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47-622: The ISU Judging System or the International Judging System (IJS), occasionally referred to as the Code of Points (COP) system, is the scoring system that has been used since 2004 to judge the figure skating disciplines of men's and ladies' singles , pair skating , ice dance , and synchronized skating . It was designed and implemented by the International Skating Union (ISU), the ruling body of

94-480: A document referred to as a protocol . This document uses specific notations as described below. If a skater attempts more than the allowed number of a certain type of element in a program, then the element is still described and called as such by the technical controller, but receives a base value of 0 as well as a GOE of 0, regardless of how the judges have marked it. On ISU protocol sheets, elements that have been nullified by this are denoted by an asterisk (*) next to

141-403: A jump has been called as having an incorrect take-off edge (for example, an inside edge on the take-off of a Lutz jump ), that jump is marked with e and receives a –2 or –3 GOE depending on the severity of the edge fault. Jumps that are under-rotated are marked with < or << depending on the degree of turns completed on the ice instead of in mid-air. < indicates that a jump had less than

188-403: A level four straight line step sequence. ChSt and ChSq are step sequences and spiral sequences that have no level and a fixed base value. Ice dance judging is similar to pairs and singles, but uses a separate set of rules and table of values. In the compulsory dance, steps are specified and "elements" are defined for each dance as subsets of the prescribed steps. For compulsory dance only, there

235-405: A maximum of seven jumps, one of which must be an Axel, (b) a maximum of three spins (one a combination, one flying and one with a single position), (c) a maximum of one step sequence, and (d) maximum of one choreographic sequence. The short program for senior pairs skaters for the season 2023-24 shall consist of the following required elements: (a) any hip lift take-off (hand to hip or upper part of

282-422: A particular program component. As judges, coaches, and skaters gain more experience with the new system, greater consensus may emerge. However, for the 2006 Olympics there were cases of 1 to 1.5 point differences in component marks from different judges. This range of difference implies that "observer bias" determines about 20% of the mark given by a judge. Averaging over many judges reduces the effect of this bias in

329-436: A summary of the new judging system. Figure skating was formerly judged on a 6.0 scale. This scale is sometimes called "the old scale", or "old system". Skaters were judged on "technical merit" (in the free skate), "required elements" (in the short program), and "presentation" (in both programs). The marks for each program ran from 0.0 to 6.0 and were used to determine a preference ranking, or "ordinal", separately for each judge;

376-417: A ½ turn but more than a ¼ turn completed on the ice, reducing the base value to 70% of its original value. << indicates a severe under-rotation (a ½ turn or more) and the jump is valued as if it had one less rotation (e.g. a triple would receive the value of a double). Jumps that are executed in combination or sequence are marked as a single element, with a base mark equal to the sum of the base marks for

423-600: Is also known as a Windsor mean , but this name should not be confused with the Winsorized mean : in the latter, the observations that the trimmed mean would discard are instead replaced by the largest/smallest of the remaining values. Discarding only the maximum and minimum is known as the modified mean , particularly in management statistics. This is also known as the Olympic average (for example in US agriculture, like

470-497: Is calculated from the remaining seven values. This average value (which may be positive or negative) is finally added to the base value to produce the judging panel's overall score for the element. Judges also mark the Program Components, which are: Skating Skills; Presentation; and Composition. These Components are marked on a scale of 0.25–10 with 0.25 increments and averaged using the same "trimmed mean" procedure that

517-410: Is called Yuen's t-test, which also has several implementations in R . The scoring method used in many sports that are evaluated by a panel of judges is a truncated mean: discard the lowest and the highest scores; calculate the mean value of the remaining scores . The Libor benchmark interest rate is calculated as a trimmed mean: given 18 responses, the top 4 and bottom 4 are discarded, and

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564-476: Is composed of the following three people: The Technical Panel is assisted by two people: The role of the judges is to evaluate the quality of each element performed (Technical Score) and the quality of the performance (Presentation Score). At most international events and other large National Championships (such as the U.S. Championships), there are nine judges. At smaller competitions the panel might consist of between four and seven judges. An odd number of judges

