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92-580: As of July 2024, 1.2% of all web sites use ISO/IEC 8859-1 . It is the most declared single-byte character encoding, but as Web browsers and the HTML5 standard interpret them as the superset Windows-1252 , these documents may include characters from that set. Depending on the country or language, website use can be higher than the global average, in Brazil it is at 3.4%, and in Germany at 2.7%. ISO-8859-1

184-407: A classic website , a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may include information about a company and its products and services through text, photos, animations, audio/video, and navigation menus. Static websites may still use server side includes (SSI) as an editing convenience, such as sharing

276-476: A full stop , comma , or hyphen are also used, as well as the equivalent set for the doubled ⟨ff⟩ . These arose because with the usual type sort for lowercase ⟨f⟩ , the end of its hood is on a kern , which would be damaged by collision with raised parts of the next letter. Ligatures crossing the morpheme boundary of a composite word are sometimes considered incorrect, especially in official German orthography as outlined in

368-587: A ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined to form a single glyph . Examples are the characters ⟨ æ ⟩ and ⟨ œ ⟩ used in English and French, in which the letters ⟨a⟩ and ⟨e⟩ are joined for the first ligature and the letters ⟨o⟩ and ⟨e⟩ are joined for the second ligature. For stylistic and legibility reasons, ⟨f⟩ and ⟨i⟩ are often merged to create ⟨fi⟩ (where

460-589: A private network , such as a company's internal website for its employees. Users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktops , laptops , tablets , and smartphones . The app used on these devices is called a web browser . The World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1989 by the British CERN computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee . On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone, contributing to

552-529: A Greek zeta with a horizontal stroke , ⟨Ƶ⟩ , as an abbreviation for Zeus . Saturn's astronomical symbol ( ♄ ) has been traced back to the Greek Oxyrhynchus Papyri , where it can be seen to be a Greek kappa - rho with a horizontal stroke , as an abbreviation for Κρονος ( Cronus ), the Greek name for the planet. It later came to look like a lower-case Greek eta , with

644-483: A V, for aqua vitae ); 🝫 (MB, for balneum Mariae [Mary's bath], a double boiler ); 🝬 (VB, for balneum vaporis , a steam bath); and 🝛 ( aaa with overline , for amalgam ). Digraphs , such as ⟨ ll ⟩ in Spanish or Welsh , are not ligatures in the general case as the two letters are displayed as separate glyphs: although written together, when they are joined in handwriting or italic fonts

736-502: A capital version of the Eszett never came into common use, even though its creation has been discussed since the end of the 19th century. Therefore, the common replacement in uppercase typesetting was originally SZ ( Maße "measure" → MAS‌ZE , different from Mas‌se "mass" → MAS‌SE ) and later SS ( Maße → MAS‌SE ). Until 2017, the SS replacement

828-594: A character encoding called Mac Roman in 1984. It was meant to be suitable for Western European desktop publishing . It is a superset of ASCII, and has most of the characters that are in ISO-8859-1 and all the extra characters from Windows-1252, but in a totally different arrangement. The few printable characters that are in ISO/IEC ;8859-1, but not in this set, are often a source of trouble when editing text on Web sites using older Macintosh browsers, including

920-899: A common menu bar across many pages. As the site's behavior to the reader is still static, this is not considered a dynamic site. A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically. Server-side dynamic pages are generated "on the fly" by computer code that produces the HTML (CSS are responsible for appearance and thus, are static files). There are a wide range of software systems, such as CGI , Java Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP), Active Server Pages and ColdFusion (CFML) that are available to generate dynamic Web systems and dynamic sites . Various Web application frameworks and Web template systems are available for general-use programming languages like Perl , PHP , Python and Ruby to make it faster and easier to create complex dynamic websites. A site can display

1012-646: A correctly spelled word, like IJs or ijs ( ice ). Ligatures are not limited to Latin script: Written Chinese has a long history of creating new characters by merging parts or wholes of other Chinese characters . However, a few of these combinations do not represent morphemes but retain the original multi-character (multiple morpheme) reading and are therefore not considered true characters themselves. In Chinese, these ligatures are called héwén ( 合文 ) or héshū ( 合書 ); see polysyllabic Chinese characters for more. One popular ligature used on chūntiē decorations used for Chinese Lunar New Year

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1104-440: A diacritic. Similarly, the word that was abbreviated to ⟨þ⟩ with a small ⟨t⟩ written as a diacritic. During the latter Middle English and Early Modern English periods, the thorn in its common script, or cursive , form came to resemble a ⟨y⟩ shape. With the arrival of movable type printing, the substitution of ⟨y⟩ for ⟨Þ⟩ became ubiquitous, leading to

