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41-674: Cancer Research UK ( CRUK ) is the world's largest independent cancer research organisation. It is registered as a charity in the United Kingdom and Isle of Man , and was formed on 4 February 2002 by the merger of The Cancer Research Campaign and the Imperial Cancer Research Fund . Cancer Research UK conducts research using both its own staff and grant-funded researchers. It also provides information about cancer and runs campaigns aimed at raising awareness and influencing public policy. The organisation's work

82-452: A foundational level is referred to as basic research and is intended to clarify scientific principles and mechanisms. Translational research aims to elucidate mechanisms of cancer development and progression and transform basic scientific findings into concepts that can be applicable to the treatment and prevention of cancer. Clinical research is devoted to the development of pharmaceuticals, surgical procedures, and medical technologies for

123-593: A project called Help Defeat Cancer . Other related projects include the Folding@home and Rosetta@home projects, which focus on groundbreaking protein folding and protein structure prediction research. Vodafone has also partnered with the Garvan Institute to create the DreamLab Project, which uses distributed computing via an app on cellphones to perform cancer research. Members of

164-572: A small amount spent on information services, campaigning, advocacy, administration and other activities or was held in reserve. Around 40% of its research expenditure (27% of its total spending) is on basic laboratory research into the molecular basis of cancer . The remainder supports research into over 100 specific cancer types, focusing on drug discovery and development; prevention, early detection and imaging ; surgery and radiotherapy ; and cancers where survival rates are still low, such as oesophageal, lung and pancreatic cancers. The charity funds

205-615: A twice-monthly professional medical journal , the British Journal of Cancer . The charity worked to bring about the smoking ban in England and continues to campaign for further action on smoking. The charity lobbies for better screening programmes and advises on access to new cancer medicines. Income sources include: On 18 July 2012, it was announced that Cancer Research UK was to receive its largest single donation of £10 million from an anonymous donor. The money went towards

246-583: A unique clinical trials database. A team of nurses provides a confidential telephone service, the Cancer Chat forum provides a place for users to talk to others affected by cancer, and mobile cancer awareness units deliver health information to locations of high cancer incidence and mortality. It provides statistical information via the Cancer Stats section. It also provides publications for the public to order and download. Cancer Research UK publishes

287-562: Is a related effort investigating the genomic changes associated with cancer, while the COSMIC cancer database documents acquired genetic mutations from hundreds of thousands of human cancer samples. These large scale projects, involving about 350 different types of cancer, have identified ~130,000 mutations in ~3000 genes that have been mutated in the tumors. The majority occurred in 319 genes, of which 286 were tumor suppressor genes and 33 oncogenes. Several hereditary factors can increase

328-560: Is almost entirely funded by the public. It raises money through donations, legacies, community fundraising, events, retail and corporate partnerships. Over 25,000 people are regular volunteers. The Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF) was founded in 1902 as the Cancer Research Fund, changing its name to the Imperial Cancer Research Fund in 1904. It grew over the next twenty years to become one of

369-474: Is awarded to locations performing the highest quality cancer research, to provide funds for equipment and training. Centre status has been designated to: Drugs developed by the organisation's scientists include: Several of the organisation's scientists have won major prizes, including: Through Cancer Health UK, a website written in Plain English , it provides information on cancer and cancer care, and

410-485: Is done in academia, research institutes, and corporate environments, and is largely government funded. Cancer research has been ongoing for centuries. Early research focused on the causes of cancer. Percivall Pott identified the first environmental trigger (chimney soot) for cancer in 1775 and cigarette smoking was identified as a cause of lung cancer in 1950. Early cancer treatment focused on improving surgical techniques for removing tumors. Radiation therapy took hold in

451-544: Is estimated that with further research cancer death rates could be reduced by 70% around the world even without the development of any new therapies. Cancer prevention research receives only 2–9% of global cancer research funding, albeit many of the options for prevention are already well-known without further cancer-specific research but are not reflected in economics and policy. Mutational signatures of various cancers, for example, could reveal further causes of cancer and support causal attribution. Prompt detection of cancer

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492-442: Is important to understand tumor progression and treatment success. The role of a given gene in cancer progression may vary tremendously, depending on the stage and type of cancer involved. Many dietary recommendations have been proposed to reduce the risk of cancer, few have significant supporting scientific evidence. Obesity and drinking alcohol have been correlated with the incidence and progression of some cancers. Lowering

533-420: Is important, since it is usually more difficult to treat in later stages. Accurate detection of cancer is also important because false positives can cause harm from unnecessary medical procedures. Some screening protocols are currently not accurate (such as prostate-specific antigen testing). Others such as a colonoscopy or mammogram are unpleasant and as a result some patients may opt out. Active research