611-458: Is no program component score given for transitions and choreography. Instead there is a timing (TI) program component that is exclusive to the compulsory dance, leaving only four program components in the compulsory dance. In the original dance there are five marked technical elements. In the free dance, there are nine marked technical elements. Unlike singles and pair skating, the different program components are weighted differently in each segment of

658-409: Is released for Singles/Pairs and another for Ice Dance. Click "show" below to view the abbreviations and codes for different figure skating elements. The level of a spin or footwork sequence is denoted by the number following the element abbreviation. The number of rotations on a jump is denoted by the number preceding the element abbreviation. For example, 3A denotes a triple Axel, while SlSt4 denotes

705-527: The 6.0 system . A second award ceremony was held in which the top two teams were both awarded gold medals. In 2004, the ISU adopted the New Judging System (NJS), or Code of Points, in an effort to establish a more objective system. This became mandatory at all international competitions in 2006, including the 2006 Winter Olympics . The ISU released an explanation of the advantages of the new system over

752-613: The Average Crop Revenue Election ), due to its use in Olympic events, such as the ISU Judging System in figure skating , to make the score robust to a single outlier judge. When the percentage of points to discard does not yield a whole number, the trimmed mean may be defined by interpolation, generally linear interpolation, between the nearest whole numbers. For example, if you need to calculate

799-465: The Cauchy distribution ), at the cost of lower efficiency for some other less heavily tailed distributions (such as the normal distribution). For intermediate distributions the differences between the efficiency of the mean and the median are not very big, e.g. for the student-t distribution with 2 degrees of freedom the variances for mean and median are nearly equal. In some regions of Central Europe it

846-434: The short program for senior singles skaters must contain seven technical elements: (a) double or triple axel, (b) triple or quad jump , (c) jump combination including triple or quad jumps (maximum one double jump), (d) flying spin , (e) camel or sit spin with only one change of foot, (f) spin combination with only one change of foot, and (g) step sequence . The free program for senior singles skaters must contain (a)

893-440: The 12% trimmed mean, one would take the weighted average : weight the 10% trimmed mean by 0.8 and the 20% trimmed mean by 0.2. The truncated mean is a useful estimator because it is less sensitive to outliers than the mean but will still give a reasonable estimate of central tendency or mean for many statistical models. In this regard it is referred to as a robust estimator . For example, in its use in Olympic judging, truncating

940-406: The 15% trimmed mean of a sample containing 10 entries, strictly this would mean discarding 1 point from each end (equivalent to the 10% trimmed mean). If interpolating, one would instead compute the 10% trimmed mean (discarding 1 point from each end) and the 20% trimmed mean (discarding 2 points from each end), and then interpolating, in this case averaging these two values. Similarly, if interpolating

987-502: The 2018–2019 season, see List of highest historical scores in figure skating . For highest junior scores prior to the 2018–2019 season, see List of highest historical junior scores in figure skating . Like gymnastics and diving competitions, judging in figure skating is intrinsically subjective . Although there may be general consensus that one skater "looks better" than another, it is difficult to reach agreement on what causes one skater to be marked as 5.5 and another to be 5.75 for

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1034-636: The 6.0 system. Under the ISU Judging System, the base value of each element performed by the skater is identified by the Technical Panel. The purpose of this panel is to identify all of the elements performed by the skater in real time as they happen. The panel is also responsible for identifying any "technical errors" to jumps; identifying falls of the skater; and the "levels of difficulty" performed in Spins and Steps. The Technical Panel

1081-470: The Cauchy distribution, neither the truncated mean, full sample mean or sample median represents a maximum likelihood estimator, nor are any as asymptotically efficient as the maximum likelihood estimator; however, the maximum likelihood estimate is more difficult to compute, leaving the truncated mean as a useful alternative. It is possible to perform a Student's t-test based on the truncated mean, which

1128-537: The Grade of Execution (GOE) scoring system for each program element ranged between –3 and +3. Starting with the 2018–2019 season, the GOE was expanded to range between –5 and +5. Hence, the International Skating Union (ISU) have restarted all records from the 2018–2019 season and all previous statistics have been marked as "historical". The ISU only recognizes the best scores that are set at international competitions run under