1196-474: A large series of static pages. Early websites had only text, and soon after, images. Web browser plug-ins were then used to add audio, video, and interactivity (such as for a rich Web application that mirrors the complexity of a desktop application like a word processor). Examples of such plug-ins are Microsoft Silverlight , Adobe Flash Player , Adobe Shockwave Player , and Java SE . HTML 5 includes provisions for audio and video without plugins. JavaScript

1288-479: A legitimate letter with its own position in the alphabet. Because of its relative youth compared to other letters of the alphabet, only a few European languages (English, Dutch, German, Polish, Welsh, Maltese, and Walloon) use the letter in native words. The character ⟨ Æ ⟩ (lower case ⟨æ⟩ ; in ancient times named æsc ) when used in Danish , Norwegian , Icelandic , or Old English

1380-418: A letter (e.g., in early Modern English); in English it is pronounced "and", not "et", except in the case of &c , pronounced " et cetera ". In most typefaces, it does not immediately resemble the two letters used to form it, although certain typefaces use designs in the form of a ligature (examples include the original versions of Futura and Univers , Trebuchet MS , and Civilité , known in modern times as

1472-481: A ligature (for "pesos", although there are other theories as well) but is now a logogram. At least once, the United States dollar used a symbol resembling an overlapping U-S ligature, with the right vertical bar of the U intersecting through the middle of the S (  US  ) to resemble the modern dollar sign. The Spanish peseta was sometimes symbolized by a ligature ⟨₧⟩ (from Pts), and

1564-907: A milestone confirmed by Netcraft in its October 2014 Web Server Survey and that Internet Live Stats was the first to announce—as attested by this tweet from the inventor of the World Wide Web himself, Tim Berners-Lee—the number of websites in the world have subsequently declined, reverting to a level below 1 billion. This is due to the monthly fluctuations in the count of inactive websites. The number of websites continued growing to over 1 billion by March 2016 and has continued growing since. Netcraft Web Server Survey in January 2020 reported that there are 1,295,973,827 websites and in April 2021 reported that there are 1,212,139,815 sites across 10,939,637 web-facing computers, and 264,469,666 unique domains. An estimated 85 percent of all websites are inactive. A static website

1656-477: A particular topic or purpose, such as news, education, commerce, entertainment, or social media . Hyperlinking between web pages guides the navigation of the site, which often starts with a home page . The most-visited sites are Google , YouTube , and Facebook . All publicly-accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web . There are also private websites that can only be accessed on

1748-403: A particularly large set to allow designers to create dramatic display text with a feel of antiquity. A parallel use of ligatures is seen in the creation of script fonts that join letterforms to simulate handwriting effectively. This trend is caused in part by the increased support for other languages and alphabets in modern computing, many of which use ligatures somewhat extensively. This has caused

1840-540: A reversed ⟨t⟩ with ⟨h⟩ (neither the reversed t nor any of the consonant ligatures are in Unicode). Rarer ligatures also exist, including ⟨ꜳ⟩ ; ⟨ꜵ⟩ ; ⟨ꜷ⟩ ; ⟨ꜹ⟩ ; ⟨ꜻ⟩ (barred ⟨av⟩ ); ⟨ꜽ⟩ ; ⟨ꝏ⟩ , which is used in medieval Nordic languages for / oː / (a long close-mid back rounded vowel ), as well as in some orthographies of

1932-407: Is a combination of the four characters for zhāocái jìnbǎo ( 招財進寶 ), meaning "ushering in wealth and fortune" and used as a popular New Year's greeting. In 1924, Du Dingyou ( 杜定友 ; 1898–1967) created the ligature 圕 from two of the three characters 圖書館 ( túshūguǎn ), meaning "library". Although it does have an assigned pronunciation of tuān and appears in many dictionaries, it

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2024-492: Is also built into most modern web browsers, and allows for website creators to send code to the web browser that instructs it how to interactively modify page content and communicate with the web server if needed. The browser's internal representation of the content is known as the Document Object Model (DOM). WebGL (Web Graphics Library) is a modern JavaScript API for rendering interactive 3D graphics without

2116-592: Is called kroužek . The tilde diacritic, used in Spanish as part of the letter ⟨ ñ ⟩ , representing the palatal nasal consonant, and in Portuguese for nasalization of a vowel, originated in ligatures where ⟨n⟩ followed the base letter: Espanna → España . Similarly, the circumflex in French spelling stems from the ligature of a silent ⟨s⟩ . The letter hwair (ƕ), used only in transliteration of

