The Indigo , introduced as the IRIS Indigo , is a line of workstation computers developed and manufactured by Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI). SGI first announced the system in July 1991.
106-508: The Indigo is one of the most capable graphics workstations of its era, and was essentially peerless in the realm of hardware-accelerated three-dimensional graphics rendering. For use as a graphics workstation, the Indigo was equipped with a two-dimensional framebuffer or, for use as a 3D graphics workstation, with the Elan graphics subsystem including one to four Geometry Engines (GEs). SGI sold
212-548: A Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play nomination. Jackson's early film roles include Coming to America (1988), Juice (1992), True Romance (1993), Menace II Society (1993), and Fresh (1994). His collaborations with Spike Lee led to greater prominence with films such as School Daze (1988), Do the Right Thing (1989), Mo' Better Blues (1990), Jungle Fever (1991), Oldboy (2013), and Chi-Raq (2015). Jackson's breakout performance
318-434: A graphics library such as OpenGL or Direct3D which interfaces with the graphics driver to translate received commands to instructions for the accelerator's graphics processing unit (GPU). The GPU uses those instructions to compute the rasterized results and the results are bit blitted to the framebuffer. The framebuffer's signal is then produced in combination with built-in video overlay devices (usually used to produce
424-479: A 1981 performance in the play A Soldier's Play , Jackson was introduced to director Spike Lee , who cast him for small roles in School Daze (1988) and Do the Right Thing (1989). He also worked for three years as a stand-in for Bill Cosby on The Cosby Show . Throughout his early film career, mainly in minimal roles in films such as Coming to America (1988) and various television films, Jackson
530-544: A 4096 display in 1950. A color scanned display was implemented in the late 1960s, called the Brookhaven RAster Display (BRAD), which used a drum memory and a television monitor. In 1969, A. Michael Noll of Bell Labs implemented a scanned display with a frame buffer, using magnetic-core memory . Later on, the Bell Labs system was expanded to display an image with a color depth of three bits on
636-580: A Joke ". Jackson voiced several television show characters, including the lead role in the anime series, Afro Samurai , in addition to a recurring part as the voice of Gin Rummy in several episodes of the animated series The Boondocks . He was in the Pilot for Ghostwriter. He guest-starred as himself in an episode of the BBC / HBO sitcom Extras . He voiced the main antagonist , Officer Frank Tenpenny, in
742-476: A Supreme Court ruling which prohbited states from outlawing interracial marriages. In June 2013, Jackson launched a joint campaign with Prizeo in an effort to raise money to fight Alzheimer's disease . As part of the campaign, he recited various fan-written monologues and a popular scene from the AMC series Breaking Bad . In August 2013, he started following a vegan diet for health reasons, explaining that he
848-453: A Vengeance , in which he starred alongside Bruce Willis in the third installment of the Die Hard series; and A Time to Kill , where he played a father put on trial for killing two men who raped his daughter. For A Time to Kill , Jackson earned an NAACP Image for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture and a Golden Globe nomination for a Best Supporting Actor. Quickly becoming
954-468: A boon for graphics researchers who did not have the resources to build their own framebuffer. The New York Institute of Technology would later create the first 24-bit color system using three of the Evans & Sutherland framebuffers. Each framebuffer was connected to an RGB color output (one for red, one for green and one for blue), with a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11/04 minicomputer controlling
1060-416: A box office star, Jackson continued with three starring roles in 1997. In 187 he played a dedicated teacher striving to leave an impact on his students. He received an Independent Spirit award for Best First Feature alongside first-time writer/director Kasi Lemmons in the drama Eve's Bayou , for which he also served as executive producer. He worked again with Tarantino on Jackie Brown and received
1166-459: A cameo in another Quentin Tarantino film, Kill Bill: Volume 2 . In 2005, he starred in the sports drama Coach Carter , where he played a coach (based on the actual coach Ken Carter ) dedicated to teaching his players that education is more important than basketball. Although the film received mixed reviews, Jackson's performance was praised despite the film's storyline. Bob Townsend of
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#17327935116481272-484: A career out of playing Jules over the years. Everybody's always sending me the script they think is the new Pulp Fiction ." With a succession of poor-performing films such as Kiss of Death , The Great White Hype , and Losing Isaiah , Jackson began to receive poor reviews from critics who had praised his performance in Pulp Fiction . This ended with his involvement in two box-office successes: Die Hard with
1378-452: A daughter named Zoe (born 1982). In 2009, they started their own charity to help support education. Jackson has said that he watches his own films in cinemas: "Even during my theater years, I wished I could watch the plays I was in—while I was in them! I dig watching myself work." He also enjoys collecting the action figures of the characters he portrays in his films, including Jules Winnfield , Shaft , Mace Windu , and Frozone . Jackson
1484-424: A higher quality than on home computers. Framebuffers used in personal and home computing often had sets of defined modes under which the framebuffer can operate. These modes reconfigure the hardware to output different resolutions, color depths, memory layouts and refresh rate timings. In the world of Unix machines and operating systems, such conveniences were usually eschewed in favor of directly manipulating