1175-492: The ISU's rules, and does not recognize, for example, scores that are obtained at national figure skating championships. The competitions recognized by the ISU are: Winter Olympics (including the team event), Youth Olympics (including the team event), World Championships , World Junior Championships , European Championships , Four Continents Championships , GP events , Junior GP events , Challenger Series events , and World Team Trophy . For highest scores achieved prior to

1222-558: The PCS. For ties in the overall score, ties are broken based on the free segment placement. In 2008, the ISU ruled to reduce the number of judges from twelve to nine. The need to reduce costs was given as the prime reason for this change. Since the highest and lowest extreme scores are discounted, the scores of seven judges (rather than ten) determine the outcome of competitions. Figure skating Too Many Requests If you report this error to

1269-498: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 219893365 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:44:55 GMT Trimmed mean For most statistical applications, 5 to 25 percent of the ends are discarded. For example, given a set of 8 points, trimming by 12.5% would discard

1316-482: The adoption of the IJS was in the way it alienated casual figure skating fans; whereas the 6.0 system was universally understood due to its simplicity and intuitive scale, the large cumulative scores given by the IJS are less intuitive. Judging bias was also found to be about 20 percent greater in the IJS than in the 6.0 system, with judges being inclined to give higher marks to skaters from their own country. Initially under

1363-431: The appearance of haphazard or biased judging. The aim of the IJS is to ensure that the judging of figure skating competitions is more consistent with the judging of sports such as diving and gymnastics . It also includes features intended to make judging more resistant to pressure by special interests. However, there is debate as to whether the new system is in fact an improvement over the old 6.0 system. One criticism of

1410-457: The competition. The highest factored component(s) in each segment are skating skills and timing in the compulsory dance, interpretation in the original dance, and transitions in the free dance. The calculation of these factors is described in Rule 353. After being trialed in 2003, the IJS replaced the old 6.0 system in the 2004–2005 figure skating season. Up to and including the 2017–2018 season ,

1457-492: The death spiral of the Short Program, (h) maximum of one choreographic sequence. The panel's points for each Program Component are multiplied by a factor depending on the event. For singles and pair skating, the factor is uniform for all components, as follows: The factors in ice dance are different for each Program Component and depend on the dance type. Following an event, the complete judges' scores are published in

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1504-509: The element codes to the judges' computers for marking. For each element, all of the judges award a mark for Grade of Execution (GOE) that is an integer between –5 and +5. The GOE mark is then translated into a value using the Scale of Value (SOV) table which is published regularly by ISU Communications. The GOE values from the nine judges are averaged using the " trimmed mean " procedure, where the highest and lowest values are discarded and an average

1551-422: The element name. In free skating, for jumps executed twice as solo jumps, the second jump is marked as +REP and receives 70% of its base value. Jump elements performed after the halfway point of a program are marked with x and receive a 10% bonus added to their base value. If a jump has been called as having an unclear take-off edge, that jump is marked with ! and receives a –1 to –2 GOE depending on severity; if

1598-546: The final score, but there will remain about a 2% spread in the average artistic marks from the randomly selected subsets of judges. Aside from intra-expert subjectivity, skating is very open to misjudgement from everyday spectators who only see skating casually, e.g. every four years at the Olympics. A skater's jump may look perfect, but the general public will not be aware that the competitor landed on an incorrect edge, therefore receiving fewer points for an element, resulting in

1645-417: The individual jumps. However, a combination or sequence can be downgraded – marked with +COMBO (combinations in the short program) or +SEQ (combinations and sequences in the free skate) – in which case the sum of the base values of the jumps is reduced to 80% of its original value. Every spring/summer the ISU releases rule updates which include a current Scale of Values (SOV) for different types of element. One

1692-514: The judges' objectivity. In June 2016 the ISU Congress voted to abolish anonymous judging altogether. While the IJS has minimized the number of ties and the need for multiple tiebreaks, as there were under the old 6.0 system, ties do still occur for both overall score and also for single segments of the competition. Short/rhythm segment ties are broken based on the TES score and free segment ties on