2208-775: Is encoded as a single eight-bit code value. These code values can be used in almost any data interchange system to communicate in the following languages (while it may exclude correct quotation marks such as for many languages including German and Icelandic ): ISO-8859-1 was commonly used for certain languages, even though it lacks characters used by these languages. In most cases, only a few letters are missing or they are rarely used, and they can be replaced with characters that are in ISO-8859-1 using some form of typographic approximation . The following table lists such languages. The letter ÿ , which appears in French only very rarely, mainly in city names such as L'Haÿ-les-Roses and never at

2300-468: Is found in a number of French proper names, and the capital letter has been used in dictionaries and encyclopedias. These characters were added to ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999 . BraSCII matches the original draft. In 1985, Commodore adopted ECMA-94 for its new AmigaOS operating system. The Seikosha MP-1300AI impact dot-matrix printer, used with the Amiga ;1000, included this encoding. In 1990,

2392-516: Is generally non-interactive. This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos, and other content and may require basic website design skills and software. Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as

2484-660: Is increasingly common for UTF-8 to work whether or not a standard specifies it. ISO-8859-1 is the IANA preferred name for this standard when supplemented with the C0 and C1 control codes from ISO/IEC 6429 . The following other aliases are registered: iso-ir-100 , csISOLatin1 , latin1 , l1 , IBM819 , Code page 28591 a.k.a. Windows-28591 is used for it in Windows. IBM calls it code page 819 or CP819 ( CCSID  819 ). Oracle calls it WE8ISO8859P1 . Each character

2576-484: Is made by joining two or more characters in an atypical fashion by merging their parts, or by writing one above or inside the other. In printing, a ligature is a group of characters that is typeset as a unit, so the characters do not have to be joined. For example, in some cases the ⟨fi⟩ ligature prints the letters ⟨f⟩ and ⟨i⟩ with a greater separation than when they are typeset as separate letters. When printing with movable type

2668-460: Is no general consensus about its history. Its name Es-zett (meaning S-Z) suggests a connection of "long s and z" (ſʒ) but the Latin script also knows a ligature of "long s over round s" (ſs). The latter is used as the design principle for the character in most of today's typefaces. Since German was mostly set in blackletter typefaces until the 1940s, and those typefaces were rarely set in uppercase,

2760-422: Is not a typographic ligature. It is a distinct letter — a vowel — and when collated, may be given a different place in the alphabetical order than Ae . In modern English orthography , ⟨Æ⟩ is not considered an independent letter but a spelling variant, for example: " encyclopædia " versus "encyclopaedia" or "encyclopedia". In this use, ⟨Æ⟩ comes from Medieval Latin , where it

2852-495: Is one that has Web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client Web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML); Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are used to control appearance beyond basic HTML. Images are commonly used to create the desired appearance and as part of the main content. Audio or video might also be considered "static" content if it plays automatically or

ISO/IEC 8859-1 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2944-756: Is still represented with a ligature: ɮ , and the extensions to the IPA contain three more: ʩ , ʪ and ʫ . The Initial Teaching Alphabet , a short-lived alphabet intended for young children, used a number of ligatures to represent long vowels: ⟨ꜷ⟩ , ⟨æ⟩ , ⟨œ⟩ , ⟨ᵫ⟩ , ⟨ꭡ⟩ , and ligatures for ⟨ee⟩ , ⟨ou⟩ and ⟨oi⟩ that are not encoded in Unicode. Ligatures for consonants also existed, including ligatures of ⟨ʃh⟩ , ⟨ʈh⟩ , ⟨wh⟩ , ⟨ʗh⟩ , ⟨ng⟩ and

3036-886: Is still seen today on icon artwork in Greek Orthodox churches, and sometimes in graffiti or other forms of informal or decorative writing. Gha ⟨ƣ⟩ , a rarely used letter based on Q and G, was misconstrued by the ISO to be an OI ligature because of its appearance, and is thus known (to the ISO and, in turn, Unicode ) as "Oi". Historically, it was used in many Latin-based orthographies of Turkic (e.g., Azerbaijani ) and other central Asian languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet formerly used ligatures to represent affricate consonants , of which six are encoded in Unicode: ʣ, ʤ, ʥ, ʦ, ʧ and ʨ . One fricative consonant

3128-531: Is the ampersand ⟨&⟩ . This was originally a ligature of ⟨E⟩ and ⟨t⟩ , forming the Latin word "et", meaning " and ". It has exactly the same use in French and in English . The ampersand comes in many different forms. Because of its ubiquity, it is generally no longer considered a ligature, but a logogram . Like many other ligatures, it has at times been considered