1590-535: A job as a social worker in Los Angeles. He decided to return to Atlanta, where he met with Stokely Carmichael , H. Rap Brown , and others active in the Black Power movement. He began to feel empowered with his involvement in the movement, especially when the group began buying guns. However, before he could become involved with any significant armed confrontations, his mother sent him to Los Angeles after
1696-437: A line across the area between these points. Likewise, framebuffers differ from the technology used in early text mode displays, where a buffer holds codes for characters, not individual pixels. The video display device performs the same raster scan as with a framebuffer but generates the pixels of each character in the buffer as it directs the beam. Samuel L. Jackson Samuel Leroy Jackson (born December 21, 1948)
1802-470: A number of big-budget films, including Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995), A Time to Kill (1996), Unbreakable (2000), Shaft (2000) and its reboot (2019), XXX (2002), Coach Carter (2005), Snakes on a Plane (2006), Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014), Kong: Skull Island (2017), and Glass (2019). Samuel Leroy Jackson was born in Washington, D.C. , on December 21, 1948,
1908-599: A part of the Star Wars saga). On June 13, 2000, Jackson was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7018 Hollywood Blvd. He began the next decade of his film career playing a Marine colonel put on trial in Rules of Engagement , co-starred with Bruce Willis for a third time in the supernatural thriller Unbreakable , and starred in the 2000 remake of the 1971 film Shaft . He reprised both of
2014-576: A police sergeant alongside Colin Farrell in the television show remake S.W.A.T. A song within the soundtrack was named after him, entitled Sammy L. Jackson by Hot Action Cop . Jackson also appeared in HBO's documentary Unchained Memories , as a narrator along many other stars like Angela Bassett and Whoopi Goldberg . Based on reviews gathered by Rotten Tomatoes , in 2004 Jackson starred in both his lowest and highest ranked films in his career. In
2120-529: A prominent role as Fury in the Marvel film Spider-Man: Far From Home . Additionally, he reprised his role as Fury in a cameo appearance on the ABC television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. in 2013 and the season finale in 2014. In 2020, he appeared in the television documentary series Enslaved , with investigative journalist Afua Hirsch as co-presenter. He also appeared in the 2021 movie Spiral: From
2226-462: A public speaking class and appearing in a version of The Threepenny Opera . Jackson began acting on the stage, including Home and A Soldier's Play , which was the inspiration for the 1984 film A Soldier's Story . He appeared in several television films, and made his feature film debut in the blaxploitation independent film Together for Days (1972). After these initial roles, Jackson moved from Atlanta to New York City in 1976, and spent
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#17327935116482332-411: A rectangle of swatches): In some designs it was also possible to write data to the lookup table (or switch between existing palettes) on the fly, allowing dividing the picture into horizontal bars with their own palette and thus render an image that had a far wider palette. For example, viewing an outdoor shot photograph, the picture could be divided into four bars, the top one with emphasis on sky tones,
2438-561: A server version with no video adapter. The Indigo's design is based on a simple cube motif in indigo hue. Graphics and other peripheral expansions are accomplished via the GIO 32 expansion bus. The Indigo was superseded generally by the SGI Indigo2 , and in the low-cost market segment by the SGI Indy . The first Indigo model (code-named Hollywood ) was introduced on July 22, 1991. It
2544-705: A speech block. He still has days where he stutters. Initially intent on pursuing a degree in marine biology , he attended Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia . After joining a local acting group to earn extra points in a class, he found an interest in acting and switched his major. Before graduating in 1972, he co-founded the Just Us Theatre. After Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination in 1968, Jackson attended King's funeral in Atlanta as one of
2650-407: A standard color TV monitor. In the early 1970s, the development of MOS memory ( metal–oxide–semiconductor memory) integrated-circuit chips, particularly high-density DRAM (dynamic random-access memory ) chips with at least 1 kb memory, made it practical to create, for the first time, a digital memory system with framebuffers capable of holding a standard video image. This led to
2756-400: A story", and that in his roles he wanted to "do things [he hasn't] done, things [he] saw as a kid and wanted to do and now [has] an opportunity to do". He next starred opposite actress Julianne Moore in the box office bomb Freedomland , where he depicted a police detective attempting to help a mother find her abducted child while quelling a citywide race riot . Jackson's second film of
2862-424: A technique known generally as double buffering or more specifically as page flipping , the framebuffer uses half of its memory to display the current frame. While that memory is being displayed, the other half of memory is filled with data for the next frame. Once the secondary buffer is filled, the framebuffer is instructed to display the secondary buffer instead. The primary buffer becomes the secondary buffer, and
