer , and disinfecting pads typically contain a 60–70% solution of isopropyl alcohol or ethanol in water . Water is required to open up membrane pores of bacteria, which acts as a gateway for isopropyl alcohol. A 75% v/v solution in water may be used as a hand sanitizer. Isopropyl alcohol
190-600: A distinct layer. Isopropyl alcohol forms an azeotrope with water, which gives a boiling point of 80.37 °C (176.67 °F) and a composition of 87.7% by mass (91% by volume) isopropyl alcohol. It has a slightly bitter taste, and is not safe to drink. Isopropyl alcohol becomes increasingly viscous with decreasing temperature and freezes at −89.5 °C (−129.1 °F). Mixtures with water have higher freezing points: 99% at −89.5 °C (−129.1 °F), 91% (the azeotrope) at −75.5 °C (−103.9 °F), and 70% at −61.7 °C (−79.1 °F). Isopropyl alcohol has
228-429: A fruity odor on the breath as a result of its metabolism to acetone . Isopropyl alcohol does not cause an anion gap acidosis , but it produces an osmolal gap between the calculated and measured osmolalities of serum, as do the other alcohols. The findings of acetone without acidosis leads to the sine qua non of "ketosis without acidosis." Isopropyl alcohol is oxidized to form acetone by alcohol dehydrogenase in
266-542: A futures and options exchange International Petroleum Exposition , a former trade fair held periodically in Oklahoma from 1923 to 1979 Interprofessional education , integration of specialties in professional education Immersion pulmonary edema, that is, swimming-induced pulmonary edema Interstitial pulmonary emphysema, that is, pulmonary interstitial emphysema , a rare lung condition in newborns Individual protective equipment, as personal protective equipment
304-411: A material that is 87.9% by mass isopropyl alcohol and 12.1% by mass water. Pure ( anhydrous ) isopropyl alcohol is made by azeotropic distillation of the wet isopropyl alcohol using either diisopropyl ether or cyclohexane as azeotroping agents. Small amounts of isopropyl alcohol are produced in the body in diabetic ketoacidosis . Indirect hydration reacts propene with sulfuric acid to form
342-979: A maximal absorbance at 205 nm in an ultraviolet - visible spectrum. Isopropyl alcohol can be oxidized to acetone , which is the corresponding ketone . This can be achieved using oxidizing agents such as chromic acid , or by dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol over a heated copper catalyst : Isopropyl alcohol is often used as both solvent and hydride source in the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction and other transfer hydrogenation reactions. Isopropyl alcohol may be converted to 2-bromopropane using phosphorus tribromide , or dehydrated to propene by heating with sulfuric acid . Like most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol reacts with active metals such as potassium to form alkoxides that are called isopropoxides . With titanium tetrachloride , isopropyl alcohol reacts to give titanium isopropoxide : This and similar reactions are often conducted in
380-408: A million tonnes are produced worldwide annually. Despite its utility, isopropyl alcohol poses safety risks due to its flammability and potential for peroxide formation. Its ingestion or absorption leads to toxic effects including central nervous system depression and coma , primarily treated through supportive measures. Isopropyl alcohol is miscible in water, ethanol , and chloroform , as it
418-464: A mixture of sulfate esters. This process can use low-quality propene, and is predominant in the USA. These processes give primarily isopropyl alcohol rather than 1-propanol, because adding water or sulfuric acid to propene follows Markovnikov's rule . Subsequent hydrolysis of these esters by steam produces isopropyl alcohol, by distillation. Diisopropyl ether is a significant by-product of this process; it
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#1732776833513456-479: A process known as salting out . It forms an azeotrope with water, resulting in a boiling point of 80.37 °C and is characterized by its slightly bitter taste. Isopropyl alcohol becomes viscous at lower temperatures, freezing at −89.5 °C, and has significant ultraviolet -visible absorbance at 205 nm. Chemically, it can be oxidized to acetone or undergo various reactions to form compounds like isopropoxides or aluminium isopropoxide. As an isopropyl group linked to
494-507: A research center from Spain Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title IPE . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPE&oldid=1107676729 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
532-405: A solvent or as an anesthetic by inhaling the fumes or orally. Early uses included using the solvent as general anesthetic for small mammals and rodents by scientists and some veterinarians. However, it was soon discontinued, as many complications arose, including respiratory irritation, internal bleeding, and visual and hearing problems. In rare cases, respiratory failure leading to death in animals
570-641: A solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially where there are oils or oil based residues which are not easily cleaned with water, conveniently evaporating and (depending on water content and other variables) posing less of a risk of corrosion or rusting than plain water. Together with ethanol , n -butanol , and methanol , it belongs to the group of alcohol solvents. Isopropyl alcohol is commonly used for cleaning eyeglasses , electrical contacts , audio or video tape heads , DVD and other optical disc lenses, bongs , and for removing thermal paste from heatsinks on CPUs and other IC packages. Isopropyl alcohol