574-475: Is more common in Japan due to its high-salt diet. Periods of intermittent fasting (time-restricted feeding which may not include caloric restriction ) is investigated for potential usefulness in cancer prevention and treatment and as of 2021 additional trials are needed to elucidate the risks and benefits. In some cases, "caloric restrictions could hinder both cancer growth and progression, besides enhancing

615-496: Is to identify new oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that may provide new insights into cancer diagnosis, predicting clinical outcome of cancers, and new targets for cancer therapies. As the Cancer Genome Project stated in a 2004 review article, "a central aim of cancer research has been to identify the mutated genes that are causally implicated in oncogenesis ( cancer genes )." The Cancer Genome Atlas project

656-414: Is underway to address all these problems, to develop novel ways of cancer screening and to increase detection rates. For example: Emerging topics of cancer treatment research include: Research into the cause of cancer involves many different disciplines including genetics, diet, environmental factors (i.e. chemical carcinogens ). In regard to investigation of causes and potential targets for therapy,

697-653: The American Association for Cancer Research and American Society of Clinical Oncology , and as foundations for public awareness or raising funds for cancer research, such as Relay For Life and the American Cancer Society . Supporters of different types of cancer have adopted different colored awareness ribbons and promote months of the year as being dedicated to the support of specific types of cancer. The American Cancer Society began promoting October as Breast Cancer Awareness Month in

738-721: The New England Journal of Medicine . The BMJ ' s web editor, Tony Delamothe, has described the BMJ as a general medical journal. The Medical Journal of Australia is the only general medical journal in Australia, and the Canadian Medical Association Journal has been called the leading general medical journal in Canada. Richard Smith , the former editor of the medical journal

779-651: The United Kingdom was Medical Essays and Observations , established in 1731 and published in Edinburgh ; the first to be published in the United States was The Medical Repository , established in 1797. Among the oldest general medical journals that are still in publication today are The Lancet , established in 1823, and the New England Journal of Medicine , established in 1812. Specialty -specific medical journals were first introduced in

820-577: The 15 countries that were full members of the European Union. As a percentage of GDP, the non-commercial funding of cancer research in the US was four times the amount dedicated to cancer research in Europe. Half of Europe's non-commercial cancer research is funded by charitable organizations. The National Cancer Institute is the major funding institution in the United States. In the 2023 fiscal year,

861-589: The 1900s. Chemotherapeutics were developed and refined throughout the 20th century. The U.S. declared a " War on Cancer " in the 1970s, and increased the funding and support for cancer research. Some of the most highly cited and most influential research reports include: Cancer research encompasses a variety of types and interdisciplinary areas of research. Scientists involved in cancer research may be trained in areas such as chemistry , biochemistry , molecular biology , physiology , medical physics , epidemiology , and biomedical engineering . Research performed on

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902-472: The Data Protection Act by misusing donors’ personal data. Cancer Research UK was fined £16,000. Cancer research Cancer research is research into cancer to identify causes and develop strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and cure. Cancer research ranges from epidemiology, molecular bioscience to the performance of clinical trials to evaluate and compare applications of

943-647: The NCI funded $ 7.1 billion in cancer research. Difficulties inherent to cancer research are shared with many types of biomedical research . Cancer research processes have been criticised. These include, especially in the US, for the financial resources and positions required to conduct research. Other consequences of competition for research resources appear to be a substantial number of research publications whose results cannot be replicated. One can share computer time for distributed cancer research projects like Help Conquer Cancer . World Community Grid also had

984-523: The United States in the 1980s. Pink products are sold to both generate awareness and raise money to be donated for research purposes. This has led to pinkwashing , or the selling of ordinary products turned pink as a promotion for the company. Medical journal The first medical journals were general medical journals. The first English-language general medical journal was Medicina Curiosa , established in 1684, but it ceased publication after only two issues. The first medical journal to be published in

1025-446: The chance of cancer-causing mutations, including the activation of oncogenes or the inhibition of tumor suppressor genes. The functions of various onco- and tumor suppressor genes can be disrupted at different stages of tumor progression. Mutations in such genes can be used to classify the malignancy of a tumor. In later stages, tumors can develop a resistance to cancer treatment. The identification of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

1066-457: The consumption of sweetened beverages is recommended as a measure to address obesity. Some specific foods are linked to specific cancers. There is strong evidence that processed meat and red meat intake increases risk of colorectal cancer . Aflatoxin B 1 , a frequent food contaminant, increases risk of liver cancer , while drinking coffee is associated with a reduced risk. Betel nut chewing causes oral cancer . Stomach cancer

1107-402: The early 2000s, most funding for cancer research came from taxpayers and charities, rather than from corporations. In the US, less than 30% of all cancer research was funded by commercial researchers such as pharmaceutical companies. Per capita, public spending on cancer research by taxpayers and charities in the US was five times as much in 2002–03 as public spending by taxpayers and charities in