2968-572: A villainous house slave who sides with his white oppressors, to black conservative Justice Clarence Thomas and said that the character had "the same moral compass as Clarence Thomas does". Following the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v. Wade in June 2022, he again criticized Thomas, referring to him as " Uncle Clarence " and asking how Thomas—who is married to white attorney Ginni Thomas —feels about overturning Loving v. Virginia ,
3074-720: Is "just trying to live forever". He attributed his 40 lb (18 kg) weight loss to the diet. He had largely abandoned the diet by March 2017, but still praised and recommended it. He launched a campaign called "One for the Boys", which teaches men about testicular cancer and urges them to "get themselves checked out". In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic , Jackson encouraged people to wear face masks as part of California's "Your Actions Save Lives" campaign. Along with Dwayne Johnson , he also encouraged those who had recovered from COVID-19 to donate their blood to help others fighting
3180-647: Is Samuel L. Jackson. He just about lights fires with his gremlin eyes and he transforms his speeches into hypnotic bebop soliloquies." For the Academy Awards, Miramax Films pushed for, and received, the Best Supporting Actor nomination for Jackson. He also received a Golden Globe nomination and won the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Role . After Pulp Fiction , Jackson received multiple scripts to review: "I could easily have made
3286-467: Is a part of computer memory used by a computer application for the representation of the content to be shown on the computer display . The screen buffer may also be called the video buffer , the regeneration buffer , or regen buffer for short. Screen buffers should be distinguished from video memory . To this end, the term off-screen buffer is also used. The information in the buffer typically consists of color values for every pixel to be shown on
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3392-409: Is a portion of random-access memory (RAM) containing a bitmap that drives a video display. It is a memory buffer containing data representing all the pixels in a complete video frame . Modern video cards contain framebuffer circuitry in their cores. This circuitry converts an in-memory bitmap into a video signal that can be displayed on a computer monitor. In computing , a screen buffer
3498-675: Is an American actor. One of the most widely recognized actors of his generation, the films in which he has appeared have collectively grossed over $ 27 billion worldwide, making him the highest-grossing actor of all time . In 2022, he received the Academy Honorary Award as "a cultural icon whose dynamic work has resonated across genres and generations and audiences worldwide". Jackson made his professional theatre debut in Mother Courage and Her Children in 1980 at The Public Theatre . From 1981 to 1983 he originated
3604-438: Is bald but enjoys wearing wigs in his films. He said about his decision to shave his head , "I keep ending up on those 'bald is beautiful' lists. It's cool. You know, when I started losing my hair , it was during the era when everybody had lots of hair. All of a sudden, I felt this big hole in the middle of my afro . I couldn't face having a comb over so I had to quickly figure what the haircut for me was." His first bald role
3710-532: Is based on the IP12 processor board, which contains a 32-bit MIPS R3000A microprocessor soldered on the board and proprietary memory slots supporting up to 96 MB of RAM. The later version (code-named Blackjack ) is based on the IP20 processor board, which has a removable processor module (PM1 or PM2) containing a 64-bit MIPS R4000 (100 MHz) or R4400 processor (100 MHz or 150 MHz) that implements
3816-830: Is if [he's] not working". He is noted for often wearing a Kangol hat in public. Jackson has a clause in his contracts that allows him to play golf during film shoots. He has played in the Gary Player Invitational charity golf tournament to assist Gary Player in raising funds for children in South Africa. He is a keen basketball fan, supporting the Toronto Raptors and the Harlem Globetrotters . He has supported English football team Liverpool FC since appearing in The 51st State , which
3922-407: Is that a full range of colors cannot be produced. The solution to this problem was indexed color , which adds a lookup table to the framebuffer. Each color stored in framebuffer memory acts as a color index. The lookup table serves as a palette with a limited number of different colors, while the rest is used as an index table. Here is a typical indexed 256-color image and its own palette (shown as
4028-600: Is the world's highest-grossing actor, with $ 7.42 billion generated across 68 films. Subsequently, as of 2022, according to data calculated by the Golden Globes , this total has grown to more than $ 27 billion grossed across 152 movies, making him the highest-grossing actor, and second-highest grossing person in film in general behind Stan Lee , who was primarily known for his cameo work. In 1980, Jackson married actress and producer LaTanya Richardson , whom he met while attending Morehouse College . The couple have
4134-655: The Atlanta Journal-Constitution commended Jackson's performance, "He takes what could have been a cardboard cliché role and puts flesh on it with his flamboyant intelligence." Jackson also returned for two sequels: XXX: State of the Union , this time commanding Ice Cube , and the final Star Wars prequel film, Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith . His last film for 2005 was The Man alongside comedian Eugene Levy . On November 4, 2005, he
4240-593: The Benga people of Gabon , and he became a naturalized citizen of Gabon in 2019. He attended several segregated schools and graduated from Riverside High School in Chattanooga. He played the French horn , piccolo , trumpet, and flute in the school orchestra. He developed a stutter during childhood and learned to "pretend to be other people who didn't stutter". He still uses the word " motherfucker " to get through
