Misplaced Pages

#668331

50-472: The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program ( IODP ) was an international marine research program, running from 2003 to 2013. The program used heavy drilling equipment mounted aboard ships to monitor and sample sub-seafloor environments. With this research, the IODP documented environmental change, Earth processes and effects, the biosphere, solid earth cycles, and geodynamics. The program began a new 10-year phase with

100-508: A coalition of over two dozen countries. The IODP funding model differs from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program in that NSF, MEXT, and ECORD each manage their own drilling platform. International partners directly contribute to the operating costs of the drilling platforms in exchange for scientific participation on the expeditions and seats on the advisory panels. The research vessel JOIDES Resolution (JR)

150-465: A data management system integrates core and laboratory data collected by all three implementing organizations and the two IODP legacy programs. A web-based search system will eventually aggregate post-expedition data and related publications. Requests for data and samples can be made online. A web-based Site Survey Data Bank enabled proponents to access and deposit the large amounts of data required to document potential drill sites for evaluation. This data

200-572: A detailed account of findings and makes all samples and cores freely available. IODP's open data policy assures global access to the information collected by the program, and it allows scientists to use data from multiple expeditions to investigate new hypotheses. Cores collected during expeditions are stored at the IODP core repositories in Bremen, Germany (IODP Bremen Core Repository), College Station, Texas (IODP Gulf Coast Repository), and Kochi, Japan (Kochi Core Center). Scientists may visit any one of

250-654: A larger than previously expected earthquake to occur. IODP's early climate studies focused on efforts to understand the Asian monsoon system . Expeditions 353, 354, 355, and 359 collected sediments from the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman Sea, and the Arabian Sea. These sediments were eroded from the land and primarily carried by rivers to the ocean, where some of the sediments have laid buried for millions of years. By analyzing

300-562: A list of scientific challenges that are organized into four themes called Climate and Ocean Change, Biosphere Frontiers, Earth Connections, and Earth in Motion. The science plan was developed by the international scientific community to identify the highest priority science for the program. IODP uses multiple drilling platforms ( JOIDES Resolution , Chikyū , and mission-specific platforms) to access different subseafloor environments during research expeditions. These facilities are funded by

350-407: A loan for analysis or for teaching purposes. Archived cores include not only IODP samples, but also those retrieved in the two IODP legacy programs (DSDP and ODP). International Ocean Discovery Program The scientific scope of IODP is laid out in the program's science plan, Illuminating Earth's Past, Present, and Future . The science plan covers a 10-year period of operations and consists of

400-580: A new department, the Institute of Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3). MarE3 is the current implementing organization for Chikyū . The ECORD Science Operator (ESO), established in 2003, is the implementing organization for mission-specific platform expeditions. ESO is also responsible for managing the IODP Bremen Core Repository. IODP expeditions are based on research proposals submitted by scientists that address

450-422: A riser drilling system, a dynamic positioning system, and a high-density mud circulation system to prevent borehole collapse during drilling, among other assets. Chikyu can berth 150 people, cruise at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph), and drill more than 7,000 m (23,000 feet) below the seafloor in water depths exceeding 2,000 m (6,600 feet). Chikyū was damaged during the tsunami of 11 March 2011, and

500-443: A stable platform during deep water drilling. The maximum drilling water depth for riser drilling is 2,500 m (8,200 feet) and can support a drill string up to 10,000 m (33,000 feet) long. The helipad can serve very large helicopters transporting as many as 30 persons per landing. The D/V Chikyū was built for deep-sea geological scientific research, which now includes not only research of earthquake -generating zones in

550-791: A voluntary basis. Participation took many forms: submission of a drilling proposal; sailing on an expedition; participation in an advisory capacity; attendance at a planning workshop or topical symposium. The program's central management office, IODP Management International, coordinated an integrated work plan between and among all IODP organizational partners. An annual program plan was written each fiscal year and included objectives and tasks necessary for drilling vessel operation, from science coordination to publications, data management, and outreach. IODP distinguishes itself from its legacy programs by employing multiple drilling technologies/platforms and science/drilling operators to acquire sediment and rock samples and to install monitoring instrumentation beneath

SECTION 10

#1732765923669

600-441: Is 121 m (397 feet) above sea level, and the top drive has a lifting capacity of 1,000 tonnes (1,100 tons). Its complement of 150 crew are divided between 100 operators and 50 science personnel, with at sea crew changes handled by helicopter transfer. Key innovations include a GPS system and six adjustable computer controlled azimuth thrusters (3.8 m or 12 feet in diameter) that enable precise positioning to maintain