608-446: Is esterified to give isopropyl acetate , another solvent. It reacts with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide to give sodium isopropylxanthate , which has use as an herbicide and an ore flotation reagent. Isopropyl alcohol reacts with titanium tetrachloride and aluminium metal to give titanium and aluminium isopropoxides , respectively, the former a catalyst, and the latter a chemical reagent. This compound may serve as
646-444: Is a colorless , flammable , organic compound with a pungent alcoholic odor . Isopropyl alcohol, an organic polar molecule , is miscible in water, ethanol , and chloroform , demonstrating its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances including ethyl cellulose , polyvinyl butyral , oils, alkaloids , and natural resins . Notably, it is not miscible with salt solutions and can be separated by adding sodium chloride in
684-416: Is an organic polar molecule . It dissolves ethyl cellulose , polyvinyl butyral , many oils, alkaloids, and natural resins. Unlike ethanol or methanol , isopropyl alcohol is not miscible with salt solutions and can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding a salt such as sodium chloride . The process is colloquially called salting out , and causes concentrated isopropyl alcohol to separate into
722-431: Is denser than air and is flammable , with a flammability range of between 2% and 12.7% in air. It should be kept away from heat, sparks, and open flame. Distillation of isopropyl alcohol over magnesium has been reported to form peroxides , which may explode upon concentration. Isopropyl alcohol can react with air and oxygen over time to form unstable peroxides that can explode. Isopropyl alcohol, via its metabolites,
760-411: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Diisopropyl ether Diisopropyl ether is a secondary ether that is used as a solvent . It is a colorless liquid that is slightly soluble in water, but miscible with organic solvents. It is used as an extractant and an oxygenate gasoline additive . It is obtained industrially as a byproduct in
798-491: Is generally tested for the presence of peroxides. It is recommended once every 3 months for diisopropyl ether compared to once every 12 months for ethyl ether. Peroxides may be removed by shaking the ether with an aqueous solution of iron(II) sulfate or sodium metabisulfite . For safety reasons, methyl tert -butyl ether is often used as an alternative solvent. Isopropanol Isopropyl alcohol ( IUPAC name propan-2-ol and also called isopropanol or 2-propanol )
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#1732776833513836-530: Is insoluble in isopropyl alcohol. Isopropyl alcohol is used as an additive in alkaline anisotropic etching of monocrystalline silicon , such as with potassium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide . This process is used in texturing of silicon solar cells and microfabrication (e.g. in MEMS devices). Isopropyl alcohol increases the anisotropy of the etch by increasing the etch rate of [100] plane relative to higher indexed planes . Isopropyl alcohol vapor
874-435: Is produced through hydration of propene or hydrogenation of acetone, with modern processes achieving anhydrous alcohol through azeotropic distillation . Beyond its production, isopropyl alcohol serves in medical settings as a rubbing alcohol and hand sanitizer , and in industrial and household applications as a solvent. It is a common ingredient in products such as antiseptics , disinfectants and detergents . More than
912-537: Is recycled back to the process and hydrolyzed to give the desired product. Direct hydration reacts propene and water, either in gas or liquid phase , at high pressures in the presence of solid or supported acidic catalysts . This type of process usually requires higher-purity propylene (> 90%). Direct hydration is more commonly used in Europe. Isopropyl alcohol can be prepared via the hydrogenation of acetone , but this approach involves an extra step compared to
950-431: Is sometimes called (especially in military NBC/ABC/WMD contexts) IPE, a European type of I-beam Île-du-Prince-Édouard, that is, Prince Edward Island , a province of Canada Ideal polarized electrode, a type of ideal electrode Icosahedral prism , a type of polytope in geometry iris pigment epithelium , a one-cell-thick layer of cuboidal cells lying behind the iris of the eye Pyrenean Ecology Institute ,
988-607: Is somewhat more toxic than ethanol, but considerably less toxic than ethylene glycol or methanol . Death from ingestion or absorption of even relatively large quantities is rare. Both isopropyl alcohol and its metabolite , acetone , act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants . Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol poisoning include flushing , headache , dizziness , CNS depression , nausea , vomiting , anesthesia , hypothermia , low blood pressure , shock , respiratory depression , and coma . Overdoses may cause
1026-416: Is used as a chemical intermediate. Isopropyl alcohol may be converted to acetone, but the cumene process is more significant. Isopropyl alcohol dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It evaporates quickly and the typically available grades tend to not leave behind oil traces when used as a cleaning fluid unlike some other common solvents. It is also relatively non-toxic. Thus, it is used widely as