4346-681: The Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his performance in Spike Lee 's Jungle Fever (1991). He received the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead for his performance in Quentin Tarantino 's Pulp Fiction (1994). He also received Academy Award , Golden Globe Award , and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for
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4452-861: The Disney+ series Secret Invasion , and in The Marvels , the sequel to Captain Marvel . The following year Jackson had a minor role in the Matthew Vaughn directed spy comedy Argylle (2024). He is set to produce a live-action film adaptation of Afro Samurai , and will play the role of Sho'nuff in a remake of The Last Dragon . He is also set to appear opposite Pierce Brosnan in Unholy Trinity . He will commence filming Last Meals in late November 2023. He's known for his extensive voice roles including Whiplash in Turbo (2013),
4558-682: The FBI warned her that he would die within a year if he remained with the group. In a 2018 interview with Vogue , he denied having been a member of the Black Panther Party . Casting black actors is still strange for Hollywood. Denzel gets the offer first. Then it's Danny Glover , Forest Whitaker , and Wesley Snipes . Right now, I'm the next one on the list. — Jackson discussing his new fame in 1993 Jackson initially majored in marine biology at Morehouse College before switching to architecture. He later settled on drama after taking
4664-678: The GIO bus and the Ethernet, SCSI (WD33C93 chipset) and the 56000 DSP. The GIO bus interface is implemented by the PIC (Processor Interface Controller) on IP12 and MC (Memory Controller) on IP20. Much of the hardware design can be traced back to the SGI IRIS 4D /3x series, which shared the same memory controller , Ethernet , SCSI , and optionally DSP as the IP12 Indigo. The 4D/30, 4D/35 and Indigo R3000 are all considered IP12 machines and run
4770-585: The Jedi Mace Windu in the Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999–2005), and Nick Fury in 11 Marvel Cinematic Universe films , beginning with Iron Man (2008), as well as in the Disney+ series Secret Invasion & What If...? and guest-starring in the ABC series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. . Jackson has provided his voice for Lucius Best / Frozone in the Pixar films The Incredibles (2004) and Incredibles 2 (2018). He has also acted in
4876-796: The Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin Film Festival and a fourth Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of the arms merchant Ordell Robbie. In 1998, he worked with established actors: Sharon Stone and Dustin Hoffman in Sphere ; and Kevin Spacey in The Negotiator , playing a hostage negotiator who resorts to taking hostages himself when he is falsely accused of murder and embezzlement. In 1999, Jackson starred in
4982-591: The direct-to-video film Unthinkable . Alongside Dwayne Johnson , Jackson again portrayed a police officer in the opening scenes of the comedy The Other Guys . He also co-starred with Tommy Lee Jones for a film adaptation of The Sunset Limited . Throughout Jackson's career, he has appeared in many films alongside mainstream rappers . These include Tupac Shakur ( Juice ), Queen Latifah ( Juice / Sphere / Jungle Fever ), Method Man ( One Eight Seven ), LL Cool J ( Deep Blue Sea / S.W.A.T. ), Busta Rhymes ( Shaft ), Eve ( xXx ), Ice Cube ( xXx: State of
5088-409: The 1980s. SGI , Sun Microsystems , HP , DEC and IBM all released framebuffers for their workstation computers in this period. These framebuffers were usually of a much higher quality than could be found in most home computers, and were regularly used in television, printing, computer modeling and 3D graphics. Framebuffers were also used by Sega for its high-end arcade boards , which were also of
5194-507: The Book of Saw alongside Chris Rock . After an 11-year absence from the stage Jackson returned to Broadway as Doaker Charles in a revival of August Wilson 's The Piano Lesson opposite John David Washington and Danielle Brooks . The 2022 production was directed by Jackson's wife LaTanya Richardson Jackson . For his performance he received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play nomination. He reprised his role as Nick Fury in
5300-715: The Brave , as a doctor returning home from the Iraq War . On January 30, 2007, Jackson was featured as narrator in Bob Saget 's direct-to-DVD Farce of the Penguins . The film was a spoof of the box office success March of the Penguins (which was narrated by Morgan Freeman ). Also in 2007, he portrayed a blues player who imprisons a young woman ( Christina Ricci ) addicted to sex in Black Snake Moan , and
5406-707: The Clones , seeing his minor supporting role develop into a major character. Mace Windu's purple lightsaber in the film was the result of Jackson's suggestion; he wanted to be sure that his character would stand out in a crowded battle scene. Jackson then acted as an NSA agent, alongside Vin Diesel in XXX , and as a kilt-wearing drug dealer in The 51st State . In 2003, Jackson again worked with John Travolta in Basic and then as
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#17327935116485512-510: The Indigo, it is a member of SGI's Express graphics line. It is like the XS-24z and XZ, but has 4 GE7 Geometry Engine ASICs, giving it twice the performance of the XZ option. The Indigo was designed to run IRIX , SGI's version of Unix . The Indigos with R3000 processors are supported up to IRIX version 5.3, and Indigo equipped with an R4000 or R4400 processor can run up to IRIX 6.5.22. Additionally,
5618-780: The Indigo: the XS-8 offers 8-bit color, with one VM2 video RAM module; the XS-Z adds the ZB-4 Z buffer; the XS-24 adds two VM2 modules and offers 24 color bits and 32 bits including brightness; and the XS-24Z adds a Z buffer. The XZ graphics option is also a member of SGI's Express graphics line. It is similar to the XS-24z, but it includes a second GE7 Geometry Engine ASIC, doubling its geometry performance. The highest performance graphics option offered for