3220-700: Is therefore not used in Turkish typography, and neither are other ligatures like that for ⟨fl⟩ , which would be rare anyway because of Turkish phonotactics. Remnants of the ligatures ⟨ſʒ⟩ / ⟨ſz⟩ ("sharp s", eszett ) and ⟨tʒ⟩ / ⟨tz⟩ ("sharp t", tezett ) from Fraktur , a family of German blackletter typefaces, originally mandatory in Fraktur but now employed only stylistically, can be seen to this day on street signs for city squares whose name contains Platz or ends in -platz . Instead,

3312-701: The Duden . An English example of this would be ⟨ff⟩ in shelf‌ful ; a German example would be Schiff‌fahrt ("boat trip"). Some computer programs (such as TeX ) provide a setting to disable ligatures for German, while some users have also written macros to identify which ligatures to disable. Turkish distinguishes dotted and dotless "I" . In a ligature with f (in words such as [fırın] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |translation= ( help ) and [fikir] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |translation= ( help ) ), this contrast would be obscured. The ⟨fi⟩ ligature

3404-721: The ⟨i⟩ in many typefaces collides with the hood of the ⟨f⟩ when placed beside each other in a word, and are combined into a single glyph with the tittle absorbed into the ⟨f⟩ . Other ligatures with the letter f include ⟨fj⟩ , ⟨f‌l⟩ (fl), ⟨f‌f⟩ (ff), ⟨f‌f‌i⟩ (ffi), and ⟨f‌f‌l⟩ (ffl). Ligatures for ⟨fa⟩ , ⟨fe⟩ , ⟨fo⟩ , ⟨fr⟩ , ⟨fs⟩ , ⟨ft⟩ , ⟨fb⟩ , ⟨fh⟩ , ⟨fu⟩ , ⟨fy⟩ , and for ⟨f⟩ followed by

3496-532: The Brahmic abugidas and the Germanic bind rune , figure prominently throughout ancient manuscripts. These new glyphs emerge alongside the proliferation of writing with a stylus, whether on paper or clay , and often for a practical reason: faster handwriting . Merchants especially needed a way to speed up the process of written communication and found that conjoining letters and abbreviating words for lay use

3588-475: The French franc was often symbolized by the ligature ⟨₣⟩ (from Fr). In astronomy , the planetary symbol for Mercury ( ☿ ) may be a ligature of Mercury 's caduceus and a cross (which was added in the 16th century to Christianize the pagan symbol), though other sources disagree; the symbol for Venus ♀ may be a ligature of the Greek letters ⟨ϕ⟩ (phi) and ⟨κ⟩ (kappa). The symbol for Jupiter ( ♃ ) descends from

3680-561: The Gothic language , resembles a ⟨hw⟩ ligature. It was introduced by philologists around 1900 to replace the digraph ⟨hv⟩ formerly used to express the phoneme in question, e.g. by Migne in the 1860s ( Patrologia Latina vol. 18). The Byzantines had a unique o-u ligature ⟨Ȣ⟩ that, while originally based on the Greek alphabet 's ο-υ, carried over into Latin alphabets as well. This ligature

3772-405: The Latin alphabet that originated in the seventh century, the phoneme it represents was formerly written in various ways. In Old English , the runic letter wynn ⟨Ƿ⟩ ) was used, but Norman influence forced wynn out of use. By the 14th century, the "new" letter ⟨W⟩ , originated as two ⟨ V ⟩ glyphs or ⟨ U ⟩ glyphs joined, developed into

ISO/IEC 8859-1 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3864-713: The Massachusett language to represent uː (a long close back rounded vowel ); ᵺ; ỻ, which was used in Medieval Welsh to represent ɬ (the voiceless lateral fricative ); ꜩ; ᴂ; ᴔ; and ꭣ have Unicode codepoints (in code block Latin Extended-E for characters used in German dialectology ( Teuthonista ), the Anthropos alphabet, Sakha and Americanist usage). The most common ligature in modern usage

3956-586: The Massachusett-language Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God , published in 1663) was the use of the double-o ligature ⟨ꝏ⟩ to represent the / u / of f oo d as opposed to the / ʊ / of h oo k (although Eliot himself used ⟨oo⟩ and ⟨ꝏ⟩ interchangeably). In the orthography in use since 2000 in the Wampanoag communities participating in

4048-628: The Netherlands , typically use a ligature resembling a ⟨U⟩ with a broken left-hand stroke. Adding to the confusion, Dutch handwriting can render ⟨y⟩ (which is not found in native Dutch words, but occurs in words borrowed from other languages) as a ⟨ij⟩ -glyph without the dots in its lowercase form and the ⟨IJ⟩ in its uppercase form looking virtually identical (only slightly bigger). When written as two separate letters, both should be capitalized – or both not – to form