1148-479: The early 20th century. In 1999, Medscape launched Medscape General Medicine , which became the world's first online-only general medical journal. Journals that are recognized as general medical journals include The Lancet , the New England Journal of Medicine , and the Annals of Internal Medicine . In 2009, the three highest-ranked general medical journals by impact factor were JAMA , The Lancet , and

1189-508: The efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation therapy". Caloric restriction mimetics , including some present in foods like spermidine , are also investigated for these or similar reasons. Such and similar dietary supplements may contribute to prevention or treatment, with candidate substances including apigenin , berberine , jiaogulan , and rhodiola rosea . Cancer research is funded by government grants , charitable foundations and pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. In

1230-608: The eventual treatment of patients. Epidemiologic analysis indicates that at least 35% of all cancer deaths in the world could now be avoided by primary prevention. According to a newer GBD systematic analysis , in 2019, ~44% of all cancer deaths — or ~4.5 million deaths or ~105 million lost disability-adjusted life years — were due to known clearly preventable risk factors , led by smoking, alcohol use and high BMI . However, one 2015 study suggested that between ~70% and ~90% of cancers are due to environmental factors and therefore potentially preventable. Furthermore, it

1271-722: The largest independent cancer research organisation in the world (the largest, the National Cancer Institute , is funded by the US Government). At the time of the merger, the ICRF had an annual income of £124m, while the CRC had an income of £101m. Based on article share during the period between January 2015 to August 2019, Nature listed Cancer Research UK in the top 150 of the Top 200 institutions in cancer research in

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1312-416: The potential mechanisms of carcinogenesis, in regard to the types of genetic and epigenetic changes that are associated with cancer development. The mouse is often used as a mammalian model for manipulation of the function of genes that play a role in tumor formation, while basic aspects of tumor initiation, such as mutagenesis, are assayed on cultures of bacteria and mammalian cells. The goal of oncogenomics

1353-445: The public can also join clinical trials as healthy control subjects or for methods of cancer detection. There could be software and data-related procedures that increase participation in trials and make them faster and less expensive. One open source platform matches genomically profiled cancer patients to precision medicine drug trials. Organizations exist as associations for scientists participating in cancer research, such as

1394-407: The route used starts with data obtained from clinical observations, enters basic research, and, once convincing and independently confirmed results are obtained, proceeds with clinical research, involving appropriately designed trials on consenting human subjects, with the aim to test safety and efficiency of the therapeutic intervention method. An important part of basic research is characterization of

1435-402: The various cancer treatments. These applications include surgery, radiation therapy , chemotherapy , hormone therapy , immunotherapy and combined treatment modalities such as chemo-radiotherapy. Starting in the mid-1990s, the emphasis in clinical cancer research shifted towards therapies derived from biotechnology research, such as cancer immunotherapy and gene therapy . Cancer research

1476-475: The work of over 4,000 researchers, doctors and nurses throughout the UK, supports over 200 clinical trials and studies cancer and cancer risk in over a million people in the UK. The charity participates in numerous citizen-science projects including: The charity funds networks in seven locations across the UK, to drive collaborations between universities, NHS hospitals, and other research organisations. Centre status

1517-585: The world's leading cancer research charities. Its executive committee was chaired by Sir William Church from its inception in 1902 until 1923. Its flagship laboratories formerly at Lincoln's Inn Fields , London , and Clare Hall, Hertfordshire , and known as the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute , are now part of the Francis Crick Institute . The British Empire Cancer Campaign (BECC)

1558-424: The world. CRUK had an income of £718,793,138 and expenditure of £640,845,146 for the financial year ending in 31 March 2023. On 30 April 2024, King Charles III was announced as patron of the charity. In the financial year 2014/15, the charity spent £422.67 million on cancer research projects (67% of its total income for that year). The bulk of the remaining costs were spent on trading and fundraising costs with

1599-613: The £100 million funding for the Francis Crick Institute in London. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, CRUK closed its shops and cancelled mass participation fundraising events. They predicted that this, coupled with economic uncertainty affecting people's ability or willingness to donate, would lead to a 30% fall in income that year and a reduction in income lasting at least 3 years. In June 2011, Cancer Research UK

1640-504: Was founded in 1923, and initially drew a hostile response from ICRF and the Medical Research Council , who considered it a rival. "The Campaign", as it was colloquially known, became a very successful and powerful grant-giving body. In 1970, the charity was renamed The Cancer Research Campaign (CRC). Incorporated on 20 November 2001, the two organisations officially merged on 4 February 2002 to form Cancer Research UK,

1681-719: Was one of several health charities (along with the British Heart Foundation , the Alzheimer's Society and Parkinson's UK ) targeted by the animal rights organisation Animal Aid in a series of advertisements in British newspapers urging members of the public to stop giving donations to organisations that fund medical research involving animal experiments. In April 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office fined eleven charities that breached

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