5724-489: The LCD must digitally sample the display signal (thereby emulating an electron beam), any signal that is out of range cannot be physically displayed on the monitor. Framebuffers have traditionally supported a wide variety of color modes. Due to the expense of memory, most early framebuffers used 1-bit (2 colors per pixel), 2-bit (4 colors), 4-bit (16 colors) or 8-bit (256 colors) color depths. The problem with such small color depths
5830-676: The MIPS-III instruction set. The IP20 uses standard 72-pin SIMMs with parity, and has 12 SIMM slots for a total of 384 MB of RAM at maximum. A Motorola 56000 DSP is used for Audio IO, giving it 4-channel 16-bit audio. Ethernet is supported on board by the SEEQ 80C03 chipset coupled with the HPC (High-performance Peripheral Controller), which provides the DMA engine. The HPC interfaces primarily between
5936-407: The SuperPaint system to produce a wide variety of colors outside the range of the limited 8-bit data it contained. This scheme would later become commonplace in computer framebuffers. In 1974, Evans & Sutherland released the first commercial framebuffer, the Picture System, costing about $ 15,000. It was capable of producing resolutions of up to 512 by 512 pixels in 8-bit grayscale , and became
6042-515: The Union ), Xzibit ( xXx: State of the Union ), David Banner ( Black Snake Moan ), and 50 Cent ( Home of the Brave ). Additionally, Jackson has appeared in five films with actor Bruce Willis (National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1 , Pulp Fiction , Die Hard with a Vengeance , Unbreakable , and Glass ) and the actors were slated to work together in Black Water Transit before both dropped out. In 2002, Jackson gave his consent for Marvel Comics to design their " Ultimate " version of
6148-573: The X Virtual Framebuffer ( Xvfb ). Xvfb was added to the X Window System distribution to provide a method for running X without a graphical framebuffer. The Linux framebuffer device was developed to abstract the physical method for accessing the underlying framebuffer into a guaranteed memory map that is easy for programs to access. This increases portability, as programs are not required to deal with systems that have disjointed memory maps or require bank switching . A frame buffer may be designed with enough memory to store two frames worth of video data. In
6254-405: The campus, demanding reform in the school's curriculum and governance. The college eventually agreed to change its policy, but Jackson was charged with and eventually convicted of unlawful confinement, a second-degree felony . He was suspended for two years for his criminal record and his actions. He would later return to the college to earn a BA in drama in 1972. While he was suspended, he took
6360-421: The character Nick Fury after his likeness. In the 2008 film Iron Man , he made a cameo as the character in a post-credit scene. In February 2009, Jackson signed on to a nine-picture deal with Marvel Studios which would see him appear as the character in Iron Man 2 , Thor , Captain America: The First Avenger , and The Avengers , as well as any other subsequent film they would produce. He reprised
6466-410: The development of the SuperPaint system by Richard Shoup at Xerox PARC in 1972. Shoup was able to use the SuperPaint framebuffer to create an early digital video-capture system. By synchronizing the output signal to the input signal, Shoup was able to overwrite each pixel of data as it shifted in. Shoup also experimented with modifying the output signal using color tables. These color tables allowed
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#17327935116486572-413: The director Steven Spielberg in 1993's Jurassic Park . After a turn as the criminal Big Don in 1993's True Romance —written by Quentin Tarantino and directed by Tony Scott —Tarantino asked Jackson to play Jules Winnfield in Pulp Fiction (1994). Jackson was surprised to learn that the part had been specifically written for him: "To know that somebody had written something like Jules for me. I
6678-455: The display. Color values are commonly stored in 1-bit binary (monochrome), 4-bit palettized , 8-bit palettized, 16-bit high color and 24-bit true color formats. An additional alpha channel is sometimes used to retain information about pixel transparency. The total amount of memory required for the framebuffer depends on the resolution of the output signal, and on the color depth or palette size. Computer researchers had long discussed
6784-431: The films that featured Jackson as a leading actor or supporting co-star had grossed a total of $ 2.81 to $ 4.91 billion at the North American box office. This placed him as the seventh-highest-grossing lead actor and the second-highest-grossing actor, behind only voice actor Frank Welker . The 2009 edition of The Guinness World Records , which uses a different calculation to determine film grosses, stated that Jackson
6890-444: The framebuffer during the scan, creating a set of discrete picture elements, i.e. pixels. Framebuffers differ significantly from the vector displays that were common prior to the advent of raster graphics (and, consequently, to the concept of a framebuffer). With a vector display, only the vertices of the graphics primitives are stored. The electron beam of the output display is then commanded to move from vertex to vertex, tracing
6996-512: The framebuffer. This is commonly called graphics acceleration . Common graphics drawing commands (many of them geometric) are sent to the graphics accelerator in their raw form. The accelerator then rasterizes the results of the command to the framebuffer. This method frees the CPU to do other work. Early accelerators focused on improving the performance of 2D GUI systems. While retaining these 2D capabilities, most modern accelerators focus on producing 3D imagery in real time. A common design uses