4140-508: The Web 2.0 community of sites and allow for interactivity between the site owner and site visitors or users. Static sites serve or capture information but do not allow engagement with the audience or users directly. Some websites are informational or produced by enthusiasts or for personal use or entertainment. Many websites do aim to make money using one or more business models, including: Orthographic ligature In writing and typography ,

4232-437: The hashtag indicator. The at sign ⟨@⟩ is potentially a ligature, but there are many different theories about the origin. One theory says that the French word à (meaning at ), was simplified by scribes who, instead of lifting the pen to write the grave accent, drew an arc around the "a". Another states that it is short for the Latin word for "toward", " ad ", with the ⟨d⟩ being represented by

4324-431: The question mark ) and the bang (printer's slang for exclamation mark ) into one symbol, used to denote a sentence which is both a question and is exclaimed. For example, the sentence "Are you really coming over to my house on Friday‽" shows that the speaker is surprised while asking their question. Alchemy used a set of mostly standardized symbols , many of which were ligatures: 🜇 (AR, for aqua regia ); 🜈 (S inside

4416-632: The tittle on the ⟨i⟩ merges with the hood of the ⟨f⟩ ); the same is true of ⟨s⟩ and ⟨t⟩ to create ⟨st⟩ . The common ampersand , ⟨&⟩ , developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨t⟩ (spelling et , Latin for 'and') were combined. The earliest known script Sumerian cuneiform and Egyptian hieratic both include many cases of character combinations that gradually evolve from ligatures into separately recognizable characters. Other notable ligatures, such as

4508-488: The umlauted vowels ⟨ ä ⟩ , ⟨ ö ⟩ , and ⟨ ü ⟩ historically arose from ⟨ae⟩ , ⟨oe⟩ , ⟨ue⟩ ligatures (strictly, from these vowels with a small letter ⟨e⟩ written as a diacritic , for example ⟨aͤ⟩ , ⟨oͤ⟩ , ⟨uͤ⟩ ). It is common practice to replace them with ⟨ae⟩ , ⟨oe⟩ , ⟨ue⟩ digraphs when

4600-417: The universal currency sign (¤) with the euro sign (the same substitution made by ISO-8859-15). The popular Windows-1252 character set adds all the missing characters provided by ISO/IEC 8859-15 , plus a number of typographic symbols, by replacing the rarely used C1 controls in the range 128 to 159 ( hex 80 to 9F). It is very common to mislabel Windows-1252 text as being in ISO-8859-1. A common result

4692-496: The "sz" ligature has merged into a single character, the German ß – see below. Sometimes, ligatures for ⟨st⟩ (st), ⟨ſt⟩ (ſt), ⟨ch⟩ , ⟨ck⟩ , ⟨ct⟩ , ⟨Qu⟩ and ⟨Th⟩ are used (e.g. in the typeface Linux Libertine ). Besides conventional ligatures, in the metal type era some newspapers commissioned custom condensed single sorts for

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4784-485: The 20th century. Sans serif typefaces, increasingly used for body text, generally avoid ligatures, though notable exceptions include Gill Sans and Futura . Inexpensive phototypesetting machines in the 1970s (which did not require journeyman knowledge or training to operate) also generally avoid them. A few, however, became characters in their own right, see below the sections about German ß , various Latin accented letters , & et al. The trend against digraph use

4876-452: The French digraph œu , which is composed of the ligature œ and the simplex letter u . In Dutch , ⟨ ij ⟩ can be considered a digraph, a ligature, or a letter in itself, depending on the standard used. Its uppercase and lowercase forms are often available as a single glyph with a distinctive ligature in several professional typefaces (e.g. Zapfino ). Sans serif uppercase ⟨IJ⟩ glyphs, popular in

4968-564: The Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project (WLRP), the ligature was replaced with the numeral ⟨8⟩ , partly because of its ease in typesetting and display as well as its similarity to the o-u ligature ⟨Ȣ⟩ used in Abenaki . For example, compare the colonial-era spelling seepꝏash with the modern WLRP spelling seep8ash . As the letter ⟨ W ⟩ is an addition to

5060-570: The arc. Another says it is short for an abbreviation of the term each at , with the ⟨e⟩ encasing the ⟨a⟩ . Around the 18th century, it started being used in commerce to indicate price per unit, as "15 units @ $ 1". After the popularization of Email , this fairly unpopular character became widely known, used to tag specific users. Lately, it has been used to de-gender nouns in Spanish with no agreed pronunciation. The dollar sign ⟨$ ⟩ possibly originated as