650-702: Is a Japanese scientific drilling ship built for the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). The vessel is designed to ultimately drill 7 km (4.3 miles) beneath the seabed, where the Earth's crust is much thinner, and into the Earth's mantle , deeper than any other hole drilled in the ocean thus far. While the planned depth of the hole is significantly less than the Russian Kola Superdeep Borehole (which reached 12 km or 7.5 miles depth on land),

700-755: Is managed and operated for NSF by the JOIDES Resolution Science Operator (JRSO), which is based at Texas A&M University (TAMU). The JRSO was formalized as the implementing organization for IODP in 2014. The drilling vessel Chikyū was constructed and operated for MEXT by Japan's Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX), which was established within the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) in October 2002. In 2019, JAMSTEC merged CDEX with its Marine Technology and Engineering Center (MARITEC) to create

750-668: Is operated by the Centre for Deep Earth Research (CDEX), a subdivision of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). JAMSTEC also operates the DSV Shinkai , Earth Simulator supercomputer and other marine scientific research projects. CDEX is responsible for the services to support activities including on-board staffing, data management for core samples and logging; implements engineering site surveys; and conducts engineering developments. CDEX contracts with

800-564: The Earth 's crust but also hydrothermal vents and subsea methane hydrate research. On 16 November 2007 Chikyū began drilling the NanTroSEIZE  [ Reasonator search ] transect as planned, reaching 1,400 m (4,600 feet) at the site of a future deep subsea floor observatory. The first stage of four NanTroSEIZE Stages was completed in February 2008. The whole project was envisioned to be completed by 2012. The ship

850-732: The Initial Science Plan (ISP) guided IODP investigation. Specific scientific themes were emphasized in the ISP : As described in the ISP, IODP sought to develop better understandings of: Tools critical to these goals included a riser-equipped drilling vessel, a riserless vessel, additional platforms suited to mission specific expeditions, enhanced downhole measurement devices, and long-term monitoring instrumentation. An engineering proposal submission process, initiated in April 2007, facilitated

900-835: The International Ocean Discovery Program , from the end of 2013. Scientific ocean drilling represented the longest running and most successful international collaboration among the Earth sciences. Scientific ocean drilling began in 1961 with the first sample of oceanic crust recovered aboard the CUSS 1 , a modified U.S. Navy barge. American author John Steinbeck , also an amateur oceanographer, documented Project Mohole for LIFE Magazine . The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), established in June 1966, operated Glomar Challenger in drilling and coring operations in

950-602: The 200-year-old HMS Resolution which explored the Pacific Ocean and Antarctica under the command of Captain James Cook . The Ocean Drilling Program contributed significantly to increased scientific understanding of Earth history, climate change , plate tectonics , natural resources, and geohazards. ODP discoveries included validation of: National consortia and government funding agencies supported IODP science and drilling platform operations. Participation in IODP

1000-596: The Atlantic Ocean off the coast of New York, in 3,000 m (10,000 feet) of water. This required the use of sonar scanning equipment and a large-scale re-entry cone. Process-oriented Earth studies continued from 1985 until 2003 aboard JOIDES Resolution , which replaced Glomar Challenger in January 1985 as DSDP morphed into the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). JOIDES Resolution is named for

1050-674: The Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, as well as in the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Glomar Challenger' s coring operations enabled DSDP to provide the next intellectual step in verifying the hypothesis of plate tectonics associated with seafloor spreading, by dating basal sediments on transects away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . In June 1970, Glomar Challenger' s DSDP engineers devised a way to replace worn drill bits and then re-enter boreholes for deeper drilling while in

SECTION 20

#1732765923669

1100-718: The Earth's climate and tectonic history. A study examining samples collected from around the world concluded that the rate of carbon release today is 10 times greater than during the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum or anytime during the past 66 million years. And, measurements taken in the Nankai Trough near Japan show that slow slip earthquakes are releasing about 50% of the subduction zone's energy, which has implications for understanding tsunami hazards. October 2013 to April 2022 (Expeditions 349–392) Chiky%C5%AB Chikyū ( ちきゅう )

1150-652: The IODP Science Advisory Structure. The Republic of Korea joined IODP as an Associate Member in June 2006 through the sponsorship of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM). South Korea's memorandum of understanding with the lead agencies created the Interim Asian Consortium. Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India joined the IODP in 2008 as an Associate member. Since then,

1200-747: The Mantle Quest Japan Company for the navigation of the ship. The Chikyū Hakken program is part of an international scientific collaborative effort with scientists from the United States , ECORD , a consortium consisting of several European countries and Canada, China , South Korea , Australia and New Zealand (ANZIC), and India . D/V Chikyū was built by the Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding and launched on 18 January 2002 in Nagasaki, Nagasaki . The ship