7102-427: The free Unix-like operating system NetBSD has support for both the IP12 and IP20 Indigos as part of the sgimips port. The Indigo was featured in Jurassic Park as the rendering system for Samuel L. Jackson 's character Arnold and his station to render graphics for Park Control Systems. It was paired to a Macintosh Quadra 700 . Framebuffer A framebuffer ( frame buffer , or sometimes framestore )
7208-477: The hardware settings. This manipulation was far more flexible in that any resolution, color depth and refresh rate was attainable – limited only by the memory available to the framebuffer. An unfortunate side-effect of this method was that the display device could be driven beyond its capabilities. In some cases, this resulted in hardware damage to the display. More commonly, it simply produced garbled and unusable output. Modern CRT monitors fix this problem through
7314-472: The home computers of the late 1970s to contain low-color-depth framebuffers. Today, nearly all computers with graphical capabilities utilize a framebuffer for generating the video signal. Amiga computers, created in the 1980s, featured special design attention to graphics performance and included a unique Hold-And-Modify framebuffer capable of displaying 4096 colors. Framebuffers also became popular in high-end workstations and arcade system boards throughout
7420-464: The horror film 1408 , an adaptation of the Stephen King short story. Later the same year, Jackson portrayed an athlete who impersonates former boxing heavyweight Bob Satterfield in director Rod Lurie 's drama, Resurrecting the Champ . In 2008, Jackson reprised his role of Mace Windu in the CGI film, Star Wars: The Clone Wars , followed by Lakeview Terrace where he played a racist cop who terrorizes an interracial couple. In November of
7526-411: The horror film Deep Blue Sea , and as Jedi Master Mace Windu in George Lucas ' Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace . In an interview, Jackson claimed that he did not have a chance to read the script for the film and did not learn he was playing the character Mace Windu until he was fitted for his costume (though he later said that he was eager to accept any role, just for the chance to be
7632-459: The introduction of protection circuitry. When the display mode is changed, the monitor attempts to obtain a signal lock on the new refresh frequency. If the monitor is unable to obtain a signal lock, or if the signal is outside the range of its design limitations, the monitor will ignore the framebuffer signal and possibly present the user with an error message. LCD monitors tend to contain similar protection circuitry, but for different reasons. Since
7738-598: The latter roles in 2019, his Unbreakable character Mr. Glass in Glass and Shaft in another film titled Shaft . Jackson's sole film in 2001 was The Caveman's Valentine , a murder thriller directed by Lemmons in which he played a homeless musician. In 2002, he played a recovering alcoholic, attempting to keep custody of his kids while fighting a battle of wits (in Changing Lanes ) with Ben Affleck 's character. He returned for Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of
7844-561: The main backplane like the XS, XZ, and Elan graphics options. The final is the same, but adds a second video output, giving the computer the ability to have two "heads", or monitors. The Indigo's XS Graphics option has a single GE7 Geometry Engine (GE), a RE3 Raster engine, a HQ2 Command engine, VC1, XMAP5. It is ideal for low-cost wireframe operations, compared to more powerful, and expensive options for textured graphics. Part of SGI's Express line of graphics, four XS graphics options were produced for
7950-412: The market for graphics accelerators for x86-based systems is dominated by Nvidia (acquired 3dfx in 2002), AMD (who acquired ATI in 2006), and Intel . With a framebuffer, the electron beam (if the display technology uses one) is commanded to perform a raster scan , the way a television renders a broadcast signal. The color information for each point thus displayed on the screen is pulled directly from
8056-484: The methods used to access memory. Some of the most common are: The framebuffer organization may be packed pixel or planar . The framebuffer may be all points addressable or have restrictions on how it can be updated. Video cards always have a certain amount of RAM. A small portion of this RAM is where the bitmap of image data is "buffered" for display. The term frame buffer is thus often used interchangeably when referring to this RAM. The CPU sends image updates to
8162-581: The mouse cursor without modifying the framebuffer's data) and any final special effects that are produced by modifying the output signal. An example of such final special effects was the spatial anti-aliasing technique used by the 3dfx Voodoo cards. These cards add a slight blur to the output signal that makes aliasing of the rasterized graphics much less obvious. At one time there were many manufacturers of graphics accelerators, including: 3dfx Interactive ; ATI ; Hercules ; Trident ; Nvidia ; Radius ; S3 Graphics ; SiS and Silicon Graphics . As of 2015
8268-617: The next decade appearing in stage plays, including the premieres of The Piano Lesson and Two Trains Running at the Yale Repertory Theater . To supplement his income while auditioning, he worked at the Manhattan Plaza apartment complex as an overnight security guard. Jackson developed addictions to alcohol and cocaine, which prevented him from proceeding with the two plays to Broadway (actors Charles S. Dutton and Anthony Chisholm took his place). After
8374-451: The next with foliage tones, the next with skin and clothing tones, and the bottom one with ground colors. This required each palette to have overlapping colors, but carefully done, allowed great flexibility. While framebuffers are commonly accessed via a memory mapping directly to the CPU memory space, this is not the only method by which they may be accessed. Framebuffers have varied widely in