5152-609: The base form of the letters is not changed and the individual glyphs remain separate. Like some ligatures discussed above, these digraphs may or may not be considered individual letters in their respective languages. Until the 1994 spelling reform, the digraphs ⟨ ch ⟩ and ⟨ll⟩ were considered separate letters in Spanish for collation purposes. Catalan makes a difference between "Spanish ll" or palatalized l, written ll as in llei (law), and "French ll" or geminated l, written l·l as in col·lega (colleague). The difference can be illustrated with

5244-544: The beginning of words, is included only in lowercase form. The slot corresponding to its uppercase form is occupied by the lowercase letter ß from the German language, which did not have an uppercase form at the time when the standard was created. For some languages listed above, the correct typographical quotation marks are missing, as only « » , " " , and ' ' are included. Also, this scheme does not provide for oriented (6- or 9-shaped) single or double quotation marks. Some fonts will display

5336-464: The common " ye ", as in ' Ye Olde Curiositie Shoppe'. One major reason for this was that ⟨y⟩ existed in the printer's types that William Caxton and his contemporaries imported from Belgium and the Netherlands, while ⟨Þ⟩ did not. The ring diacritic used in vowels such as ⟨ å ⟩ likewise originated as an ⟨o⟩ -ligature. Before

5428-415: The cross added at the top in the 16th century to Christianize it. The dwarf planet Pluto is symbolized by a PL ligature, ♇ . A different PL ligature, ⅊ , represents the property line in surveying. In engineering diagrams, a CL ligature, ℄ , represents the center line of an object. The interrobang ⟨‽⟩ is an unconventional punctuation meant to combine the interrogation point (or

5520-407: The current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user. For example, when the front page of a news site is requested, the code running on the webserver might combine stored HTML fragments with news stories retrieved from a database or another website via RSS to produce a page that includes

5612-552: The development of new digital typesetting techniques such as OpenType , and the incorporation of ligature support into the text display systems of macOS , Windows , and applications like Microsoft Office . An increasing modern trend is to use a "Th" ligature which reduces spacing between these letters to make it easier to read, a trait infrequent in metal type. Today, modern font programming divides ligatures into three groups, which can be activated separately: standard, contextual and historical. Standard ligatures are needed to allow

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5704-438: The diacritics are unavailable, for example in electronic conversation. Phone books treat umlauted vowels as equivalent to the relevant digraph (so that a name Müller will appear at the same place as if it were spelled Mueller; German surnames have a strongly fixed orthography, either a name is spelled with ⟨ü⟩ or with ⟨ue⟩ ); however, the alphabetic order used in other books treats them as equivalent to

5796-726: The digits not covered by this standard. ISO 8859-1 was based on the Multinational Character Set (MCS) used by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the popular VT220 terminal in 1983. It was developed within the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA), and published in March 1985 as ECMA-94 , by which name it is still sometimes known. The second edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986) also included ISO 8859-2 , ISO 8859-3 , and ISO 8859-4 as part of

5888-404: The facing edges of the bowls superimposed. In many script forms, characters such as ⟨h⟩ , ⟨m⟩ , and ⟨n⟩ had their vertical strokes superimposed. Scribes also used notational abbreviations to avoid having to write a whole character in one stroke. Manuscripts in the fourteenth century employed hundreds of such abbreviations. In handwriting , a ligature

5980-517: The first computer typesetting programs to take advantage of computer-driven typesetting (and later laser printers) was Donald Knuth 's TeX program. Now the standard method of mathematical typesetting, its default fonts are explicitly based on nineteenth-century styles. Many new fonts feature extensive ligature sets; these include FF Scala , Seria and others by Martin Majoor and Hoefler Text by Jonathan Hoefler . Mrs Eaves by Zuzana Licko contains

6072-563: The first version of Unicode used the code points of ISO-8859-1 as the first 256 Unicode code points. In 1992, the IANA registered the character map ISO_8859-1:1987 , more commonly known by its preferred MIME name of ISO-8859-1 (note the extra hyphen over ISO 8859-1), a superset of ISO 8859-1, for use on the Internet . This map assigns the C0 and C1 control codes to the unassigned code values thus provides for 256 characters via every possible 8-bit value. ISO/IEC 8859-15

6164-411: The font to display without errors such as character collision. Designers sometimes find contextual and historic ligatures desirable for creating effects or to evoke an old-fashioned print look. Many ligatures combine ⟨f⟩ with the following letter. A particularly prominent example is ⟨fi⟩ (or ⟨f‌i⟩ , rendered with two normal letters). The tittle of