1739-438: The judges' preferences were combined to determine placements for each skater in each program. The placements for the two programs were then combined, with the free skate weighted more heavily than the short program. The highest scoring individual (based on the sum of the weighted placements) was declared the winner. A judging controversy occurred during a pair skating event at the 2002 Winter Olympics , which used scoring based on

1786-590: The leg position), (b) double or triple twist lift, (c) double or triple throw jump, (d) double or triple solo jump, (e) solo spin combination with only one change of foot, (f) death spiral forward inside, and (g) step sequence. The free skating program for senior pairs skaters must contain: (a) maximum of three lifts, not all from the same group, (b) maximum of one twist lift, (c) maximum of two different throw jumps, (d) maximum of one solo jump, (e) maximum of one jump combination or sequence, (f) maximum of one pair spin combination, (g) maximum of one death spiral different from

1833-399: The maximum and minimum prevents a single judge from increasing or lowering the overall score by giving an exceptionally high or low score. One situation in which it can be advantageous to use a truncated mean is when estimating the location parameter of a Cauchy distribution , a bell shaped probability distribution with (much) fatter tails than a normal distribution . It can be shown that

1880-495: The minimum and maximum value in the sample: the smallest and largest values, and would compute the mean of the remaining 6 points. The 25% trimmed mean (when the lowest 25% and the highest 25% are discarded) is known as the interquartile mean . The median can be regarded as a fully truncated mean and is most robust. As with other trimmed estimators , the main advantage of the trimmed mean is robustness and higher efficiency for mixed distributions and heavy-tailed distribution (like

1927-466: The new ISU rules, the judges' marks were anonymous, which removed any public accountability of the judges for their marks. However, problems with this system came to the forefront during the Sochi Olympics in 2014 following Russian skater Adelina Sotnikova 's victory over Yuna Kim . In large part due to the judging and technical panels including four Russians, these results sparked a debate over

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1974-584: The overall presentation of the performance. Since the 2022–23 season , the judging panel evaluates three components: Composition (CO), Presentation (PR) and Skating skills (SK). Before the system change, the judges evaluated five components: Skating skills (SS), Transitions (TR), Performance (PE), Composition (CO) and Interpretation (IN). The total of all components is called the Program Component Score (PCS). The judging panel consists of up to nine judges and one referee. The Technical Panel sends

2021-507: The scale went from -3 to +3. Each plus or minus step in the GOE results in increasing or decreasing the base value by 10 % in single and pair Skating and by 16 % in ice dance. The total of all element scores gives the final Technical Element Score (TES). In addition to the Technical Element Score, the judges award points on a scale from 0.25 to 10.00 with increments of 0.25 for different program components to grade

2068-463: The sport. This system of scoring is used in all international competitions sanctioned by the ISU, including the Olympic Games . The ISU Judging System replaced the previous 6.0 system . It was created partially in response to the 2002 Winter Olympics figure skating scandal , in an attempt to make the scoring system more objective and less vulnerable to abuse. U.S. Figure Skating has released

2115-420: The truncated mean of the middle 24% sample order statistics (i.e., truncate the sample by 38% at each end) produces an estimate for the population location parameter that is more efficient than using either the sample median or the full sample mean. However, due to the fat tails of the Cauchy distribution, the efficiency of the estimator decreases as more of the sample gets used in the estimate. Note that for

2162-401: Was needed to break ties in the old 6.0 system, but this is no longer necessary with averaging marks in the ISU Judging System. Each element performed has a base value (which depends on its difficulty), and the judges assign a Grade of Execution (GOE), which can increase or decrease the base value. The GOE is marked as an integer from -5 to +5 since the 2018–19 season . Before the system change,

2209-468: Was used for averaging the GOE marks. Judges also have the power to input majority deductions such as Music Violations and Costume/Prop Violations. The Referee inputs other deductions such as Time Violations, Interruption in Excess and Costume Failures. The number and type of technical elements included in a skating program depend on the event and on the level of competition. At the senior international level,

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