1064-400: Is used as a water-drying aid for the prevention of otitis externa , better known as swimmer's ear. Inhaled isopropyl alcohol can be used for treating nausea in some settings by placing a disinfecting pad under the nose. Although isopropyl alcohol can be used for anesthesia, its many negative attributes or drawbacks prohibit this use. Isopropyl alcohol can also be used similarly to ether as
1102-434: The above methods, as acetone is itself normally prepared from propene via the cumene process . IPA cost is primarily driven by raw material cost, and this way is economical when acetone is cheaper than propylene as a byproduct of phenol production (the coexistence of two ways on most markets allows them to balance the prices). A known issue is the formation of MIBK and other self-condensation products. Raney nickel
1140-591: The genus Handroanthus and their wood Ipe (software) , an extensible drawing editor Innotech Performance Exhaust (iPE), a manufacturer of exhaust system and wheels in Taiwan. Institute of Public Enterprise in India Integrity Policy Enforcement, a Linux Security Module (LSM) that enables additional security features International Petroleum Exchange (old name), that is, Intercontinental Exchange Futures (ICE Futures),
1178-699: The laboratory, diisopropyl ether is useful for recrystallizations because it has a wide liquid range. Diisopropyl ether is used for converting bromoboranes, which are thermally labile, into isopropoxy derivatives. Diisopropyl ether forms explosive peroxides upon standing in air. This reaction proceeds more easily than for ethyl ether due to the increased lability of the C-H bond adjacent to oxygen. Many explosions have been known to occur during handling or processing of old diisopropyl ether. Some laboratory procedures recommend use of freshly opened bottles. Antioxidants can be used to prevent this process. The stored solvent
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1216-454: The liver and has a biological half-life in humans between 2.5 and 8.0 hours. Unlike methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning, the metabolites of isopropyl alcohol are considerably less toxic, and treatment is largely supportive. Furthermore, there is no indication for the use of fomepizole , an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, unless co-ingestion with methanol or ethylene glycol is suspected. In forensic pathology , people who have died as
1254-603: The preparation of cordite , a smokeless, low explosive propellant. In 1994, 1.5 million tonnes of isopropyl alcohol were produced in the United States, Europe, and Japan. It is primarily produced by combining water and propene in a hydration reaction or by hydrogenating acetone . There are two routes for the hydration process and both processes require that the isopropyl alcohol be separated from water and other by-products by distillation . Isopropyl alcohol and water form an azeotrope , and simple distillation gives
1292-404: The presence of base. The reaction with aluminium is initiated by a trace of mercury to give aluminium isopropoxide . Isopropyl alcohol was first synthesized by the chemist Alexander William Williamson in 1853. He achieved this by heating a mixture of propene and sulfuric acid. Standard Oil produced isopropyl alcohol by hydrating propene . Isopropyl alcohol was oxidized to acetone for
1330-446: The production of isopropanol by hydration of propylene . Diisopropyl ether is sometimes represented by the abbreviation DIPE. Whereas at 20 °C, diethyl ether will dissolve 1% by weight water, diisopropyl ether dissolves 0.88%. Diisopropyl ether is used as a specialized solvent to remove or extract polar organic compounds from aqueous solutions, e.g. phenols, ethanol, acetic acid. It has also been used as an antiknock agent . In
1368-486: The supply lines and freezes but is dissolved within the fuel itself. Isopropyl alcohol is often sold in aerosol cans as a windshield or door lock deicer. Isopropyl alcohol is also used to remove brake fluid traces from hydraulic braking systems, so that the brake fluid (usually DOT 3 , DOT 4 , or mineral oil ) does not contaminate the brake pads and cause poor braking. Mixtures of isopropyl alcohol and water are also commonly used in homemade windshield washer fluid. As
1406-432: Was observed. Isopropyl alcohol is a major ingredient in "gas dryer" fuel additives . In significant quantities, water is a problem in fuel tanks, as it separates from gasoline and can freeze in the supply lines at low temperatures. Alcohol does not remove water from gasoline, but the alcohol solubilizes water in gasoline. Once soluble , water does not pose the same risk as insoluble water, as it no longer accumulates in
1444-475: Was one of the original industrial catalysts, modern catalysts are often supported bimetallic materials. In 1990, 45,000 metric tonnes of isopropyl alcohol were used in the United States, mostly as a solvent for coatings or for industrial processes. In that year, 5400 metric tonnes were used for household purposes and in personal care products. Isopropyl alcohol is popular in particular for pharmaceutical applications, due to its low toxicity. Some isopropyl alcohol
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