8480-645: The only child of Elizabeth Harriett (née Montgomery) and Roy Henry Jackson. He grew up in Chattanooga, Tennessee . His father lived away from the family in Kansas City, Missouri , and later died of alcoholism. Jackson met him only twice during his life. He was raised by his mother, a factory worker and later a supplies buyer for a mental institution ; he was also raised by his maternal grandparents, Edgar and Pearl Montgomery, as well as extended family. According to DNA tests, Jackson partially descends from
8586-555: The performance as well. At the 48th Berlin International Film Festival , he received Silver Bear for Best Actor for his leading performance in Tarantino's Jackie Brown (1997). In 2021, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences named Jackson as one of its Academy Honorary Award recipients as "A cultural icon whose dynamic work has resonated across genres and generations and audiences worldwide." At
8692-615: The role in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015). In 2018 and 2019, Jackson made cameo appearances as Fury in the Avengers sequels Infinity War and Endgame , and starred as a younger, de-aged Fury in Captain Marvel alongside Brie Larson . Among his more recent film roles, Jackson appeared in Quentin Tarantino 's Django Unchained , which
8798-592: The role of Private Louis Henderson in A Soldier's Play off- Broadway . He also originated the role of Boy Willie in August Wilson 's The Piano Lesson in 1987 at the Yale Repertory Theatre . He portrayed Martin Luther King Jr. in the Broadway play The Mountaintop (2011). He returned to Broadway in the 2022 revival of The Piano Lesson playing Doaker Charles, for which he received
8904-592: The role was cathartic, commenting, "It was a funny kind of thing. By the time I was out of rehab, about a week or so later I was on set and we were ready to start shooting." His performance was so acclaimed that the jury of 1991 Cannes Film Festival added a special "Supporting Actor" award just for him. Following this role, Jackson became involved with the comedy Strictly Business and dramas Juice and Patriot Games . He then moved on to two other comedies: National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1 (his first starring role) and Amos & Andrew . Jackson worked with
9010-823: The role. He also recorded the Audible.com audiobook of Go the Fuck to Sleep . For the Atlanta Falcons ' 2010 season , Jackson portrayed Rev. Sultan in the Falcons "Rise Up" commercial. He also appeared in the Capital One cash-back credit card commercials. Jackson too appeared in a Sky Broadband Shield commercial, Sky UK 's broadband service as Nick Fury to promote Captain America: The Winter Soldier. He also played Nick Fury in an ad for
9116-537: The same IRIX kernel. The Indigo R3000 is effectively a reduced cost 4D/35 without a VME bus. The PIC supports a VME expansion bus (used on the 4D/3x series) and GIO expansion slots (used on the Indigo). In all IP12, IP20, and IP22/IP24 (see SGI Indigo2 ) systems the HPC attached to the GIO bus. For entry graphics, the 8-bit color frame buffer comes in three versions. One version uses the system's GIO expansion bus. Another uses
9222-681: The same year, he starred along with Bernie Mac and Isaac Hayes (who both died before the film's release) in Soul Men . In 2008, he portrayed the villain in The Spirit , which was poorly received by critics and the box office. In 2009, he again worked with Quentin Tarantino when he narrated several scenes in the World War II film Inglourious Basterds . In 2010, he starred in the drama Mother and Child and portrayed an interrogator who attempts to locate several nuclear weapons in
9328-416: The secondary buffer becomes the primary. This switch is often done after the vertical blanking interval to avoid screen tearing where half the old frame and half the new frame is shown together. Page flipping has become a standard technique used by PC game programmers . As the demand for better graphics increased, hardware manufacturers created a way to decrease the amount of CPU time required to fill
9434-553: The theoretical advantages of a framebuffer but were unable to produce a machine with sufficient memory at an economically practicable cost. In 1947, the Manchester Baby computer used a Williams tube , later the Williams-Kilburn tube, to store 1024 bits on a cathode-ray tube (CRT) memory and displayed on a second CRT. Other research labs were exploring these techniques with MIT Lincoln Laboratory achieving
9540-651: The three devices as one. In 1975, the UK company Quantel produced the first commercial full-color broadcast framebuffer, the Quantel DFS 3000. It was first used in TV coverage of the 1976 Montreal Olympics to generate a picture-in-picture inset of the Olympic flaming torch while the rest of the picture featured the runner entering the stadium. The rapid improvement of integrated-circuit technology made it possible for many of
9646-422: The thriller Twisted , Jackson played a mentor to Ashley Judd . The film garnered a 2% approval rating on the website, with reviewers calling his performance "lackluster" and "wasted". He then lent his voice to the animated film The Incredibles as the superhero Frozone. The film received a 97% approval rating, and Jackson's performance earned him an Annie Award nomination for Best Voice Acting. He made
9752-480: The title character of the anime series Afro Samurai (2007), and Frank Tenpenny in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004). He also narrated the acclaimed documentary I Am Not Your Negro (2016). In addition to films, Jackson also appeared in several television shows, a video game, music videos, as well as audiobooks . Jackson had a small part in the Public Enemy music video for " 911 Is