1250-549: The Mississippi Canyon Field, United States Gulf of Mexico, when it achieved a world record for total length for a vertical drilling string of 10,062 m (33,012 feet). The previous record was held by the U.S. vessel Glomar Challenger , which in 1978 drilled to 7,049.5 m (23,128 feet) below sea level in the Mariana Trench . On 6 September 2012, scientific deep sea drilling vessel Chikyū set

1300-662: The National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Goa has been designated by India to look after all IODP related activities in India (IODP-India). In this direction, an international workshop on IODP drilling in Indian Ocean was organized in Goa during 17–18 October 2011. The workshop was co-hosted by IODP Management International and ANZIC. Hundreds of international Earth and ocean scientists participated in IODP on

1350-536: The Science Advisory Structure (SAS), a group of technical review panels. Only those proposals judged as the greatest value based on scientific and technical merit were scheduled for implementation. SAS panels provided advice on drilling proposals to both proponents and IODP management. Drilling proposals were accepted twice a year, in April and October, and could be submitted to IODP electronically via their website. A ten-year program plan called

1400-597: The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD), alongside the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST), Australian-New Zealand IODP Consortium (ANZIC), and India's Ministry of Earth Science (MoES). Together, these entities represent

1450-537: The United Kingdom) and Canada that together comprise an IODP-funding agency. Working alongside Japan and the United States, ECORD provided the IODP scientific community with access to mission-specific platforms, which chosen to fulfill specific scientific objectives. These platforms have limited space on board for labs and scientists, and require an onshore science meeting to describe, process, and analyze

1500-526: The acquisition of existing or latent technology to be used in IODP operations. Drilling operations were conducted and managed by three IODP implementing organizations: Each drilling expedition was led by a pair of co-chief scientists, with a team of scientists supported by a staff scientist. Each implementing organization provided a combination of services: technical, operational, and financial management; logging; laboratory; core repository; data management; and publication. Although each implementing organization

1550-544: The chemical and physical properties of the sediments, scientists are learning about the evolution of mountain growth, monsoonal precipitation, weathering and erosion, and climate across the region and across multiple time scales. For example, one such study discovered that the monsoonal winds that drive the region's climate began suddenly 12.9 million years ago. Scientific studies from subseafloor instruments and IODP's core archives, which contain samples from this and previous ocean drilling programs, are also yielding insights into

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program - Misplaced Pages Continue

1600-404: The collected samples and data shows that the asteroid's impact caused rocks from deep in the Earth to shoot up and form the large mountains of the peak ring in a matter of minutes. The sediments overlying the peak ring also provide a record of how life returned to the area after the mass extinction event. In addition to studying how the Earth moves in response to impact events, IODP also studies

1650-490: The facilities for onsite research or request a loan for teaching purposes/analysis. Archived cores include not only IODP samples, but also those retrieved by the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. IODP expeditions have investigated a wide range of Earth science topics, including past climate and ocean conditions, monsoon systems, seismogenic zones,

1700-488: The first phase of IODP. The vessel then underwent a rebuild, allowing for increased laboratory space; improved drilling, coring, and sampling capacity; and enhanced health, safety, and environmental protection systems on board. Japan began building a state-of-the-art scientific drilling vessel for research in 2001 with the intent of reaching Earth's mantle and drilling into an active seismogenic zone. The resulting drilling vessel, Chikyū (Japanese for "Planet Earth") features

1750-464: The formation of continental crust and ocean basins, major extinction events , the role of serpentinization in driving hydrothermal systems , and the temperature limits of life in the deep biosphere . An early outcome of the program harkens back to the original motivation for scientific ocean drilling with Project Mohole – drilling and sampling across the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) and into

1800-423: The objectives described in the program's science plan. Advisory panels of international experts then rigorously evaluate the proposal for science quality, feasibility, safety, and any environmental issues. Proposals that are determined to be of high quality are forwarded to the appropriate facility board ( JOIDES Resolution Facility Board, Chikyū IODP Board, and ECORD Facility Board) for scheduling. IODP publishes

1850-460: The processes that cause earthquakes. For example, Expedition 362 brought new insight to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami through the sampling and analysis of sediments and rocks from the oceanic plate that feeds the Sumatra subduction zone. The science team discovered that the sediment's minerals dehydrated before reaching the subduction zone, resulting in a strong fault that allowed for