6256-619: The immense growth of the Web. Before the introduction of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure in which the user navigates and where they choose files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in word processor formats. While "web site"

6348-559: The italic of Garamond ). Similarly, the number sign ⟨#⟩ originated as a stylized abbreviation of the Roman term libra pondo , written as ℔. Over time, the number sign was simplified to how it is seen today, with two horizontal strokes across two slash-like strokes. Now a logogram, the symbol is used mainly to denote (in the US) numbers, and weight in pounds. It has also been used popularly on push-button telephones and as

6440-488: The last version of Internet Explorer for Mac . DOS has code page 850 , which has all printable characters that ISO-8859-1 has, albeit in a totally different arrangement, plus the most widely used graphic characters from code page 437 . Between 1989 and 2015, Hewlett-Packard used another superset of ISO-8859-1 on many of their calculators. This proprietary character set was sometimes referred to simply as "ECMA-94" as well. HP also has code page 1053 , which adds

6532-435: The latest information. Dynamic sites can be interactive by using HTML forms , storing and reading back browser cookies , or by creating a series of pages that reflect the previous history of clicks. Another example of dynamic content is when a retail website with a database of media products allows a user to input a search request, e.g. for the keyword Beatles . In response, the content of the Web page will spontaneously change

6624-418: The medium shade (▒, U+2592) at 0x7F. Several EBCDIC code pages were purposely designed to have the same set of characters as ISO-8859-1, to allow easy conversion between them. Website A website (also written as a web site ) is one or more web pages and related content that is identified by a common domain name and published on at least one web server . Websites are typically dedicated to

6716-408: The names of common long names that might appear in news headings, such as " Eisenhower ", " Chamberlain ", and others. In these cases the characters did not appear combined, just more tightly spaced than if printed conventionally. The German letter ⟨ß⟩ ( Eszett , also called the scharfes S , meaning sharp s ) is an official letter of the alphabet in Germany and Austria. There

6808-512: The new upper case character for "ß" rather than replacing it with "SS" or "SZ" for geographical names. A new standardized German keyboard layout (DIN 2137-T2) has included the capital ß since 2012. The new character entered the official orthographic rules in June 2017. A prominent feature of the colonial orthography created by John Eliot (later used in the first Bible printed in the Americas,

6900-521: The newly added characters ( Œ , œ , and Ÿ ) had already been present in DEC 's 1983 Multinational Character Set (MCS), the predecessor to ISO/IEC 8859-1 (1987). Since their original code points were now reused for other purposes, the characters had to be reintroduced under different, less logical code points. ISO-IR-204, a more minor modification (called code page 61235 by FreeDOS), had been registered in 1998, altering ISO-8859-1 by replacing

6992-570: The number of traditional hand compositors and hot metal typesetting machine operators dropped because of the mass production of the IBM Selectric brand of electric typewriter in 1961. A designer active in the period commented: "some of the world's greatest typefaces were quickly becoming some of the world's worst fonts." Ligatures have grown in popularity in the 21st century because of an increasing interest in creating typesetting systems that evoke arcane designs and classical scripts. One of

7084-657: The replacement of the older "aa" with "å" became a de facto practice, an "a" with another "a" on top (aͣ) could sometimes be used, for example in Johannes Bureus 's, Runa: ABC-Boken (1611). The ⟨uo⟩ ligature ů in particular saw use in Early Modern High German , but it merged in later Germanic languages with ⟨u⟩ (e.g. MHG fuosz , ENHG fuͦß , Modern German Fuß "foot"). It survives in Czech , where it

7176-475: The simple letters ⟨a⟩ , ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩ . The convention in Scandinavian languages and Finnish is different: there the umlaut vowels are treated as independent letters with positions at the end of the alphabet. In Middle English, the word the (written þe ) was frequently abbreviated as a ⟨þ⟩ ( thorn ) with a small ⟨e⟩ written as

7268-490: The spacing grave accent (0x60) and the apostrophe (0x27) as a matching pair of oriented single quotation marks (see Quotation mark § Typewriters and early computers ), but this is not considered part of the modern standard. Only 3 superscript digits have been encoded: ² at 0xB2, ³ at 0xB3, and ¹ at 0xB9, lacking the superscript digit 0 and digits 4–9. Additionally, none of the subscript digits have been encoded. A workaround would be to use rich text formatting for

7360-517: The specification. The original draft of ISO 8859-1 placed French Œ and œ at code points 215 (0xD7) and 247 (0xF7), as in the MCS. However, the delegate from France, being neither a linguist nor a typographer, falsely stated that these are not independent French letters on their own, but mere ligatures (like fi or fl ), supported by the delegate team from Bull Publishing Company , who regularly did not print French with Œ/œ in their house style at