9858-584: The ushers. He then traveled to Memphis, Tennessee , to join an equal rights protest march. In a 2005 Parade interview, he said, "I was angry about the assassination, but I wasn't shocked by it. I knew that change was going to take something different—not sit-ins, not peaceful coexistence." In 1969, Jackson and several other students held members of the Morehouse College board of trustees (including Martin Luther King Sr. ) hostage on
9964-521: The video card. The video processor on the card forms a picture of the screen image and stores it in the frame buffer as a large bitmap in RAM. The bitmap in RAM is used by the card to continually refresh the screen image. Many systems attempt to emulate the function of a framebuffer device, often for reasons of compatibility. The two most common virtual framebuffers are the Linux framebuffer device (fbdev) and
10070-792: The video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas . Jackson also hosted a variety of awards shows. He has hosted the MTV Movie Awards (1998), the ESPYs (1999, 2001, 2002, and 2009), and the Spike TV Video Game Awards (2005, 2006, 2007, and 2012). In November 2006, he provided the voice of God for The Bible Experience , the New Testament audiobook version of the Bible. He was given the lead role because producers believed his deep, authoritative voice would best fit
10176-493: The video game Marvel Snap . Jackson released a song about social justice with KRS-One , Sticky Fingaz , Mad Lion & Talib Kweli about violence in America called "I Can't Breathe" which were the last words said by Eric Garner . Throughout the 1990s, A.C. Neilson E.C.I., a box office–tracking company, determined that Jackson appeared in more films than any other actor who grossed $ 1.7 billion domestically. By 2011,
10282-441: The virus. He additionally appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! to read a satirical book, Stay the Fuck at Home , which spread awareness of social distancing . Jackson endorsed Kamala Harris in the 2024 United States presidential election and spoke at one of her campaign rallies on October 24, 2024. Over his career, Jackson has received various awards for his performances on film. At the 44th Cannes Film Festival he received
10388-605: The year, Snakes on a Plane , gained cult film status months before it was released based on its title and cast. Jackson's decision to star in the film was solely based on the title. To build anticipation for the film, he also cameoed in the 2006 music video " Snakes on a Plane (Bring It) " by Cobra Starship . On December 2, 2006, Jackson won the German Bambi Award for International Film, based on his many film contributions. In December 2006, Jackson starred in Home of
10494-558: Was as Jules Winnfield in Quentin Tarantino 's crime drama Pulp Fiction (1994), for which he won the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He further collaborated with Tarantino, acting in Jackie Brown (1997), Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2004), Django Unchained (2012), and The Hateful Eight (2015). He also gained widespread recognition as
10600-514: Was in The Great White Hype . He usually gets to pick his own hairstyles for each character he portrays. He poked fun at his baldness the first time he appeared bald on The Tonight Show , explaining that he had to shave his head for one role, but then kept receiving more and more bald roles and had to keep shaving his head so that wigs could be made for him. He joked that "the only way [he's] gonna have time to grow [his] hair back
10706-524: Was mentored by Morgan Freeman . Jackson played a minor role in the 1990 Martin Scorsese film Goodfellas , as real-life Mafia associate Stacks Edwards . Having overdosed on heroin several times, he switched to cocaine. His family entered him into a New York rehabilitation clinic. After he completed rehabilitation, he appeared in Jungle Fever as a crack cocaine addict. Jackson said that
10812-398: Was overwhelmed, thankful, arrogant—this whole combination of things that you could be, knowing that somebody's going to give you an opportunity like that." Pulp Fiction, Jackson's thirtieth film, made him internationally recognized and he received praise from critics. Entertainment Weekly wrote: "As superb as Travolta , Willis , and Keitel are, the actor who reigns over Pulp Fiction
10918-582: Was presented with the Hawaii International Film Festival Achievement in Acting Award. On January 30, 2006, Jackson was honored with a hand and footprint ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre ; he is the seventh African American and 191st actor to be recognized in this manner. In an interview that year, he said that he chooses roles that are "exciting to watch" and have an "interesting character inside of
11024-549: Was released December 25, 2012, Tarantino's The Hateful Eight , which was released in 70mm on December 25, 2015, and Jordan Vogt-Roberts ' Kong: Skull Island , which was released on March 10, 2017. In 2019, Jackson reprised his Unbreakable role as Mr. Glass in the film Glass , and his Shaft role in Shaft , both sequels to his 2000 films. Also in 2019, he appeared in the Brie Larson film Unicorn Store , and had
11130-551: Was shot in Liverpool , and also supports Irish football team Bohemian FC . He was granted Gabonese citizenship in 2019 after the results of a DNA test claimed to link him to the country's Benga ethnic group. Jackson stopped drinking alcohol after having problems with addiction. Jackson campaigned during the 2008 Democratic Primary for Barack Obama in Texarkana, Texas . He said, "Barack Obama represents everything I
11236-511: Was told I could be growing up. I am a child of segregation . When I grew up and people told me I could be president, I knew it was a lie. But now we have a representative... the American Dream is a reality. Anyone can grow up to be a president." He also said, "I voted for Barack because he was black. That's why other folks vote for other people—because they look like them." In December 2012, he compared his Django Unchained character,
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