1900-521: The rise in global sea levels since the last ice age, and a liftboat for sampling the New Jersey Shallow Shelf (2009). Mission-specific expeditions required substantial flexibility. Publications, data management, online tools, and databases are in development to support information- and resource-sharing, so as to expand the ranks of scientists who engage in ocean drilling investigations. IODP publications are freely available online and

1950-523: The scientific results are expected to be much more interesting since the regions targeted by Chikyū include some of the most seismically active regions of the world. Other deep holes have been drilled by the drill ship JOIDES Resolution during the Deep Sea Drilling Project and the Ocean Drilling Program. The Japanese part of the IODP program is called Chikyū Hakken ( 地球発見 , Chikyū Hakken ) , Japanese for "Earth Discovery". Chikyū

2000-422: The seafloor. Samples and data collected during IODP drilling expeditions are available to scientists and teachers on an open-access basis, once members of the expedition parties have completed their initial studies. Drilling proposals originated with science proponents, often researchers in geology, geophysics, microbiology, paleontology, or seismology. Once submitted to IODP, the proposal was carefully evaluated by

2050-526: The sediment samples collected immediately following a drilling expedition. In April 2004, the People's Republic of China joined IODP as an Associate Member through sponsorship of China's Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). China's participation in IODP has given the Chinese marine science community a new impetus and increased their opportunity for deep-sea research. Chinese scientists participated in research expeditions and represent China's interests in

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program - Misplaced Pages Continue

2100-527: The site in the coming years to continue the research. Expedition 364 sampled the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater , which is buried offshore near the Yucatán Peninsula. Chicxulub is the only well-preserved crater on Earth with a peak ring and was formed when an asteroid slammed into the planet 66 million years ago, killing off non-avian dinosaurs and most life on the planet. Analysis of

2150-481: The upper part of Earth's mantle. Expedition 360 was the initial part a multiphase project whose goal, among others, is to directly sample the mantle for the first time. The expedition took place near the Southwest Indian Ridge at a location where the crust is particularly thin due to the formation of an oceanic core complex . Expedition 360 completed 790 meters of drilling and IODP plans to return to

2200-567: Was damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011. The ship was moored in the port of Hachinohe, Aomori . The tsunami wave pushed the Chikyu over the pier and the vessel sustained some damage. One of the six thrusters, No.5, was damaged and a 1.5-meter (4.9 ft) hole was made in the bottom. Local preliminary school children who were visiting the ship at the time of the earthquake spent one night on board and were rescued by Japan Self-Defense Forces helicopters next day. The ship

2250-529: Was out-of-service for several months. Chikyū returned to ocean drilling in April 2012. ECORD commissioned ships on an expedition-by-expedition basis, depending on specific scientific requirements and environment. ECORD contracted the use of three icebreakers for the Arctic Coring Expedition (2004), drilling vessels diving for use in shallow Tahitian (2005) and Australian waters (2010), where scientists sampled fossil coral reefs to investigate

2300-498: Was outfitted by the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and delivered to JAMSTEC on 29 July 2005. The hull of the ship is 210 m (690 feet) long, 38 m (125 feet) in width, 16.2 m (53 feet) high, and has an approximate gross tonnage of about 57,000 tonnes (63,000 tons). The ship has a draft of 9.2 m (30 feet) and a maximum cruising speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph). The amidships derrick

2350-553: Was proportional to investment in the program. The European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD) was established in December 2003 with 13 European countries to represent the European contribution in IODP. The consortium grew into a collaborative group of 17 European nations (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and

2400-521: Was repaired at a dock in Yokohama (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) and returned to service in June 2011. According to the IODP, on 27 April 2012, Chikyū drilled to a depth of 7,740 m (25,390 feet) below sea level, setting a new world record for deep-sea drilling. This record has since been surpassed by the ill-fated Deepwater Horizon mobile offshore drilling unit, operating on the Tiber prospect in

2450-479: Was responsible for its own platform operations and performance, its science operations was funded by the lead agencies. The operators conducted the following expeditions during the IODP: IODP employed two dedicated drilling vessels, each sponsored by a lead agency and managed by their respective implementing organization: The U.S.-sponsored drilling vessel was operated throughout the Ocean Drilling Program and

2500-460: Was reviewed to assure IODP expeditions could meet their objectives and comply with safety and environmental requirements. Three IODP core repositories located in Bremen, Germany (IODP Bremen Core Repository) , College Station, Texas (IODP Gulf Coast Repository) , and Kochi, Japan, archive cores based on geographical origin. Scientists may visit any one of the facilities for onsite research or request

#668331