7452-408: The time. An anglophone delegate from Canada insisted on retaining Œ/œ but was rebuffed by the French delegate and the team from Bull. These code points were soon filled with × and ÷ under the suggestion of the German delegation. Support for French was further reduced when it was again falsely stated that the letter ÿ is "not French", resulting in the absence of the capital Ÿ . In fact, the letter ÿ

7544-522: The use of plug-ins. It allows interactive content such as 3D animations, visualizations and video explainers to presented users in the most intuitive way. A 2010-era trend in websites called "responsive design" has given the best viewing experience as it provides a device-based layout for users. These websites change their layout according to the device or mobile platform, thus giving a rich user experience. Websites can be divided into two broad categories—static and interactive. Interactive sites are part of

7636-419: The way it looked before, and will then display a list of Beatles products like CDs, DVDs, and books. Dynamic HTML uses JavaScript code to instruct the Web browser how to interactively modify the page contents. One way to simulate a certain type of dynamic website while avoiding the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis is to periodically automatically regenerate

7728-475: Was (according to the standard, at least) the default encoding of documents delivered via HTTP with a MIME type beginning with text/ , the default encoding of the values of certain descriptive HTTP headers, and defined the repertoire of characters allowed in HTML  3.2 documents. It is specified by many other standards. In practice, the superset encoding Windows-1252 is the more likely effective default and it

7820-551: Was an optional ligature in some specific words that had been transliterated and borrowed from Ancient Greek, for example, "Æneas". It is still found as a variant in English and French words descended or borrowed from Medieval Latin, but the trend has recently been towards printing the ⟨A⟩ and ⟨E⟩ separately. Similarly, ⟨ Œ ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩ , while normally printed as ligatures in French, are replaced by component letters if technical restrictions require it. In German orthography ,

7912-405: Was developed in 1999, as an update of ISO/IEC 8859-1. It provides some characters for French and Finnish text and the euro sign , which are missing from ISO/IEC 8859-1. This required the removal of some infrequently used characters from ISO/IEC 8859-1, including fraction symbols and letter-free diacritics: ¤ , ¦ , ¨ , ´ , ¸ , ¼ , ½ , and ¾ . Ironically, three of

8004-464: Was further strengthened by the desktop publishing revolution. Early computer software in particular had no way to allow for ligature substitution (the automatic use of ligatures where appropriate), while most new digital typefaces did not include ligatures. As most of the early PC development was designed for the English language (which already treated ligatures as optional at best) dependence on ligatures did not carry over to digital. Ligature use fell as

8096-416: Was invented around 1450, typefaces included many ligatures and additional letters, as they were based on handwriting. Ligatures made printing with movable type easier because one sort would replace frequent combinations of letters and also allowed more complex and interesting character designs which would otherwise collide with one another. Because of their complexity, ligatures began to fall out of use in

8188-695: Was more convenient for record keeping and transaction than the bulky long forms. Around the 9th and 10th centuries, monasteries became a fountainhead for these type of script modifications. Medieval scribes who wrote in Latin increased their writing speed by combining characters and by introducing notational abbreviations . Others conjoined letters for aesthetic purposes. For example, in blackletter , letters with right-facing bowls ( ⟨b⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , and ⟨p⟩ ) and those with left-facing bowls ( ⟨c⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨d⟩ , ⟨ g ⟩ and ⟨q⟩ ) were written with

8280-406: Was that all the quotes and apostrophes (produced by "smart quotes" in word-processing software) were replaced with question marks or boxes on non-Windows operating systems, making text difficult to read. Many Web browsers and e-mail clients will interpret ISO-8859-1 control codes as Windows-1252 characters, and that behavior was later standardized in HTML5 . The Apple Macintosh computer introduced

8372-539: Was the only valid spelling according to the official orthography in Germany and Austria. In Switzerland, the ß is omitted altogether in favour of ss. The capital version (ẞ) of the Eszett character was occasionally used since 1905/06, has been part of Unicode since 2008, and has appeared in more and more typefaces. Since the end of 2010, the Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN) has suggested

8464-867: Was the original spelling (sometimes capitalized "Web site", since "Web" is a proper noun when referring to the World Wide Web), this variant has become rarely used, and "website" has become the standard spelling. All major style guides, such as The Chicago Manual of Style and the AP Stylebook , have reflected this change. In February 2009, Netcraft , an Internet monitoring company that has tracked Web growth since 1995, reported that there were 215,675,903 websites with domain names and content on them in 2009, compared to just 19,732 websites in August 1995. After reaching 1 billion websites in September 2014,

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